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E-raamat: Solar Car Primer: A Guide to the Design and Construction of Solar-Powered Racing Vehicles

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319174945
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2015
  • Kirjastus: Springer International Publishing AG
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783319174945

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This exciting primer on Solar Racing literally starts from the ground up, describing how the interactions of a vehicle with its environment circumscribe its ultimate success, from aerodynamics to resistance and propulsion. By demonstrating how to mathematically model these underlying physical phenomena, the author helps solar racing competitors carefully select key characteristics of the vehicle, such as weight  and shape, to produce optimal speed. Energy conversion and demand are given particular attention, followed by chapters  devoted to examining solar racers design, manufacture and testing using a structured problem-solving process to keep projects on track and on schedule. A chapter devoted to energy management strategies provides invaluable tips on maximizing average speed during a race. Complex issues such as ventilation system analysis and performance simulation are covered in dedicated appendices. The financial aspect of project design is not neglected, as both fund-raising and cost estimation are given in-depth consideration.
1 Introduction 1(4)
1.1 Solar Racing
1(1)
1.2 Organization
1(1)
1.3 Characteristics of Design
2(2)
References
4(1)
2 Interactions with the Atmosphere and Road 5(34)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.2 Equivalent Interactions
6(1)
2.3 Coordinate Systems
6(1)
2.4 Aerodynamic Interactions
7(3)
2.5 Friction Drag
10(3)
2.6 Pressure Drag
13(5)
2.7 Estimating Drag
18(1)
2.8 Ventilation Drag
18(2)
2.9 Lift
20(1)
2.10 Example 2.1
21(1)
2.11 Pitch
22(1)
2.12 Example 2.2
22(1)
2.13 Road and Gravity Interactions
23(1)
2.14 Gravity
23(1)
2.15 Example 2.3
24(1)
2.16 Rolling Resistance
24(2)
2.17 Example 2.4
26(1)
2.18 Tractive Force
27(1)
2.19 Force Balance
27(1)
2.20 Example 2.5
27(1)
2.21 Acceleration
28(2)
2.22 Steady Motion Studies
30(2)
2.23 Wind and Drag
32(2)
2.24 Unsteady Motion Study
34(1)
2.25 Example 2.6
35(1)
References
36(3)
3 Interaction with the Sun 39(42)
3.1 Introduction
39(1)
3.2 The Solar Source
39(2)
3.3 Solar Time
41(3)
3.4 Angle of Incidence
44(1)
3.5 Example 3.1
44(1)
3.6 Sunset Hour Angle and Day Length
45(1)
3.7 Daily and Hourly Total Radiation
45(1)
3.8 Effects of the Atmosphere
46(1)
3.9 Hourly Beam and Diffuse Radiation
46(1)
3.10 Design Method
47(1)
3.11 Example 3.2
47(2)
3.12 Example 3.3
49(2)
3.13 Beam and Diffuse on a Tilted Surface
51(1)
3.14 Example 3.4
52(1)
3.15 Hourly Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Data
53(2)
3.16 Example 3.5
55(1)
3.17 Transmission Through Glazing
55(2)
3.18 Transmittance
57(2)
3.19 Diffuse Radiation
59(1)
3.20 Opaque Flat Plate Under a Cover System
59(1)
3.21 Glazed Enclosure
60(2)
3.22 Absorbed Solar Radiation
62(1)
3.23 Example 3.6
62(1)
3.24 Solar Cells
63(2)
3.25 Example 3.7
65(3)
3.26 Solar Cell Arrays
68(2)
3.27 Example 3.8
70(3)
3.28 Maximum Power Point Tracking
73(3)
3.29 Array Temperature Distribution
76(1)
3.30 Example 3.9
77(1)
References
78(3)
4 Storing Electric Energy 81(18)
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Terms and Units
81(1)
4.3 Battery Storage
82(3)
4.4 Example 4.1
85(1)
4.5 Example 4.2
86(5)
4.6 Operation and Control
91(2)
4.7 Wiring and Testing
93(1)
4.8 Regeneration
94(3)
4.9 Example 4.3
97(1)
References
98(1)
5 Electric Motor Drives 99(26)
5.1 Introduction
99(1)
5.2 Electric Motor
99(7)
5.3 Losses
106(3)
5.4 Efficiency
109(1)
5.5 Motor Types
110(5)
5.6 Speed Reduction
115(1)
5.7 Example 5.1
116(2)
5.8 I-V Curves
118(4)
5.9 Solar-Electric Drive Operation
122(2)
References
124(1)
6 Electric Power Conversion and Distribution 125(12)
6.1 Introduction
125(1)
6.2 Power Supply
125(1)
6.3 Loads
125(1)
6.4 Basic Interconnections
126(1)
6.5 Efficiency and Voltage
127(1)
6.6 Mass
128(1)
6.7 Wiring
129(1)
6.8 Switches and Fuses
130(1)
6.9 Grounding
131(1)
6.10 Wiring Diagram
132(1)
6.11 Example 6.1
132(2)
6.12 Final Thought
134(1)
References
134(3)
7 Instrumentation 137(8)
7.1 Introduction
137(1)
7.2 Voltage
137(1)
7.3 Current
138(1)
7.4 Temperature
139(1)
7.5 Speed
140(1)
7.6 Battery Charge
141(1)
7.7 Instrument Panel
142(1)
7.8 Telemetry
143(1)
References
144(1)
8 Solar Racer-Specification 145(12)
8.1 Introduction
145(1)
8.2 Preliminary Design
145(1)
8.3 Project Planning
145(2)
8.4 General Objective
147(1)
8.5 Specification
147(3)
8.6 Sample Specification
150(6)
References
156(1)
9 Solar Racer-Concept Generation and Selection 157(26)
9.1 Introduction
157(1)
9.2 Concept Sketch
157(1)
9.3 The Table Top
158(1)
9.4 Table Top Drag Estimate
159(3)
9.5 Fairings A4 and A5
162(1)
9.6 Wheels, A6, A7, and A8
163(1)
9.7 Results
163(1)
9.8 The Shark
164(1)
9.9 Shark Drag Estimate
165(1)
9.10 Front Fairings, A2 and A4
166(2)
9.11 Shark Weight and CG
168(2)
9.12 Rollover and Skid
170(3)
9.13 Side Gust
173(4)
9.14 Drive, Battery, Energy Rate and Range
177(2)
9.15 Array Concept
179(1)
9.16 Driver Interface
179(1)
9.17 Transport Compatibility
180(1)
9.18 Concept Summary
181(1)
References
182(1)
10 Solar Racer-Detailed Design 183(30)
10.1 Introduction
183(1)
10.2 Procurement
183(1)
10.3 Wheels
184(3)
10.4 Large Steering Angles
187(1)
10.5 Drive
187(3)
10.6 Battery
190(5)
10.7 Battery Ventilation Details
195(5)
10.8 Braking
200(4)
10.9 Engineering Drawings
204(4)
10.10 Solar Array
208(3)
References
211(2)
11 Solar Racer-Construction 213(32)
11.1 Introduction
213(1)
11.2 Body Subassemblies
213(1)
11.3 Space Frame
214(3)
11.4 Shell Materials
217(2)
11.5 Resins
219(1)
11.6 Core Materials
219(1)
11.7 Molded Shell Construction
220(10)
11.8 Doors and Windows
230(1)
11.9 Moldless Shell Construction
230(2)
11.10 Ultraviolet Protection
232(1)
11.11 Solar Cell Array
232(6)
11.12 Electric System
238(1)
11.13 Facilities
239(2)
11.14 Construction Management
241(2)
11.15 Tools
243(1)
11.16 Completion
244(1)
References
244(1)
12 Testing 245(30)
12.1 Introduction
245(1)
12.2 Center of Gravity
245(2)
12.3 Wind Tunnel Testing
247(2)
12.4 Flow Visualization
249(4)
12.5 Test Plan
253(1)
12.6 Table Top Model Test Results
254(2)
12.7 Coast Down Tests
256(1)
12.8 Deceleration
257(1)
12.9 Number of Tests
258(1)
12.10 Profile Area
258(1)
12.11 Grade
259(2)
12.12 Sample Results
261(1)
12.13 Wind
261(3)
12.14 Ambient Temperature
264(1)
12.15 Problems
265(1)
12.16 Low Speed Test
266(1)
12.17 Correlation of Wind Tunnel and Coast-Down Tests
267(1)
12.18 Drive Losses
267(1)
12.19 Correction Summary
268(1)
12.20 Battery Energy Rate
268(1)
12.21 Solar Radiation Measurement
269(1)
12.22 Solar Cell Tests
270(2)
12.23 Constant Radius Steering Test
272(1)
12.24 Cross-Wind and Roll Stability
273(1)
References
273(2)
13 Energy Management 275(20)
13.1 Introduction
275(1)
13.2 Energy Management
275(1)
13.3 Example 13.1
276(5)
13.4 Micromanagement
281(1)
13.5 Example 13.2
282(3)
13.6 Energy Information System
285(1)
13.7 Weather and Solar Radiation Forecasting
286(1)
13.8 Example 13.3
286(2)
13.9 Software
288(1)
13.10 Preparations
289(2)
13.11 Race Management
291(1)
References
292(3)
14 Fund Raising and Public Relations 295(8)
14.1 Introduction
295(1)
14.2 Fund Raising
295(5)
14.3 Public Relations
300(1)
14.4 Newsletter
301(1)
14.4.1 Public Relations
301(1)
14.5 Management of Funds
302(1)
15 A Solar Car-Based Learning Community 303(12)
15.1 Introduction
303(1)
15.2 Acquiring the Art
303(5)
15.2.1 Vehicle Dynamics
306(1)
15.2.2 Power System
306(1)
15.2.3 Marketing and Public Relations
307(1)
15.2.4 Project Administration
307(1)
15.2.5 Examinations
307(1)
15.3 Attainments that Promote Problem Solving
308(3)
15.4 Curriculum Structure
311(2)
15.5 Evolution of the School
313(1)
15.6 Educational Outcome
314(1)
References
314(1)
16 American Solar Challenge™ Regulations 315(38)
16.1 Purpose
315(1)
16.1.2 The Fundamental Missions
315(1)
16.2 Administration
315(2)
16.2.1 Application of Regulations
315(1)
16.2.2 Supplemental Documents
316(1)
16.2.3 Acceptances of Regulations
316(1)
16.2.4 Interpretation of Regulations
316(1)
16.2.5 Advertising, Promotion, and Publicity
316(1)
16.2.6 Headquarters
316(1)
16.2.7 Officials
317(1)
16.2.8 Jury
317(1)
16.3 Entries
317(4)
16.3.1 Entry Registration
317(1)
16.3.2 Registration Deadlines
317(1)
16.3.3 Number of Entries
317(1)
16.3.4 Seeded Entries
318(1)
16.3.5 Faculty Advisor
318(1)
16.3.6 Technical Documents
318(1)
16.3.7 Team Data
319(1)
16.3.8 Registration
320(1)
16.3.9 Crew Requirements
320(1)
16.3.10 Driver Requirements
320(1)
16.3.11 Insurance
321(1)
16.4 Event Components
321(1)
16.4.1 Scrutineering
321(1)
16.4.2 Qualifier
321(1)
16.4.3 The Rayce
322(1)
16.4.4 Safety
322(1)
16.4.5 Withdrawals
322(1)
16.5 Solar Car Regulations-Electrical
322(7)
16.5.1 Power
322(1)
16.5.2 Solar Array
323(1)
16.5.3 Raycing Configuration
324(1)
16.5.4 Charging Orientation
324(1)
16.5.5 Electrical Connection
324(1)
16.5.6 Water Spray
324(1)
16.5.7 Solar Cell Technology Limitation
324(1)
16.5.8 Storage Batteries
325(1)
16.5.9 Battery Enclosures
326(1)
16.5.10 Main Fuse
327(1)
16.5.11 Battery Switch
327(1)
16.5.12 Motor Switch
328(1)
16.5.13 Cable Sizing
328(1)
16.5.14 Electrical Shock Hazards
328(1)
16.5.15 Lighting
328(1)
16.5.16 Horn
329(1)
16.5.17 Accelerator
329(1)
16.5.18 Control
329(1)
16.6 Solar Car Regulations-Mechanical
329(7)
16.6.1 Solar Car Dimensions
329(1)
16.6.2 Tire and Wheel Requirements
330(1)
16.6.3 Tire Ratings
330(1)
16.6.4 Dynamic Stability
330(1)
16.6.5 Driver Cockpit
330(2)
16.6.6 Visibility
332(1)
16.6.7 Fasteners
333(1)
16.6.8 Covers and Shields
333(1)
16.6.9 Steering Stops
333(1)
16.6.10 Clearance
334(1)
16.6.11 Ballast
334(1)
16.6.12 Brakes
334(1)
16.6.13 Handling Performance
335(1)
16.6.14 Turning Radius
335(1)
16.6.15 Graphics
335(1)
16.6.16 Solar Car Numbers
335(1)
16.6.17 Institution/Company Name
336(1)
16.6.18 Event Logo
336(1)
16.7 Raycing Regulations
336(12)
16.7.1 Traffic Laws
336(1)
16.7.2 Team Uniforms
337(1)
16.7.3 Rayce Time
337(1)
16.7.4 Drivers
337(1)
16.7.5 Briefings
338(1)
16.7.6 Starting Line
338(1)
16.7.7 Starting Order
339(1)
16.7.8 Delayed Start
339(1)
16.7.9 Rayce Route
339(2)
16.7.10 Trailering
341(1)
16.7.11 Support Vehicles
342(1)
16.7.12 Other Support Vehicles
343(1)
16.7.13 Radios
343(1)
16.7.14 Passing Traffic
343(1)
16.7.15 Passing Teams
343(1)
16.7.16 Drafting
344(1)
16.7.17 Pushing
344(1)
16.7.18 Accidents and Reinspection
344(1)
16.7.19 Timing
345(1)
16.7.20 Raycing Hours
345(1)
16.7.21 Elapsed Time
345(1)
16.7.22 Overnight Stops
346(1)
16.7.23 Impound
347(1)
16.7.24 Accommodations and Lodging
347(1)
16.7.25 Charging Area
347(1)
16.7.26 Observers
347(1)
16.8 Penalties
348(5)
16.8.1 Posting of Penalties
349(1)
16.8.2 Conduct
349(1)
16.8.3 Non-solar Charging of Batteries
349(1)
16.8.4 Replacement of Batteries
349(1)
16.8.5 Disturbing Official Battery Seals
350(1)
16.8.6 Traffic Violations
350(1)
16.8.7 Failure to Allow Other Traffic to Pass
350(1)
16.8.8 Drafting
350(1)
16.8.9 Pushing
350(1)
16.8.10 Improper Ballast
350(1)
16.8.11 Failure to Impound
351(1)
16.8.12 Exceeding Size Specifications
351(1)
16.8.13 Protests
351(1)
16.8.14 Protest Judgments
351(1)
16.8.15 Opportunity to Be Heard
351(1)
16.8.16 Time Limit
351(2)
17 The Drag Build-up Method 353(18)
17.1 Description
353(3)
17.2 Shape Elements
356(4)
17.3 Interfering Flows
360(4)
17.4 Ground Effect
364(1)
17.5 Flat Plate
365(1)
17.6 Roughening
366(1)
17.7 Other Methods
367(1)
References
368(3)
18 Ventilation System Analysis 371(18)
18.1 Ventilation Design
371(2)
18.2 Inlet and Exit Pressures
373(5)
18.3 Design Strategy
378(1)
18.4 Component Pressure Losses
379(5)
18.5 System Characteristic
384(2)
18.6 Fan
386(1)
18.7 Heating
387(1)
18.8 Relative Humidity
388(1)
References
388(1)
19 Performance Simulation 389(18)
19.1 Purpose
389(1)
19.2 Simulation Methods
389(1)
19.3 Entering Information-Reporting Results
390(1)
19.4 Car
390(4)
19.5 Predicting Solar Radiation
394(9)
19.6 Road Data
403(3)
References
406(1)
20 Rolling Resistance Calculation 407(8)
20.1 Purpose
407(1)
20.2 Resistance and Tire Characteristics
407(1)
20.3 Resistance and Operational Parameters
408(1)
20.4 Model
408(4)
20.5 Discussion of Errors
412(1)
References
413(2)
21 Stability Calculations 415(30)
21.1 Purpose
415(1)
21.2 Stability
415(1)
21.3 Results Presented
416(1)
21.4 Tires and Turning
417(3)
21.5 Skid Limits
420(1)
21.6 CG Location Rules
421(3)
21.7 Side Gust
424(10)
21.8 Turning Model
434(4)
21.9 Center of Gravity
438(3)
21.10 Moment of Inertia
441(2)
References
443(2)
22 Structural Load Estimation 445(14)
22.1 Purpose
445(1)
22.2 Safety and Structural Design
445(1)
22.3 Cruise Condition Loads
446(3)
22.4 Example G.1
449(1)
22.5 Emergency Maneuvers
450(1)
22.6 Example G.2
451(4)
22.7 Collisions
455(1)
References
456(3)
23 Nomenclature 459(6)
Index 465
·         Teaches readers to fund, design, and build a competitive solar race car

·         Draws on real experiences of successful teams to emphasize cost and energy efficiency

·         Enables a complete understanding of the application of solar power to vehicles, from underlying physics to practical implementation

·         Includes pivotal information on recent advances such as the World Solar Challenges addition of a "Cruiser Class" allowing multiple occupants

 

This exciting primer on Solar Racing literally starts from the ground up, describing how the interactions of a vehicle with its environment circumscribe its ultimate success, from aerodynamics to resistance and propulsion. By demonstrating how to mathematically model these underlying physical phenomena, the author helps solar racing competitors carefully select key characteristics of the vehicle ,such as weight  and shape, to produce optimal speed. Energy conversion and demand are given particular attention, followed by chapters  devoted to examining  solar racers design, manufacture and testing using a structured problem-solving process to keep projects on track and on schedule.  A chapter devoted to energy management strategies provides invaluable tips on maximizing average speed during a race. Complex issues such as ventilation system analysis and performance simulation are covered in dedicated appendices. Thefinancial aspect of project design is not neglected, as both fund-raising and cost estimation are given in-depth consideration.