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E-raamat: Solar Planetary Systems: Stardust to Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Planetary Sciences

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(Radio Astronomy Supplies, Whitesboro, Texas, USA), (University of Kalyani, India)
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  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498762076
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Solar Planetary Systems: Stardust to Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Planetary SciencesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Nov-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781498762076
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The authors have put forth great efforts in gathering present day knowledge about different objects within our solar system and universe. This book features the most current information on the subject with information acquired from noted scientists in this area. The main objective is to convey the importance of the subject and provide detailed information on the physical makeup of our planetary system and technologies used for research. Information on educational projects has also been included in the Radio Astronomy chapters.This information is a real plus for students and educators considering a career in Planetary Science or for increasing their knowledge about our planetary system.

Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
About This Book xxiii
Authors xxv
1 Our Solar Planetary System at a Glance 1(22)
1.1 Early Beliefs and Discoveries
1(1)
1.1.1 Formation of the Solar System and Evolution
1(1)
1.2 Our Solar System's Star
2(1)
1.3 Interplanetary Medium
3(2)
1.4 The Inner Solar System
5(1)
1.5 Components and Structure of the Solar System
6(2)
1.6 Distances of the Planets in Astronomical Unit
8(2)
1.6.1 Mercury
9(1)
1.6.2 Venus
9(1)
1.6.3 Earth
10(1)
1.6.4 Mars
10(1)
1.7 Asteroid
10(1)
1.7.1 Ceres
10(1)
1.7.2 Asteroid Groups
10(1)
1.8 Outer Region of Solar System
11(1)
1.9 Outer Planets as Gas Giants
11(2)
1.9.1 Jupiter
12(1)
1.9.2 Saturn
12(1)
1.9.3 Uranus
13(1)
1.9.4 Neptune
13(1)
1.10 Centaurs-The Minor Planet
13(1)
1.11 Comets
13(1)
1.12 Trans-Neptunian Region
13(1)
1.13 Kuiper Belt
14(1)
1.14 Pluto and Charon
14(1)
1.15 Makemake and Haumea
15(1)
1.16 Scattered Disk
15(1)
1.16.1 Eris
16(1)
1.17 Farthest Regions
16(1)
1.17.1 Detached Objects
16(1)
1.18 The Oort Cloud
16(1)
1.19 Unknown Regions
16(1)
1.20 Solar System as Located in the Milky Way
17(2)
1.20.1 Neighborhood
17(2)
References
19(4)
2 Is the Solar System Stable? 23(8)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Stability as the Oldest Problem
24(1)
2.3 Laplace-Lagrange Stability of the Solar System
24(2)
2.4 Marginal Stability of the Solar System
26(1)
2.5 Galactic Collision and Planetary Disruption
27(1)
2.6 Subsequent Studies
27(1)
References
28(3)
3 Origin of the Solar System 31(20)
3.1 Introduction
31(1)
3.2 Orbits
31(1)
3.3 Gravitationally Bound Nonstellar Objects
32(1)
3.4 Heliocentric Solar System
33(1)
3.5 Classification of a Planetary System
33(1)
3.6 Orbital Particulars
34(1)
3.7 Formation: Presolar Nebula
34(3)
3.8 Formation of Various Planets
37(1)
3.9 Subsequent Evolution
38(1)
3.10 Terrestrial Planets
38(1)
3.11 Asteroid Belt
39(1)
3.12 Planetary Migration
39(1)
3.13 Late Heavy Bombardment
40(1)
3.14 Giant Impact Hypothesis
41(1)
3.15 Long-Term Stability
41(1)
3.16 Moon-Ring Systems
42(1)
3.17 Stellar Evolution and Future of the Earth
42(2)
3.18 Galactic Interaction
44(1)
3.19 Properties of Our Solar System
44(1)
3.20 Identifying a Suitable Theory
45(1)
3.21 Problem with the Solar Nebula Theory
45(1)
References
46(5)
4 Hypotheses Concerning the Formation of Solar System 51(14)
4.1 Introduction
51(1)
4.2 Encounter Hypothesis: An Early Theory
51(1)
4.3 Nebular Hypothesis
52(1)
4.4 Protoplanet Hypothesis
53(1)
4.5 Early Solar System Disk
54(1)
4.6 Outer Solar System
55(1)
4.7 Magnetic Braking
56(1)
4.8 Migrating Planets
57(2)
4.9 Stellar Spectrum
59(2)
4.10 Collapsing Clouds of Gas and Dust: Nebular Hypothesis
61(1)
4.10.1 Further Effects of Gravity
62(1)
4.11 Condensation of Protosun and Protoplanets
62(1)
4.11.1 Evidence for the Nebular Hypothesis
63(1)
References
63(2)
5 Solar System Exploration across the Universe 65(18)
5.1 Introduction
65(1)
5.2 Relative Sizes of the Objects
65(1)
5.3 Early Observations
65(1)
5.4 First Exploration of the Solar System
66(2)
5.4.1 The Benefits of the Telescope
66(1)
5.4.2 The Benefits of Spectroscopy
67(1)
5.5 Observations by Spacecraft
68(2)
5.5.1 Flybys
68(2)
5.6 Orbiters, Rovers, and Landers
70(1)
5.7 Overview of Spacecraft Exploration
71(1)
5.8 Human Spaceflight
71(1)
5.9 Mapping the Baby Universe
72(2)
5.10 Unlocking the Secrets of the Giant Planet Jupiter
74(1)
5.11 Continued Exploration
75(3)
5.11.1 Interesting Findings of Jupiter
75(2)
5.11.2 Magnetic Properties
77(1)
5.12 Exploration through a Huge City of Stars
78(2)
References
80(3)
6 Solar-Like Planetary Systems 83(40)
6.1 Introduction
83(1)
6.2 Planets around Other Stars
83(1)
6.3 Nearby Solar-Like Planetary System
84(2)
6.3.1 Facts about Vega
85(1)
6.4 Planets Orbiting Distant Stars
86(1)
6.5 Spacecraft Kepler
86(3)
6.6 Theory of Hot Jupiters
89(16)
6.6.1 Hot Jupiter
89(4)
6.6.2 The Relationship of Planet Jupiter to a Hot Jupiter and Its Parent Star
93(1)
6.6.3 Characteristics
94(1)
6.6.4 Transit Timing Variations
95(1)
6.6.5 Structure and Evolution
96(2)
6.6.6 Atmospheres and Albedos
98(2)
6.6.7 The Best-Known Hot Jupiter
100(3)
6.6.7.1 Hot Jupiter Tidal Forces
101(1)
6.6.7.2 Detection of Water Vapor in Hot Jupiter
102(1)
6.6.8 The Strange Attraction
103(1)
6.6.9 Hot Jupiter Exoplanets Are Not Eaten by Their Stars
103(2)
6.6.9.1 The Blow-Out Effect
104(1)
6.7 Giant Planets Near Snow Lines
105(1)
6.7.1 Long-Period Giant Planets
106(1)
6.8 Proportion of Stars with Planets
106(1)
6.9 Spectral Classification
107(1)
6.10 Metallicity
108(1)
6.11 Multiple Stars
108(1)
6.11.1 Open Clusters
108(1)
6.12 Galactic Distribution of Planets
109(3)
6.12.1 Orbital Parameters
110(1)
6.12.2 Distance from Star, Semi-Major Axis, and Orbital Period
110(1)
6.12.3 Eccentricity
111(1)
6.13 Inclination versus Spin-Orbit Angle
112(1)
6.13.1 Rotation and Axial Tilt
112(1)
6.13.2 Origin of Spin and Tilt of Terrestrial Planets
113(1)
6.14 Tidal Effects
113(1)
6.14.1 Mass
113(1)
6.14.2 Radius, Density, and Bulk Composition
114(1)
6.15 Catalog Names of Exoplanets
114(1)
6.16 Extrasolar Planet Standard
115(1)
6.17 Confirmed Discoveries
115(1)
6.18 Unconfirmed Extrasolar Planets
115(1)
6.19 Red Dwarf and Brown Dwarf Systems
116(1)
6.20 Pulsar Systems
117(1)
References
118(5)
7 Detecting Exoplanets and Searching for Habitable Zones in Solar and Extrasolar Planetary Systems 123(32)
7.1 Introduction
123(1)
7.2 Search of Suitable Detection Methods
124(4)
7.2.1 Typical Examples of Direct and Indirect Imaging
126(2)
7.3 Methods of Detecting Extrasolar Planets
128(6)
7.3.1 Radial Velocity or Doppler Method
129(1)
7.3.2 Transit Timing Variation
129(2)
7.3.3 Transit Duration Variation
131(1)
7.3.4 Gravitational Microlensing
131(2)
7.3.5 Astrometry
133(1)
7.4 Some Salient Features of Different Detection Methods
134(1)
7.5 Exoplanet Discoveries and Their Sizes
134(2)
7.6 Space Telescopes
136(1)
7.7 Kepler Mission
136(2)
7.8 Earth Similarity Index
138(3)
7.9 Terrestrial Exoplanets Compared to Earth
141(1)
7.10 Understanding of Exoplanets in the Search of Life
142(1)
7.11 Formation of the Protoplanetary Disk
142(2)
7.12 Location of Habitable Zone around Types of Stars
144(1)
7.13 Desert Planets Having a Reduced Greenhouse Effect
144(1)
7.14 Ice Ages and Snowball States
145(1)
7.14.1 Tidal Heating
145(1)
7.15 Potentially Habitable Planets
146(1)
7.16 Earth-Size Planets
146(1)
7.17 Orbital Dynamics of Planetary Systems
147(1)
7.18 Thermal Planetary Habitability Classification
148(2)
References
150(5)
8 Wonders of the Solar and Extrasolar Planetary Systems 155(20)
8.1 Introduction
155(1)
8.2 Incredible Design of the Solar System
155(1)
8.2.1 Our Unique Location in the Galaxy
155(1)
8.3 Mercury-Venus Encounter
156(1)
8.4 Earth at the Edge of the Life Zone
156(1)
8.4.1 Axial Tilt and Eccentricity of Orbit
156(1)
8.5 Presence of an Impossibly Large Moon
157(1)
8.6 Earth's Atmosphere
157(1)
8.7 Slowing Rotation Making Advanced Life Possible
157(1)
8.7.1 Van Allen Radiation Shield: Unique to Earth
157(1)
8.7.2 Unique Continental Crust and Tectonic Activity
158(1)
8.8 Other Earth-Size Planets: Either Deserts or Water Worlds
158(1)
8.9 Reduction of Greenhouse Gases with Increasing Solar Luminosity
158(1)
8.10 Need for Jupiter-Sized Planets at 5 AU from Its Star
159(1)
8.11 Life Support-Galaxy-Sun-Earth-Moon System
160(1)
8.12 Are Planetary Systems Filled to Capacity?
160(2)
8.12.1 Gaps in Understanding
160(2)
8.13 Cleaning Up the Solar System
162(1)
8.14 Resonance and Predictability of Kuiper Belt Objects
163(1)
8.15 Some Scenarios of Resonances
164(1)
8.16 Chaos from Geological Processes
165(1)
8.17 Making Worlds Is a Messy Business
165(1)
8.18 Worlds on the Edge
166(1)
8.19 Set of Explanations for Large-Scale and Small-Scale Properties
167(1)
8.20 More Planetary Systems: Exciting Times Are Ahead!
167(1)
8.21 Second Planetary System Like Ours Discovered
168(3)
8.22 Speculation on Extrasolar Planetary Systems
171(1)
8.23 Multiplanet Systems
171(2)
References
173(2)
9 Solar Modulation and the Planetary Global Electric Circuit 175(38)
9.1 Introduction
175(1)
9.2 Essential Conditions for a Planetary Global Electric Circuit
176(1)
9.2.1 Planets: Earth and Mars
176(1)
9.3 Processes Linking the Global Atmospheric Electrical Circuit
177(5)
9.3.1 Electrification and Meteorological Processes in the Martian Atmosphere
178(3)
9.3.2 Luminous Events in the Martian Atmosphere
181(1)
9.4 Thoughts about the GEC
182(2)
9.5 Equivalent GEC
184(1)
9.6 Atmospheric Electrification
185(1)
9.7 Ionospheric Potential
186(1)
9.8 Electric Field and the Molecular Number Density
187(1)
9.9 The Thunderstorm Process
188(1)
9.10 Large QE Field
189(1)
9.11 QE Heating Model
190(1)
9.12 Luminous Events
191(1)
9.13 Heating and Related Processes Contributing to Luminous Events
192(3)
9.14 Effects of the Solar Wind Forces on the Ionosphere
195(1)
9.15 Electrodynamic Coupling
195(1)
9.16 Contributing Sources in the Coupling Processes
196(4)
9.17 Waveguide Propagation
200(2)
References
202(11)
10 Dynamic Atmosphere of the Sun 213(40)
10.1 Introduction
213(1)
10.2 Evolution and Structure of the Sun
214(1)
10.3 Internal Variation of Temperature
214(1)
10.4 Solar Wind and the Origin of Heliosphere
215(6)
10.4.1 Formation of the Solar Wind
216(1)
10.4.2 High- and Low-Speed Solar Wind
216(1)
10.4.3 Solar Wind and the Temperature at the Source
216(2)
10.4.4 Variation of Proton Density and Kp Index
218(3)
10.5 Active Region of the Sun
221(1)
10.6 Sudden Release of Energy
221(1)
10.7 Coronal Mass Ejections
222(1)
10.7.1 CME Bow Shock
222(1)
10.8 The 11-Year Solar Cycle
223(1)
10.9 Sunspot Observations
223(3)
10.9.1 Wolf's SN
225(1)
10.9.2 Sunspot Groups and Areas
225(1)
10.10 Solar Flux and the Magnetic Field
226(2)
10.11 Prediction of Mean SNs
228(2)
10.11.1 N-S Asymmetry of Solar Activity
230(1)
10.12 Solar Radio Bursts
230(2)
10.13 Sunspot Cycle and Hale Cycle
232(8)
10.13.1 Periodicities of the Solar Cycle
235(2)
10.13.2 Solar Cycle Duration
237(2)
10.13.3 Solar Irradiance
239(1)
10.14 Global Solar Field Indices
240(1)
10.15 Variation of North-South Asymmetry of the Solar Flare Index and Associated Solar Activity
241(7)
References
248(5)
11 Plasma Processes of the Sun 253(22)
11.1 Introduction
253(1)
11.2 The Fourth State of Matter
253(3)
11.3 Properties and Parameters
256(2)
11.3.1 Comparison of Gas and Plasma Phases
256(1)
11.3.2 Astrophysical Plasma
257(1)
11.4 Complex Plasma Phenomena
258(1)
11.4.1 Ranges of Plasmas
258(1)
11.5 Energy Considerations
259(1)
11.6 Density Consideration
259(1)
11.7 Inelastic Collision Process
260(2)
11.8 The Plasma Universe
262(2)
11.8.1 Degree of Ionization
263(1)
11.9 Nonthermal Plasma
264(1)
11.9.1 Thermal versus Nonthermal Plasmas
264(1)
11.10 Plasma Potential
264(2)
11.10.1 Magnetization
265(1)
11.10.2 Filamentation
265(1)
11.10.3 Electric Fields and Circuits
266(1)
11.11 Ultracold Plasma
266(1)
11.11.1 Nonneutral Plasma
266(1)
11.11.2 Dusty Plasma and Grain Plasma
266(1)
11.11.3 Impermeable Plasma
266(1)
11.12 Plasma Modeling
267(1)
11.12.1 Fluid Model
267(1)
11.12.2 Kinetic Model
267(1)
11.13 The Sun's Atmosphere
268(1)
11.13.1 Corona and Chromosphere of the Sun's Atmosphere during Eclipse
268(1)
11.14 Dynamics of the Sun's Outer Atmosphere
269(1)
11.15 The Solar Atmosphere and Plasma
270(1)
11.16 River of Plasma, Guarding against the Sun
270(1)
11.17 Solar and Space Plasma
271(2)
11.17.1 Effects of Solar Plasma on Earth
272(1)
References
273(2)
12 Climate Changes in the Solar System 275(18)
12.1 Introduction
275(1)
12.2 Planetary Climate Change
275(1)
12.3 Changes in Earth's Climate
276(3)
12.3.1 Conflicting Claims on Global Warming
278(1)
12.3.2 Additional Thoughts on Earth's Climate
278(1)
12.4 The Planets and Their Climates
279(1)
12.5 Changing Weather on Mars and Pluto
280(1)
12.5.1 Warming on Triton, Neptune's Largest Moon
280(1)
12.6 Prediction of a Global Climate Change on Jupiter
281(1)
12.7 Satellites Measurement of Solar Activity
282(1)
12.8 Solar Irradiance Measurements
283(2)
12.9 Radiation Fluctuation of the Sun
285(1)
12.10 The Maunder Minimum
285(1)
12.11 Similarities of Mars, Venus, and Earth
285(2)
12.11.1 Venus
286(1)
12.12 Similarities of Titan and Earth
287(1)
12.13 Solar Variability and a Balance with Climate Change
287(3)
12.13.1 Solar Energy
288(2)
References
290(3)
13 Observed Planetary Climate Changes 293(18)
13.1 Introduction
293(1)
13.2 Earth, Climate, and Causes
293(6)
13.2.1 Solar Activity as Related to Global Climate
294(1)
13.2.2 Other Associated Causes
295(1)
13.2.3 Earths Movements Related to Atmospheric Changes
296(1)
13.2.4 Ocean Temperature Variability
297(2)
13.3 Earth's Ice Sheets-A Quandry
299(1)
13.4 What We Know
300(1)
13.5 Climate Observations in the Planets
301(5)
13.5.1 Jupiter
301(1)
13.5.2 Mars
302(1)
13.5.3 Titan
302(2)
13.5.4 Uranus
304(1)
13.5.5 Neptune
304(1)
13.5.6 Triton
305(1)
13.5.7 Pluto
305(1)
13.6 The Facts
306(1)
References
307(4)
14 Organic Life Limitations in Planetary Systems 311(22)
14.1 Introduction
311(1)
14.2 Planets and the Origins of Life
311(3)
14.2.1 Origins of Earth and Life in the Universe
312(2)
14.3 Planetary Habitability of Natural Satellites
314(1)
14.4 Suitable Star Systems
315(1)
14.4.1 Spectral Class
315(1)
14.5 Stable HZ
316(1)
14.6 High Metallicity
317(1)
14.7 Planetary Characteristics
317(5)
14.7.1 Mass
318(1)
14.7.2 Orbit and Rotation
319(1)
14.7.3 Geochemistry
320(1)
14.7.4 Microenvironments and Extremophiles
321(1)
14.8 Ecological Approaches for Potential Habitability
322(1)
14.9 Uninhabited Habitats
323(1)
14.10 Habitability of Binary Star Systems
323(1)
14.11 Habitability of Red Dwarf Systems
323(1)
14.12 Different Factors Limiting Habitability
324(1)
14.13 Longevity and Ubiquity
325(1)
14.13.1 Massive Stars
326(1)
14.14 Galactic Neighborhood
326(1)
14.15 Hypothetical Types of Biochemistry
327(1)
14.15.1 Good Jupiters
327(1)
14.16 Life's Impact on Habitability
327(1)
14.16.1 Location in Time and Extinction Events
328(1)
14.17 Multidisciplinary Research
328(1)
References
329(4)
15 Solar Satellites 333(24)
15.1 Introduction
333(1)
15.2 Timeline
333(1)
15.3 Past Missions
333(11)
15.3.1 Orbiting Solar Observatories
334(1)
15.3.2 Hinotori
335(1)
15.3.3 Skylab
336(1)
15.3.4 Solar Maximum Mission
337(1)
15.3.5 P78-1
337(1)
15.3.6 Ulysses
338(1)
15.3.7 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
339(1)
15.3.8 Complex Orbital Observations Near-Earth of Activity of the Sun
340(3)
15.3.8.1 CORONAS-I
341(1)
15.3.8.2 CORONAS-F
341(1)
15.3.8.3 CORONAS-PHOTON
342(1)
15.3.9 Yohkoh
343(1)
15.4 Current Missions
344(9)
15.4.1 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
344(2)
15.4.2 Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Series
346(1)
15.4.3 Transition Region and Coronal Explorer
347(1)
15.4.4 Hinode
348(1)
15.4.5 Reuven Ramaty HESSI
349(1)
15.4.6 Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment
350(1)
15.4.7 Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory
351(1)
15.4.8 Solar Dynamics Observatory
352(1)
15.5 Future Missions -
353(2)
15.5.1 Solar Probe Plus
353(1)
15.5.2 Solar Sentinels
354(1)
15.5.3 Solar Orbiter
354(1)
References
355(2)
16 Spacecraft Facts and Missions 357(12)
16.1 Introduction
357(1)
16.2 History of Spaceflight
357(1)
16.3 Past and Present Spacecraft
357(2)
16.4 Spaceplanes
359(1)
16.5 Unmanned Spacecraft
359(3)
16.5.1 Designed as Manned but Flown as Unmanned-Only Spacecrafts
359(1)
16.5.2 Semi-Manned-Manned as Space Stations or Part of Space Stations
360(1)
16.5.3 Earth Orbit Satellites
360(1)
16.5.4 Lunar Probes
360(1)
16.5.5 Planetary Probes
361(1)
16.5.6 Other Deep Space Probes
362(1)
16.5.7 Fastest Spacecraft
362(1)
16.5.8 Furthest Spacecraft from the Sun
362(1)
16.6 Manned Spacecraft
362(1)
16.6.1 Multistage Spaceplanes
362(1)
16.6.2 Single Stage to Orbit Spaceplanes
363(1)
16.7 Spacecraft under Development
363(1)
16.7.1 Manned
363(1)
16.7.2 Unmanned
364(1)
16.8 Spacecraft Subsystems
364(1)
16.9 Scientific Rovers on the Surface of Mars
364(2)
16.9.1 Recent Mars Missions
364(1)
16.9.2 Mars Exploration Rover and Phoenix Lander
365(5)
16.9.2.1 Mars Orbiter Mission, ExoMars and Inspiration Mars
366(1)
16.10 Future Missions
366(1)
References
367(2)
17 Radio Astronomy and Planetary Observations 369(28)
17.1 Introduction
369(1)
17.2 Planetary Radio Astronomy-The Definition
369(1)
17.3 Radio Astronomy History
370(1)
17.3.1 A Brief Radio Astronomy Lesson
370(1)
17.4 The Radio Telescope as a Tool
371(2)
17.4.1 VLBI
372(1)
17.5 Planetary Radio Observations
373(18)
17.5.1 Measurement Objectives
374(1)
17.5.2 Physical Properties of the Planets
375(1)
17.5.3 Planetary Atmospheres
376(2)
17.5.4 The Role of Spacecraft
378(21)
17.5.4.1 Mercury
379(1)
17.5.4.2 Venus
380(2)
17.5.4.3 Mars
382(1)
17.5.4.4 Jupiter
383(4)
17.5.4.5 Saturn
387(1)
17.5.4.6 Uranus
387(3)
17.5.4.7 Neptune
390(1)
17.5.4.8 Pluto
391(1)
17.6 Further Research
391(1)
17.7 Radio Astronomy Contribution
392(1)
17.8 Comets
392(1)
17.9 Prospects for the Future
393(1)
References
394(3)
18 Planetary Radio Astronomy Projects 397(18)
18.1 Planetary Radio Astronomy Curriculum Projects
397(1)
18.2 Solar Radio Astronomy-An Introduction
397(1)
18.3 Detection of Solar Flares
397(2)
18.4 VLF Detection of the Sun
399(3)
18.4.1 Sudden Ionospheric Disturbance
400(1)
18.4.2 VLF Detection of GRBs
401(1)
18.4.3 Satellite GRB Investigation
402(1)
18.5 Radio and Optical Correlation of the Sun
402(6)
18.5.1 The Electronic Package
404(1)
18.5.2 Putting It Together
405(1)
18.5.3 Antenna
405(1)
18.5.4 Antenna Preamplifier
406(1)
18.5.5 The Receiver
406(1)
18.5.6 Detector/Integrator
407(1)
18.6 Optical Instrumentation Rear Projection Solar Viewing Screen
408(2)
18.7 Jupiter Observations
410(1)
18.8 Components of the Decametric Telescope
410(3)
18.8.1 Radio Receiver
412(1)
18.8.2 Jupiter Antenna Array
412(1)
18.9 Data Collection and Analysis
413(1)
18.9.1 Record Keeping
413(1)
References
414(1)
19 The Telescope-The Essential Tool 415(28)
19.1 Introduction
415(1)
19.2 Lippershey and Galileo's Refracting Telescope
415(3)
19.2.1 Kepler's Design for an Improved Refractor
415(2)
19.2.2 The Achromatic Refractor
417(1)
19.2.3 Gregorian Reflecting Telescope
417(1)
19.2.4 Newton's Reflecting Telescope
417(1)
19.3 The Multiple Mirror Telescope
418(1)
19.4 Design of the Snow Solar Telescope
419(1)
19.5 Space Telescopes
419(1)
19.6 Characteristics of a Good Telescope
420(1)
19.7 NASA's Great Observatories
421(4)
19.7.1 Hubble Space Telescope's Design
421(1)
19.7.2 Chandra X-Ray Observatory
421(2)
19.7.3 Webb Space Telescope-Distance from Earth
423(1)
19.7.4 Keeping a Telescope at the Lagrange Point
424(1)
19.8 Mirror Sizes-A Comparison of Space Telescope and GB Mirrors
425(1)
19.8.1 Linking Telescopes Together
425(1)
19.9 The Radio Telescope
426(3)
19.9.1 VLBI-Multiple Dish Arrays
426(3)
19.10 Spectrometer Contribution
429(1)
19.11 Making Primary Mirrors for Modern Reflecting Telescopes
429(1)
19.12 Reducing the Effects of Atmospheric Distortion
430(1)
19.13 Space Telescopes versus Earth-Based Telescopes
430(1)
19.14 "Super-Earth" Alien Planet Spotted by GB Telescope
431(1)
19.15 STEREO
432(4)
19.15.1 STEREO Spacecraft and Its Scientific Objectives
432(2)
19.15.2 The Spacecraft Launch Information
434(1)
19.15.3 Studying Space Weather
435(1)
19.16 Other Space Observatories
436(1)
19.17 Future Space Observatories
437(1)
Review Questions
437(3)
References
440(3)
20 Space Telescopes-An In-Depth View 443(18)
20.1 Introduction
443(1)
20.2 Gamma Ray Space Telescopes
443(1)
20.3 X-Ray Telescopes
443(1)
20.4 Ultraviolet Telescopes
444(1)
20.5 Optical (Visible Light) Space Telescope
444(3)
20.6 Infrared Space Telescopes
447(1)
20.7 Microwave Space Telescopes
447(1)
20.8 Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry-Radio Telescopes in Space
448(1)
20.9 Particle Detection
449(1)
20.10 Gravitational Waves
450(1)
20.11 List of Proposed Space Observatories
450(1)
20.12 Requirement for Further Investigation
450(2)
Review Questions
452(1)
References
453(8)
21 The Pluto Missions-History and Findings 461(22)
21.1 Introduction
461(1)
21.2 Dawn Spacecraft
461(4)
21.2.1 Objectives
463(2)
21.2.2 Dimensions
465(1)
21.3 Propulsion System
465(1)
21.3.1 Payload
465(1)
21.4 Transit from Earth to Vesta
466(1)
21.5 Vesta Approach
467(1)
21.5.1 Vesta Orbit
467(1)
21.5.2 Transit from Vesta to Ceres
468(1)
21.6 Approach to Ceres
468(3)
21.6.1 Ceres Orbit
469(2)
21.7 New Horizons-Interplanetary Space Probe
471(2)
21.8 Earlier Pluto Missions-The Pluto Underground
473(1)
21.8.1 Design and Construction of the Spacecraft Subsystems
474(1)
21.9 Pluto System Encounter
474(2)
21.9.1 Mission Objectives
475(1)
21.10 Additional Mission Facts
476(1)
21.11 Pluto Flyby: Complete Coverage
477(1)
Review Questions
478(1)
References
479(4)
Appendix A 483(2)
Appendix B 485(2)
Appendix C 487(2)
Glossary 489(34)
Suggested Readings 523(2)
Index 525
Professor Asit Baran Bhattacharya is a resident of West Bengal, INDIA. Since February of 2001. He teaches at the University of Kalyani, INDIA (Department of Physics). His career in teaching and research has spanned over 41 years and has been the driving force in students furthering their education. His Post-doctoral research work was done at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts), in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Division with Prof. E. R. Williams. During his post-doctoral research activity, he worked in close collaboration with Lincoln Lab., including Millstone Hill Observatory/Haystack. Mr Jeff M Lichtman is the Owner and Founder of Radio Astronomy Supplies (Founded in 1994), and is also the Founder Emeritus of the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers (1981). His company, RAS, is a worldwide supplier of radio telescopes and related equipment. He has been doing Radio Astronomy since he first became interested in it in 1964. His background includes: Military (US Army 1967-1970) missile electronics in the Nike missile system (radar and launch computer maintenance); Schooling at Redstone Arsenal at Marshall Spaceflight Center, Huntsville, AL and McGregor Missile Range, NM
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