1 Introduction |
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1 | (58) |
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1 | (5) |
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1.1.1 The Energy Scenario |
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2 | (2) |
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1.1.2 Energy Crisis: Global and Indian |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.1 Efficient Energy Use |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Classification of Energy Sources |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (5) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.4.2 Measurement of Solar Radiation |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (5) |
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1.5.1 Renewable Energy in the 12th Five-Year Plan (2012-2017) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5.2 Barriers to Achieving Higher Growth |
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15 | (3) |
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1.6 Benefits of Renewable Energy Sources |
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18 | (1) |
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1.7 Trends in Energy Consumption |
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19 | (15) |
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1.7.1 Annual Energy Consumption |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.7.3 National Policy Measures Supporting Renewables |
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26 | (1) |
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1.7.4 Renewable Energy Law |
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27 | (1) |
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1.7.5 Generation Based Incentive (2009-2012) |
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28 | (1) |
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1.7.6 Renewable Energy Certificate Scheme |
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29 | (1) |
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1.7.7 National Clean Energy Fund |
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30 | (1) |
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1.7.8 Other Initiatives: Renewable Regulatory Fund Mechanism |
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30 | (1) |
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1.7.9 Land Allocation Policy |
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31 | (1) |
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1.7.10 Grid Integration Issues |
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31 | (1) |
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1.7.11 Grid Transmission Planning Process |
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32 | (1) |
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1.7.12 Interconnection Standards |
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33 | (1) |
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1.7.13 Green Energy Corridor |
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33 | (1) |
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1.7.14 India Smart Grid Task Force |
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33 | (1) |
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1.8 Worldwide Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources |
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34 | (7) |
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1.9 Need for New Energy Technologies |
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41 | (3) |
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1.10 Introduction to Matlab and Simulink |
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44 | (1) |
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1.11 Introduction to Soft Computing |
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44 | (11) |
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1.11.1 Soft Computing Techniques |
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45 | (7) |
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1.11.2 Applications of Soft Computing Techniques in Solar Energy |
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52 | (2) |
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1.11.3 Applications of Soft Computing (AI) Techniques in Wind Energy |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (4) |
2 Application of MATLAB/SIMULINK in Solar PV Systems |
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59 | (86) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.2 PV Module Performance Measurements |
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61 | (5) |
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2.2.1 Balance of System and Applicable Standards |
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62 | (3) |
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2.2.2 Photovoltaic Systems Total Costs Overview |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (5) |
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2.3.1 Grid-Connected Solar PV System |
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66 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Stand-Alone Solar PV System |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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2.3.4 Stand-Alone Hybrid AC Solar Power System with Generator and Battery Backup |
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69 | (2) |
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2.4 MATLAB Model of Solar PV |
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71 | (12) |
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2.4.1 SIMULINK Model of PV Module |
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79 | (2) |
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2.4.2 SIMULINK Model for PV Array |
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81 | (1) |
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2.4.3 SIMULINK Model to Find Shading Effect |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (13) |
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2.5.1 Batteries in PV Systems |
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84 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Battery Types and Classifications |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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2.5.4 Battery Discharging |
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86 | (2) |
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2.5.5 Battery Gassing and Overcharge Reaction |
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88 | (1) |
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2.5.6 Charge Controller Types |
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88 | (6) |
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2.5.7 Charge Controller Selection |
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94 | (1) |
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2.5.8 Operating Without a Charge Controller |
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95 | (1) |
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2.5.9 Using Low-Voltage "Self-Regulating" Modules |
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95 | (1) |
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2.5.10 Using a Large Battery or Small Array |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (4) |
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98 | (2) |
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2.7 MATLAB Model of Charge Controller |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (5) |
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2.8.1 Centralized Inverters |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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2.8.3 Multi-string Inverters |
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107 | (1) |
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2.8.4 Module Integrated Inverter/Micro-inverters |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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2.9 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Inverter |
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108 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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2.10 Maximum Power Point Tracking |
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110 | (30) |
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115 | (15) |
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2.10.2 MATLAB/SIMULINK Implementation of Perturb and Observe Method |
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130 | (1) |
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2.10.3 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of the Incremental Conductance Method |
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130 | (1) |
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2.10.4 PV Module with MPPT Techniques |
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130 | (10) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (5) |
3 Soft Computing Techniques in Solar PV |
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145 | (102) |
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145 | (1) |
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3.2 MPPT Using Fuzzy Logic |
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146 | (6) |
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147 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Description and Design of FLC |
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148 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Simulation and Results |
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151 | (1) |
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3.3 Neural Networks for MPP Tracking |
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152 | (10) |
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3.3.1 Background of Neural Networks |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Algorithm for ANN Based MPPT |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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3.4 Neuro-Fuzzy Based MPPT Method |
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162 | (19) |
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3.4.1 Fuzzy Neural Network Hybrids |
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164 | (1) |
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3.4.2 Theoretical Background of ANFIS |
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164 | (4) |
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3.4.3 Architecture of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System |
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168 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Hybrid Learning Algorithm |
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170 | (3) |
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3.4.5 Neuro-Fuzzy Network Model and Calculation Algorithm |
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173 | (2) |
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3.4.6 ANFIS Network Specifications |
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175 | (1) |
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3.4.7 Algorithm for Neuro-Fuzzy Based MPPT |
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175 | (3) |
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3.4.8 Results for Neuro-Fuzzy Based MPPT |
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178 | (3) |
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3.5 Fuzzy Based Solar Tracking |
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181 | (12) |
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3.5.1 Design Process of the Fuzzy Controller |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Simulation Results of Solar Tracking System |
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188 | (5) |
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3.6 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Two Axis Sun Tracker Using Fuzzy Logic |
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193 | (6) |
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194 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Design of FLC for Sun Tracking System |
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196 | (3) |
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3.6.3 SIMULINK Model and Results of FLC Based Sun Tracker System |
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199 | (1) |
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3.7 FLC for Solar Powered Energy |
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199 | (7) |
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201 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Theoretical Explanation |
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201 | (3) |
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3.7.3 SIMULINK Model of FLC Blocks |
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204 | (2) |
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206 | (1) |
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3.8 Fuzzy Optimization for Solar Array System |
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206 | (16) |
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3.8.1 Photovoltaic Systems |
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211 | (2) |
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3.8.2 Peak-Power-Transfer Search |
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213 | (3) |
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3.8.3 Fuzzy Logic Based Solar Array Controller |
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216 | (6) |
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3.8.4 Experimental Results |
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222 | (1) |
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3.9 Forecasting of Solar Irradiance Using ANN |
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222 | (10) |
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3.9.1 Relation Between Solar Irradiance and Weather Variations |
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224 | (2) |
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3.9.2 Reconstruction for the Input Vector of the Forecasting Model |
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226 | (3) |
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3.9.3 ANN Forecasting Model Using Statistical Feature Parameters |
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229 | (3) |
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3.10 Parameter Identification of Solar Cell Using Genetic Algorithm |
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232 | (6) |
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3.10.1 Method of Determining the Parameters of Solar Cell Using Genetic Algorithms |
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235 | (3) |
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3.11 Application of Neuro-Fuzzy Technique for Prediction of Solar Radiation |
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238 | (5) |
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3.11.1 Neuro-Fuzzy Predictor (NFP) |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (1) |
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3.11.3 Neural Networks Training |
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241 | (1) |
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3.11.4 Prediction Results with NNP |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
4 Wind Energy Conversion Systems |
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247 | (62) |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (2) |
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4.3.1 Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines |
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251 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Variable-Speed Wind Turbines |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (4) |
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4.4.1 Description of Components |
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253 | (3) |
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4.5 Types of Wind Turbine Generators |
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256 | (6) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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4.6 Power Converter Topologies for Wind Turbine Generators |
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262 | (12) |
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4.6.1 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators |
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262 | (5) |
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4.6.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators |
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267 | (5) |
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4.6.3 Induction Generators |
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272 | (1) |
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4.6.4 Synchronous Generators |
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273 | (1) |
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4.7 Economics of Wind Energy Conversion Systems |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (4) |
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4.8.1 Unique Configurations for Linking Wind Turbines on the Grid |
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276 | (4) |
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4.9 Modeling of Wind Turbine Using MATLAB/SIMULINK |
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280 | (10) |
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280 | (7) |
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4.9.2 Simulation and Results |
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287 | (3) |
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4.10 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Type 1 WTG |
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290 | (2) |
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4.10.1 Pitch Angle Control System |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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4.11 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Type 2 WTG |
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292 | (2) |
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4.12 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Type 3 WTG |
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294 | (2) |
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4.13 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Type 4 WTG |
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296 | (2) |
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4.14 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Grid Connection |
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298 | (7) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
5 Soft Computing Techniques in Wind Energy Conversion Systems |
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309 | (82) |
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5.1 Prediction of Wind Turbine Power Factor |
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310 | (16) |
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5.1.1 Problem Formulation |
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310 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Artificial Neural Networks |
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312 | (3) |
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5.1.3 Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) |
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315 | (7) |
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5.1.4 Description of Profile Types |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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5.1.6 ANFIS for Prediction of Power Factor |
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323 | (1) |
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5.1.7 Estimation of the Optimal Power Factor |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (8) |
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327 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Fuzzy Logic Controllers |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Conventional Pitch Angle Control |
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329 | (2) |
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5.2.5 Fuzzy Logic for Pitch Control |
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331 | (2) |
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5.2.6 Genetic Algorithm Controller for Pitch Angle Control |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT Controller |
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336 | (3) |
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5.4 Economic Dispatch for Wind Power System |
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339 | (7) |
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5.4.1 Mathematical Model of Economic Dispatch for Power System Based on Wind Energy |
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339 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Quantum Genetic Algorithm (QGA) for Economic Dispatch of Wind Power System |
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341 | (4) |
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5.4.3 Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA) Approach |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (9) |
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5.5.1 Mathematical Model for SEIG Driven by WECS |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (1) |
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5.5.3 Fuzzy Logic Controller |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (3) |
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355 | (6) |
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5.6.1 Modeling of STATCOM |
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355 | (1) |
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5.6.2 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model |
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356 | (4) |
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360 | (1) |
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5.7 FLC Based Wind Energy Production System |
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361 | (13) |
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5.7.1 Wind/Battery Energy Production System |
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361 | (1) |
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5.7.2 The Wind Turbine Model |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Fuzzy Logic Controller |
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363 | (6) |
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5.7.5 MATLAB SIMULINK Model |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (5) |
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5.8 Prediction of Wind Speed Based on FLC |
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374 | (5) |
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376 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Experimental Results |
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376 | (3) |
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5.9 Fuzzy Logic Controlled SPWM Converter for WECS |
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379 | (9) |
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5.9.1 Components of Standalone WECS |
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380 | (3) |
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5.9.2 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (5) |
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388 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
6 Hybrid Energy Systems |
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391 | (80) |
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6.1 Need for Hybrid Energy System |
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391 | (1) |
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6.2 Hybrid Solar PV/Wind Energy System Using MATLAB/SIMULINK |
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392 | (10) |
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6.2.1 Architecture of Solar-Wind Hybrid System |
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393 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Implementation Using MATLAB/SIMULINK |
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393 | (2) |
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6.2.3 Small Domestic Power Grid Based on Hybrid Electrical Power |
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395 | (2) |
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6.2.4 Small Industrial Power System Based on Hybrid Renewable Energy |
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397 | (5) |
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6.3 Hybrid Model of Solar PV and Wind Energy System Using Cuk-Sepic Converter |
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402 | (13) |
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403 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Hybrid Power System |
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403 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Cuk: SEPIC Based Converter on Source Side |
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404 | (3) |
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6.3.4 Model for Hybrid Wind and Solar Power Plant |
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407 | (1) |
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6.3.5 Three Phase Uncontrolled AC-DC Bridge Rectifier |
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407 | (3) |
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6.3.6 Total Harmonic Distortion |
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410 | (1) |
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6.3.7 Test Simulation and Results |
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410 | (5) |
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6.4 Hybrid Model of Solar PV and Diesel Energy System |
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415 | (3) |
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6.4.1 Need for Solar PV Diesel Hybrid System |
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415 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System |
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415 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Components of the Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System |
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416 | (2) |
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6.4.4 MATLAB/SIMULINK Model of Solar PV/Diesel Hybrid System |
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418 | (1) |
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6.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller for Hybrid Power System |
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418 | (17) |
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421 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Description of the Model |
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422 | (4) |
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6.5.3 Implementation in MATLAB |
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426 | (9) |
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6.6 Fuzzy Logic Based MPPT for Hybrid Solar and WECS |
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435 | (33) |
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438 | (4) |
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6.6.2 Design Considerations |
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442 | (4) |
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6.6.3 Intelligent Controller |
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446 | (4) |
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6.6.4 Fuzzy Logic Controller Based MPPT for HPS |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (2) |
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6.6.6 Simulation of Solar PV Under Atmospheric Conditions |
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453 | (5) |
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6.6.7 Simulation of FLC Based MPPT |
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458 | (10) |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (2) |
7 Grid Integration Techniques in Renewable Energy Systems |
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471 | (74) |
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471 | (8) |
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7.1.1 Integration of Small Scale Generation into Distribution Grids |
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472 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Different Types of Grid Interfaces |
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472 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Issues Related to Grid Integration of Small Scale Generation |
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472 | (5) |
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7.1.4 Integration of Large Scale Renewable Energy Generation |
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477 | (2) |
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7.2 MATLAB Model of Grid Integration |
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479 | (10) |
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7.2.1 Photovoltaic Module |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (2) |
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7.2.3 SIMULINK Model of Boost Converter |
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482 | (3) |
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7.2.4 Implementation of Grid Integration Using MATLAB |
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485 | (4) |
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7.3 Phase Locked Loop for Grid Connected Power System |
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489 | (7) |
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7.3.1 Challenges Imposed on an Inverter-Based DG Interface |
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491 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Requirements for Establishing a Grid Connection |
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492 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Grid Synchronization Algorithms |
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494 | (2) |
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7.3.4 PLLs for Three Phase Systems |
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496 | (14) |
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7.4 Grid Connected Inverters |
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503 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Pulse Width Modulation Control |
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504 | (4) |
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508 | (2) |
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7.5 Current Controllers for PWM Inverters |
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510 | (5) |
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7.5.1 SRF PI Current Controller |
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510 | (3) |
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7.5.2 Cascaded Deadbeat and PI Controller |
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513 | (2) |
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7.6 SIMULINK Model of PLL Grid Connected Power System . |
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515 | (23) |
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7.6.1 SIMULINK Model of a Synchronous Reference Frame PLL |
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515 | (1) |
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7.6.2 SIMULINK Model of a Synchronous Reference Frame PLL During Unbalanced Fault |
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516 | (2) |
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7.6.3 SIMULINK Model of a DSRF PLL |
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518 | (1) |
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7.6.4 SIMULINK Model of a DSRF PLL Under an Unbalanced Fault |
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518 | (4) |
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7.6.5 SIMULINK Model of αβPLL |
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522 | (2) |
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7.6.6 SIMULINK Model of αβPLL During Unbalanced Fault |
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524 | (1) |
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7.6.7 SIMULINK Model of a D&alpoha;β PLL |
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524 | (2) |
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7.6.8 SIMULINK Model of a Dαβ PLL Under an Unbalanced Fault |
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526 | (2) |
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7.6.9 SIMULINK Model of a Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL(DDSRF PLL) |
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528 | (4) |
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7.6.10 SIMULINK Model of a DDSRF PLL During an Unbalanced Fault |
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532 | (2) |
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7.6.11 SIMULINK Diagram of Grid Synchronization of the Inverter Using the Hybrid Dαβ PLL |
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534 | (2) |
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7.6.12 SIMULINK Model of SRF PI Controlled Voltage Source Inverter |
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536 | (1) |
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7.6.13 SIMULINK Diagram of Grid Synchronization of the Inverter Using Cascaded Deadbeat and PI Controller |
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536 | (2) |
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7.6.14 Comparison of Current THD of SRF PI and Cascaded Deadbeat and PI Controllers |
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538 | (3) |
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541 | (1) |
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542 | (3) |
8 Harmonic Reduction Techniques in Renewable Energy Systems |
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545 | (52) |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (2) |
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8.3 Sources and Effects of Power Quality Problems |
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549 | (1) |
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8.4 Standards Associated with Power Quality |
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550 | (2) |
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550 | (1) |
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8.4.2 SEMI International Standards |
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551 | (1) |
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8.5 Measurement of Power Quality in Solar PV Systems |
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552 | (5) |
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552 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Measurement Procedure for Power Quality in PV System |
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553 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Assessment Procedure for Power Quality in PV Systems |
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554 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Description of Case Studies |
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555 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Problem Evaluation and Solution Description |
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556 | (1) |
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8.6 Distribution Static Compensator |
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557 | (4) |
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8.6.1 SIMULINK Model of DSTATCOM |
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558 | (1) |
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558 | (3) |
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8.7 Dynamic Voltage Restorer |
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561 | (7) |
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8.7.1 Equations Related to DVR |
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561 | (2) |
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8.7.2 SIMULINK Model of DVR |
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563 | (3) |
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8.7.3 Results and Discussion |
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566 | (2) |
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8.8 Unified Power Quality Conditioner |
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568 | (5) |
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569 | (1) |
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8.8.2 SIMULINK Model of UPQC |
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570 | (1) |
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570 | (3) |
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8.9 Harmonic Reduction in WECS |
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|
573 | (8) |
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8.9.1 Power Quality Standards and Issues |
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|
574 | (1) |
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8.9.2 Power Curtailment or Wind Turbine Disconnection |
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|
575 | (1) |
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8.9.3 Coordination with Other Generating Plants |
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576 | (1) |
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|
576 | (1) |
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8.9.5 Reactive Compensation and Voltage Control |
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|
577 | (4) |
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8.10 Power Quality in WECS- A Case Study |
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|
581 | (11) |
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8.10.1 Topology for Power Quality Improvement |
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|
584 | (3) |
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8.10.2 SIMULINK Model of Grid Connected WECS |
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587 | (1) |
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8.10.3 SIMULINK Model of Grid Connected WECS with STATCOM |
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587 | (1) |
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587 | (5) |
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592 | (1) |
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593 | (4) |
9 Fuel Cell and Converters |
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597 | (54) |
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597 | (1) |
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|
598 | (29) |
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9.2.1 Importance of Fuel Cell |
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599 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Types of Fuel Cells |
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|
600 | (3) |
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9.2.3 Electrical Behaviour of Fuel Cell |
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603 | (2) |
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9.2.4 Need for Power Electronic Converters |
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605 | (2) |
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|
607 | (1) |
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9.2.6 Conventional Boost Converter |
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608 | (3) |
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9.2.7 Cascaded Boost Converter |
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|
611 | (3) |
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9.2.8 Interleaved Boost Converter |
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|
614 | (6) |
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9.2.9 Isolated Converters |
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|
620 | (1) |
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621 | (1) |
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622 | (1) |
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9.2.12 Push-Pull Converter |
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|
623 | (2) |
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9.2.13 Half Bridge Converter |
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625 | (1) |
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9.2.14 Full Bridge Converter |
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|
626 | (1) |
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627 | (12) |
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9.3.1 Single Phase Inverter |
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627 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Half-Bridge Configuration |
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628 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Half Bridge with Resistive Load |
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628 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Half Bridge with RL Load |
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|
628 | (2) |
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9.3.5 - Full Bridge Configuration |
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|
630 | (1) |
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9.3.6 Full Bridge with Resistive Load |
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|
631 | (1) |
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9.3.7 Full Bridge with Resistive Load |
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|
631 | (1) |
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9.3.8 Three Phase Inverter |
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|
632 | (3) |
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|
635 | (2) |
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9.3.10 LLCC Resonant Inverter |
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|
637 | (2) |
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9.4 Fuel Cell System with Motor Load |
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|
639 | (1) |
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9.5 Architecture of Multiple Fuel Cells for High Voltage/High Power Applications |
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|
640 | (8) |
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9.5.1 Series Architecture |
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|
642 | (1) |
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9.5.2 DC Bus Distribution Architecture |
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|
643 | (2) |
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9.5.3 HFAC Distribution Architecture |
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|
645 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Multilevel Architecture |
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|
646 | (2) |
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|
648 | (1) |
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|
649 | (2) |
Appendix I. Models Used to Assess the Performance of Solar PV Systems |
|
651 | (14) |
Appendix II. Research Projects |
|
665 | (24) |
Appendix III. SIMULINK Block Sets |
|
689 | (58) |
Appendix IV. Data for Case Study |
|
747 | (36) |
Index |
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783 | |