| Preface to the first edition |
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ix | |
| Preface to the second edition |
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xiii | |
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1 Fossil fuels and renewables |
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1 | (10) |
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1.1 Introduction: the state of energy utilisation in brief |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative source of energy |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Coal: a fuel for producing energy and a carbon source for making steel |
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3 | (2) |
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1.4 Fossil fuels: some general trends |
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5 | (1) |
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1.5 Outline: what's in this book? |
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6 | (5) |
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9 | (2) |
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2 Solid fuels: origins and characterization |
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11 | (14) |
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2.1 The structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass --- in brief |
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11 | (1) |
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2.2 Precursors and formation of coals |
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12 | (2) |
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2.3 Coal macerals and petrography |
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14 | (6) |
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2.4 The chemical composition of coals |
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20 | (5) |
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21 | (4) |
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3 Pyrolysis of solid fuels: experimental design and applications |
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25 | (100) |
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3.1 Introduction: designing pyrolysis experiments |
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27 | (4) |
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3.2 Product distributions from pyrolysis experiments: general trends |
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31 | (4) |
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3.3 Designing bench-scale pyrolysis reactors: wire-mesh reactors |
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35 | (12) |
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3.4 Designing bench-scale fixed-bed (`hot-rod') pyrolysis reactors |
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47 | (4) |
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3.5 Bench scale fluidised-bed and entrained flow pyrolysis reactors |
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51 | (3) |
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3.6 Comparing results from several bench-scale reactors: coal pyrolysis |
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54 | (10) |
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3.7 Pyrolysis of coal macerals and kerogens: a brief excursion |
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64 | (15) |
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3.8 Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass |
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79 | (10) |
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3.9 Synergistic effects between biomass components during pyrolysis |
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89 | (15) |
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3.10 Bench-top experiments versus pilot and plant scale design and operation: is there a mismatch? |
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104 | (21) |
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117 | (8) |
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4 High-pressure reactor design: pyrolysis, hydropyrolysis and gasification |
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125 | (80) |
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4.1 Characterising fuel behaviour under gasification conditions |
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126 | (4) |
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4.2 Rates of char deactivation and implications for reactor design |
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130 | (5) |
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4.3 Designing a high-pressure wire-mesh reactor |
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135 | (16) |
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4.4 Designing a high-pressure bench-scale fluidised-bed reactor |
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151 | (7) |
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4.5 Gasification in three bench-scale reactors with different configurations |
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158 | (9) |
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4.6 Case studies: factors governing coal reactivity in pyrolysis and gasification |
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167 | (8) |
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4.7 Case studies: simulating en trained-flow gasification in a wire-mesh reactor |
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175 | (5) |
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4.8 Case studies: by-product formation and trace element problems in a pilot gasifier for coal and biomass |
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180 | (11) |
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4.9 Case studies: `zero emission carbon (ZEC)' --- gasification in steam-hydrogen mixtures |
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191 | (7) |
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4.10 Reactor design: pyrolysis, gasification and liquefaction |
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198 | (7) |
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199 | (6) |
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5 Liquefaction: thermal breakdown in the liquid phase |
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205 | (46) |
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5.1 Introduction: the liquefaction of coal and biomass |
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207 | (4) |
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5.2 Liquefaction fundamentals: two stages in the solvent extraction of coals |
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211 | (3) |
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5.3 On the design of bench-scale liquefaction experiments |
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214 | (8) |
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5.4 Comparing liquefaction in the `flowing-solvent' reactor and a `mini-bomb' |
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222 | (5) |
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5.5 Effect of solvent type on conversion, in greater detail |
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227 | (3) |
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5.6 Flowing-solvent reactor: successive extract fractions released from coal |
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230 | (2) |
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5.7 A Two stage kinetic model of primary coal liquefaction |
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232 | (12) |
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5.8 Overview: designing liquefaction experiments |
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244 | (7) |
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246 | (5) |
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6 Elements of thermal breakdown: heating rate effects and retrogressive reactions |
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251 | (34) |
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6.1 The ESR spectrometry of thermal breakdown |
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252 | (6) |
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6.2 Extractables as a diagnostic tool for pre-pyrolysis phenomena |
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258 | (9) |
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6.3 How does fast heating work? |
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267 | (4) |
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6.4 Fast and slow recombination reactions in pyrolysis and liquefaction |
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271 | (4) |
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6.5 Summary: What we know about thermal breakdown in coals |
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275 | (10) |
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281 | (4) |
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7 Analytical techniques for low mass materials: method development |
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285 | (58) |
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287 | (7) |
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7.2 Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) |
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294 | (5) |
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7.3 High performance liquid chromatography |
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299 | (1) |
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7.4 Unified chromatography |
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299 | (6) |
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7.5 Combined chromatographic methods |
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305 | (1) |
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7.6 Mass spectrometric methods |
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306 | (18) |
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7.7 Aliphatic materials from coal and from petroleum |
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324 | (19) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (9) |
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8 Analytical techniques for high-mass materials: method development |
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343 | (94) |
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344 | (1) |
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8.2 The SEC of complex mixtures |
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345 | (16) |
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8.3 Fractionation methods to isolate molecules of large mass or size |
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361 | (3) |
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8.4 Application of SEC and fractionation methods to samples |
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364 | (15) |
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8.5 Aggregation of small polar molecules to appear as large molecules --- in NMP? A question of solvent power? |
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379 | (8) |
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8.6 Molecular mass methods --- mass spectrometry of high-mass materials > 500 u |
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387 | (15) |
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8.7 LD-mass spectrometry of successively eluting SEC fractions of a coal tar pitch and a petroleum asphaltene |
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402 | (5) |
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8.8 NMR methods and recent developments |
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407 | (9) |
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8.9 Summary and conclusions --- structural features of the largest molecules |
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416 | (21) |
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423 | (14) |
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9 In closing: the current state and new perspectives |
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437 | (10) |
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9.1 The thermochemical reactions of solid fuels |
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437 | (4) |
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9.2 Characterising heavy hydrocarbon liquids |
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441 | (3) |
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9.3 Energy demand --- energy supplies: the big questions |
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444 | (3) |
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445 | (2) |
| Index |
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447 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta