| Acknowledgments |
|
xi | |
| Introduction: Why Geology? |
|
1 | (5) |
|
1 Geology Emerges as a Science: European Roots |
|
|
6 | (28) |
|
European Scientific Geological Developments |
|
|
8 | (26) |
|
|
|
8 | (4) |
|
|
|
12 | (5) |
|
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
|
|
27 | (4) |
|
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
2 Geology Emerges as a Science: On the Other Side of the Pond |
|
|
34 | (13) |
|
American Scientific Geological Developments |
|
|
34 | (13) |
|
Louis Agassiz in the United States |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
3 Geologic Time: From an Early Geologic Time Scale |
|
|
47 | (22) |
|
The Age of the Earth: Geologic Time |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
About the Time Scale of the Earth: Ordering of Events through Relative Age-Dating |
|
|
48 | (4) |
|
Development of the Geologic Time Scale |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
Abraham Werner and an Early Geologic Time Scale |
|
|
52 | (3) |
|
Expansion of the Time Scale of Geology |
|
|
55 | (12) |
|
Periods of the Paleozoic Era |
|
|
55 | (8) |
|
Periods of the Mesozoic Era |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
Periods of the Cenozoic Era |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Measuring Time: The Final Frontier |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
4 Geologic Time: Measuring Time and the Nature of Deep Time |
|
|
69 | (13) |
|
Quantifying Time: Numerical Dating |
|
|
69 | (5) |
|
Radioactivity and Isotopes: History and Use in Geology |
|
|
70 | (4) |
|
The Present Geologic Time Scale |
|
|
74 | (4) |
|
Mapping the Geologic Time Scale |
|
|
78 | (3) |
|
Deep Time: A New Orientation to Geologic Time |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
5 Plate Tectonics: History of the Revolution in Earth Sciences |
|
|
82 | (32) |
|
How the Crust of the Earth Moves: Overview of Plate Tectonics |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Setting the Stage for Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics |
|
|
83 | (9) |
|
Eduard Suess and His Tectonics |
|
|
85 | (3) |
|
Antarctic Exploration, the Terra Nova Expedition, and Plate Tectonics |
|
|
88 | (4) |
|
Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift |
|
|
92 | (9) |
|
Data for Continental Drift |
|
|
96 | (5) |
|
Mechanisms for Continental Drift: Early Ideas |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
Post-World War II Exploration of the Ocean Floor: A Unified Theory of Plate Tectonics |
|
|
102 | (12) |
|
6 Plate Tectonics: Oceans, Continents, Plates, and How They Interact |
|
|
114 | (23) |
|
|
|
115 | (14) |
|
Divergent Plate Boundaries |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
Convergent Plate Boundaries |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
Transform Plate Boundaries |
|
|
122 | (2) |
|
Hotspots and Diffuse Boundary Zones |
|
|
124 | (3) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Unknown or Speculative Boundaries |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Plate Tectonics |
|
|
129 | (3) |
|
Past and Present Tectonics |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
|
133 | (4) |
|
7 Life on the Earth: Evolution, Extinctions, and Biodiversity |
|
|
137 | (26) |
|
Development and Change of Life on the Earth: Evolution and Natural Selection |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
Charles Darwin, the Journey of HMS Beagle, and Natural Selection |
|
|
140 | (5) |
|
Fossils and Preservation of Ancient Life |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
The Historical "Bone Wars" of Marsh and Cope: Filling Out the Dinosaur Fossil Record |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
Genes, DNA, and Quantitative Biology |
|
|
148 | (2) |
|
Toward a Unified Synthetic Theory of Evolution |
|
|
150 | (2) |
|
Horse Fossils, Their Geologic History, and Change in Environmental Conditions |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
Extinction Events and Their Impact on Evolution |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
|
157 | (3) |
|
Biodiversity throughout the Geologic Record |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
Unifying Theories and the Future |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
8 The Biography of the Earth: The Precambrian Story |
|
|
163 | (18) |
|
Hadean Eon, 4,600-4,000 Million Years Ago |
|
|
165 | (5) |
|
Archean Eon, 4,000-2,500 Million Years Ago |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
Proterozoic Eon, 2,500-541 Million Years Ago |
|
|
173 | (5) |
|
Snowball Earths and Emergence of More Complex Life |
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
9 The Biography of the Earth: Paleozoic Era |
|
|
181 | (19) |
|
Cambrian Period, 541-485.4 Million Years Ago |
|
|
182 | (5) |
|
Ordovician Period, 485.4-443.8 Million Years Ago |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
Silurian Period, 443.8-419.2 Million Years Ago |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Devonian Period, 419.2-358.9 Million Years Ago |
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
Carboniferous Period, 358.9-298.9 Million Years Ago |
|
|
193 | (2) |
|
Permian Period, 298.9-251.9 Million Years Ago |
|
|
195 | (5) |
|
10 The Biography of the Earth: Mesozoic Era |
|
|
200 | (14) |
|
Triassic Period, 251.9-201.3 Million Years Ago |
|
|
201 | (4) |
|
Jurassic Period, 201.3-145.0 Million Years Ago |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Cretaceous Period, 145.0-66.0 Million Years Ago |
|
|
207 | (7) |
|
11 Biography of the Earth: Cenozoic Era |
|
|
214 | (15) |
|
Paleogene Period, 66.0-23.03 Million Years Ago |
|
|
215 | (5) |
|
Neogene Period, 23.03-2.58 Million Years Ago |
|
|
220 | (3) |
|
Quaternary Period, 2.58 Million Years Ago to Present |
|
|
223 | (6) |
|
12 The Earths Impact on Life and Life's Impact on the Earth |
|
|
229 | (28) |
|
The Earth: Interconnected Systems |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
Geosphere-Human Interaction |
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
Hydrosphere-Human Interaction |
|
|
237 | (4) |
|
Biosphere-Human Interaction |
|
|
241 | (2) |
|
Atmosphere and Climate-Human Interaction |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Interfaces among All Spheres |
|
|
244 | (9) |
|
Soils and Their Significance |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Temperature, Weather, and Climate |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
|
248 | (5) |
|
Song of the Earth and Implications |
|
|
253 | (4) |
|
Looking Backward to Look Forward |
|
|
254 | (3) |
| Glossary |
|
257 | (16) |
| Notes |
|
273 | (34) |
| Bibliography |
|
307 | (30) |
| Index |
|
337 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta