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E-raamat: Spatial Language of Time: Metaphor, metonymy, and frames of reference

(San José State University)
  • Formaat: 366 pages
  • Sari: Human Cognitive Processing 42
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-May-2014
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027270658
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Spatial Language of Time: Metaphor, metonymy, and frames of referenceSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 366 pages
  • Sari: Human Cognitive Processing 42
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-May-2014
  • Kirjastus: John Benjamins Publishing Co
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789027270658
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The Spatial Language of Time presents a crosslinguistically valid state-of-the-art analysis of space-to-time metaphors, using data mostly from English and Wolof (Africa) but additionally from Japanese and other languages. Metaphors are analyzed in terms of their most direct motivation by basic human experiences (Grady 1997a; Lakoff & Johnson 1980). This motivation explains the crosslinguistic appearance of certain metaphors, but does not say anything about temporal metaphor systems that deviate from the types documented here. Indeed, we observe interesting culture- and language-specific metaphor phenomena. Refining earlier treatments of temporal metaphor and adapting to temporal experience Levinson’s (2003) idea of frames of reference, the author proposes a contrast between perspective-neutral and perspective-specific frames of reference in temporal metaphor that has important crosslinguistic ramifications for the temporal semantics of FRONT/BEHIND expressions. This book refines the cognitive-linguistic approach to temporal metaphor by analyzing the extensive temporal structure in what has been considered the source domain of space, and showing how temporal metaphors can be better understood by downplaying the space-time dichotomy and analyzing metaphor structure in terms of conceptual frames. This book is of interest to linguists, psychologists, anthropologists, philosophers, and others who may have wondered about relationships between space and time.
List of diagrams xv
List of tables xvii
Abbreviations and special symbols xix
Transcription conventions xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Part I. Temporal metaphor and ego's perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction: Talking About Time As If It Were Space
3(18)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 Overview
3(1)
1.3 Time Itself
4(1)
1.4 Conceptual Metaphor Theory
5(10)
1.4.1 Metaphors As Conceptual Correspondences (Mappings)
5(2)
1.4.2 Using Wolof Data
7(1)
1.4.3 Moving Ego And Ego-Centered Moving Time
8(2)
1.4.4 Conceptual Frames
10(3)
1.4.5 Crosslinguistic Interest
13(2)
1.5 Mappings Between Distinct Concepts
15(1)
1.6 Organization Of The Book
16(4)
1.7 About The Wolof Data
20(1)
Chapter 2 The Deictic Nature Of Moving Ego And Ego-Centered Moving Time Expressions
21(8)
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 The Indexical Ground And Decentering
22(5)
2.3 Summary
27(2)
Chapter 3 The Experiential Bases (Grounding, Motivation) Of Moving Ego And Ego-Centered Moving Time
29(14)
3.1 Introduction
29(1)
3.2 Psychological Reality
29(2)
3.3 Experiential Bases
31(9)
3.3.1 The Experiential Basis Of Moving Ego
32(1)
3.3.2 The Experiential Basis Of Ego-Centered Moving Time
33(33)
3.3.2.1 Experimental Support
34(1)
3.3.2.2 The Paradox Of Moving From Later To Earlier
35(1)
3.3.2.3 The Expectation Of Arrival Here Frame
36(3)
3.3.2.4 Application To Moving Ego
39(1)
3.4 Motivation
40(2)
3.5 Summary
42(1)
Chapter 4 From Earlier To Later
43(8)
4.1 Introduction
43(1)
4.2 Now Is A Mover
43(1)
4.3 A Situation Is A Mover
44(2)
4.4 The Purposeful Activity Metaphor
46(3)
4.5 Summary And Conclusions
49(2)
Chapter 5 Frame Of Reference And Alternate Construals Of Ego-Centered Time
51(14)
5.1 Introduction
51(1)
5.2 Moving Ego, Ego-Centered Moving Time, And Frame-Relative Fictive Motion
51(2)
5.3 Figure-Ground Role Reversal, Moving-Ego/Ego-Centered Moving-Time, And Factive/Fictive Motion
53(3)
5.4 A Path-Configured Ego-Perspective Frame Of Reference
56(4)
5.5 A Path-Configured Mover-Based Frame Of Reference
60(1)
5.6 Summary And Conclusions
61(4)
Part II. Perspectival Neutrality
Chapter 6 A Field-Based Frame Of Reference
65(16)
6.1 Introduction
65(1)
6.2 Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path
66(12)
6.2.1 Distinguishing Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path From Ego-Centered Moving Time
71(5)
6.2.2 The Experiential Basis Of Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path
76(2)
6.3 The Psychological Present
78(1)
6.4 Summary And Conclusions
79(2)
Chapter 7 The Psychological Reality Of Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path
81(6)
7.1 Introduction
81(1)
7.2 Work By Nunez, Motz, & Teuscher (2006)
81(1)
7.3 Other Experimental Work
82(5)
Chapter 8 Illustrating The Field-Based/Ego-Perspective Contrast: The Case Of Sequence Is Relative Position In A Stack
87(8)
8.1 Introduction
87(1)
8.2 Verticality And Sequence Is Relative Position In A Stack
87(3)
8.3 Sequence Is Relative Position In A Stack: Motivation And Structure
90(2)
8.4 Conclusions: Ego-Perspective Vs. Field-Based Frames Of Reference
92(3)
Chapter 9 Space-To-Time Metonymy
95(12)
9.1 Introduction
95(1)
9.2 The Existence Of Space-To-Time Metonymy
95(2)
9.3 A Metonymy To Metaphor Continuum
97(2)
9.4 Metonymy, Metaphor, And Frames
99(1)
9.5 Indexical Metonymy And Material Anchors
100(2)
9.6 Summary And Conclusions
102(5)
Part III. The Temporal Semantics Of In-Front And Behind
Chapter 10 The Contrasting Front/Behind Schemas Of Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path And Moving Ego
107(14)
10.1 Introduction
107(1)
10.2 The Front/Behind Axis And Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path
107(4)
10.2.1 The English Word Before
109(1)
10.2.2 The English Word After
109(1)
10.2.3 Earlier As Front In Present Day English
110(1)
10.3 Deixis And Deictic Neutrality
111(6)
10.3.1 Front And Behind In Japanese And Wolof
112(5)
10.3.1.1 The Japanese Noun Mae 'Front, Space In-Front/Ahead'
113(1)
10.3.1.2 The Wolof Noun Kanam 'Face, Front, Space In-Front/Ahead'
114(1)
10.3.1.3 The Japanese Noun Ato 'Space Behind A Moving Entity'
115(1)
10.3.1.4 The Wolof Noun Gannaaw 'Back, Behind'
116(1)
10.3.2 The Deictic Neutrality Of Temporal Mae And Ato
117(1)
10.4 Contrasting Front/Behind Schemas: Perceptive-Interactive And Derived
117(2)
10.5 Summary And Conclusions
119(2)
Chapter 11 The Crosslinguistic Pairing Of In-Front And Behind With 'Earlier' And 'Later'
121(12)
11.1 Introduction
121(1)
11.2 The Tendency Of Unmarked Coding Of In-Front/Behind Expressions Of Sequence
121(2)
11.3 Data Relevant To The Tendency Of Unmarked Coding Of In-Front/ Behind Expressions Of Sequence
123(8)
11.3.1 Examples And Counterexamples For The Tendency Of Unmarked Coding
123(4)
11.3.2 Evidence For The Tendency Of Unmarked Coding Of In-Front/Behind Expressions Of Sequence
127(3)
11.3.3 Crosslinguistic Availability Of The Grounding Scenario
130(1)
11.4 Summary And Conclusions
131(2)
Chapter 12 The Alignment Of Ego With A Field-Based Frame Of Reference
133(20)
12.1 Introduction
133(1)
12.2 Future Behind And Past In-Front
133(3)
12.3 Future Behind And Past In-Front In Aymara
136(1)
12.4 Frames Of Reference
137(2)
12.5 Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path As A Static System
139(5)
12.5.1 Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path In Aymara
141(2)
12.5.2 The Aymara Ego-Rp Metaphor Is A Version Of Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path
143(1)
12.6 A Spatial Field-Based Frame Of Reference In Aymara
144(3)
12.6.1 The Day Orientation Frame
145(1)
12.6.2 Do We Still Need Ordered Motion?
146(1)
12.7 East='earlier'/West='later' Temporal Orientation
147(1)
12.8 Knowledge Is Vision And Sequence Is Relative Position On A Path In Aymara
148(2)
12.9 Conclusions
150(3)
Chapter 13 When Back Is Not The Opposite Of Front: A Temporal Relative Frame Of Reference In Wolof
153(16)
13.1 Introduction
153(1)
13.2 Background: Gannaaw 'Back' Is Not A Regular Word For 'After'
154(4)
13.3 The Relative Strategy And The Structure Of 'Later Than' Gannaaw
158(9)
13.3.1 The Reflection Relative Strategy In Time
159(4)
13.3.2 The Ego-Opposed Temporal Metaphor
163(3)
13.3.3 Deictic Uses Of The Ego-Opposed Temporal Metaphor
166(1)
13.4 Summary And Conclusions
167(2)
Chapter 14 The Ego-Opposed Temporal Metaphor And Contexts Of Shared Perspective
169(22)
14.1 Introduction
169(1)
14.2 Space And The Conceptual Structure Of 'Later Than' Gannaaw 'Back'
169(5)
14.3 Contexts Of Shared Perspective And The Range Of 'Later Than' Uses Of Gannaaw
174(14)
14.3.1 Accessibility
174(11)
14.3.1.1 Accessibility That Correlates With Particular Constructions
175(2)
14.3.1.2 The Gannaaw-Plus-Anterior Construction
177(2)
14.3.1.3 Text-Count Data
179(3)
14.3.1.4 Topicality
182(3)
14.3.2 Other Motivations For Contexts Of Shared Perspective: Mini-Narratives And Positional Times
185(2)
14.3.2.1 Mini-Narratives
185(1)
14.3.2.2 Positional Times In The Role Of Ground Of Gannaaw And Culturally Shared Perspective
186(1)
14.3.3 Summary: Contexts Of Shared Perspective
187(1)
14.4 Linguistic Analogy As A Motivation For Using Gannaaw To Mean 'Later Than'
188(1)
14.5 Summary And Conclusions
188(3)
Chapter 15 Modes Of Construal Of Front And Behind
191(16)
15.1 Introduction
191(1)
15.2 Previous Work On Perspective In Temporal Metaphor
191(1)
15.3 The Reflection Relative Strategy In Temporal Determination
192(1)
15.4 The Translation Strategy And Positional Times
193(1)
15.5 Contexts Of Culturally Shared Perspective
194(9)
15.5.1 Hill's Data on Variation In Front/Back Construals
195(1)
15.5.2 Variation Within Wolof
196(1)
15.5.3 The Translation Strategy As A Possibility
197(3)
15.5.4 Taking Stock Of The Ways Front And Behind Can Have Temporal Significance In Wolof
200(2)
15.5.5 Taking Stock Of Where We Stand Regarding Language And Conceptualization
202(1)
15.6 Ways Of Construing Front
203(2)
15.7 Summary And Conclusions
205(2)
Chapter 16 In Search Of Primary Metaphors Of Time
207(8)
16.1 Introduction
207(1)
16.2 Components Of Moving Ego And Ego-Centered Moving Time
208(3)
16.3 Summary And Conclusions
211(4)
Part IV. Location Without Translational Motion
Chapter 17 Expressions Of Static Temporal "Location"
215(12)
17.1 Introduction
215(1)
17.2 Times Are Locations
215(3)
17.3 The Experiential Basis Of Times Are Locations
218(4)
17.4 Event Structure Metaphors
222(3)
17.5 A Temporal Analogue To Pattern-Path Fictive Motion
225(1)
17.6 Summary And Conclusions
226(1)
Chapter 18 Beyond Metaphor And Metonymy: Mental Spaces And Conceptual Integration
227(8)
18.1 Introduction
227(1)
18.2 The Theory Of Conceptual Integration ("Blending")
227(1)
18.3 Blending And Inferences
228(2)
18.4 Opportunistic Mixing And Matching
230(3)
18.5 Metonymy Within Metaphor
233(1)
18.6 Summary
234(1)
Chapter 19 Other-Centered Moving Time And Wolof fekk 'Become Co-Located With'
235(28)
19.1 Introduction
235(1)
19.2 Other-Centered Moving Time
235(2)
19.3 Motivation And Mapping
237(2)
19.3.1 The FEKK Frame
237(2)
19.3.2 Experiential Basis And Mapping
239(1)
19.4 Source-Frame Lexicon And Point Of View In The Now/Fekk Contrast
239(3)
19.5 Source-Frame Lexicon And A Contrast In Use Between Wolof And English
242(2)
19.6 Linguistic Relativity
244(3)
19.7 Language Structure And Other-Centered Moving Time
247(5)
19.7.1 Unmarked Coding
247(2)
19.7.2 Animacy And The Semantic Arguments Of Fekk And Find
249(1)
19.7.3 The Temporal Semantics Of Fekk
249(3)
19.7.4 Preliminary Summary And Conclusions
252(1)
19.8 The Relationship Between Source Frame And Target Frame
252(9)
19.8.1 Figure-Ground Organization Of Source Frame And Target Frame
252(2)
19.8.2 The Details Of The Mapping
254(20)
19.8.2.1 Fekk Predications As Conceptual Blends
255(6)
19.8.2.2 Summary
261(1)
19.9 Summary And Conclusions
261(2)
Chapter 20 Times As Bounded Regions
263(10)
20.1 Introduction
263(1)
20.2 Linear Regions On A Path
263(2)
20.3 Dividing Up A Period Of Time
265(2)
20.4 Time As Room (In Which Things Can Happen)
267(2)
20.5 Summary And Conclusions
269(4)
Part V. Fundamentally Different Temporal Concepts
Chapter 21 Having And Wasting Wolof Counterparts Of Time
273(28)
21.1 Introduction
273(1)
21.2 A Brief Survey Of Jot 'Time'
274(2)
21.2.1 Jot The Content Verb
274(1)
21.2.2 The Auxiliary Jot
274(2)
21.3 The Noun Jot Vs. The Noun Time
276(1)
21.4 Time As A Resource
277(2)
21.5 The Properties Of Jot
279(5)
21.5.1 Jot As A Resource
279(1)
21.5.2 Jot Is Not Construed As An External Resource
280(4)
21.6 Wasting Time
284(3)
21.7 Wolof And English Temporal Concepts
287(10)
21.7.1 Leisure And Temporal Benefit
288(1)
21.7.2 Yaq Sa Jamano 'Waste Your Life'
289(13)
21.7.2.1 Linguistic Borrowing
289(1)
21.7.2.2 Ta As Waxtu 'Time, Hour, Appointed Time', Jot 'Free Time', Or Jamano 'Time, Times, Period, Era, Generation'
290(2)
21.7.2.3 Jamano 'Times, Time, Period, Era, Generation'
292(3)
21.7.2.4 A Reinterpretation Of Perdre...Temps 'Waste...Time'
295(2)
21.8 Conclusions
297(4)
Chapter 22 Conclusions
301(18)
22.1 Introduction
301(1)
22.2 Frames Of Reference
302(2)
22.2.1 The Path-Configured Ego-Perspective Frame Of Reference
302(1)
22.2.2 Path-Configured Field-Based Frames Of Reference
302(1)
22.2.3 A Path-Configured Mover-Based Frame Of Reference
303(1)
22.2.4 A Scenario-Based Frame Of Reference
303(1)
22.2.5 Space For Time
304(1)
22.3 Metaphoric Motion
304(3)
22.4 Prediction And Variation
307(1)
22.5 Philosophy Of Time
308(1)
22.6 Primary Temporal Metaphors
308(2)
22.7 Conceptual Integration, Metonymy, And Metaphor
310(4)
22.7.1 Conceptual Integration (Blending)
310(1)
22.7.2 Metonymy
311(1)
22.7.3 Qualities Of A Good Source Frame For Metaphor
312(2)
22.8 Commonality And Relativity
314(4)
22.8.1 The Cultural Construction Of Space
316(1)
22.8.2 Time Crosslinguistically
317(1)
22.9 The Spatial Language Of Time
318(1)
References 319(16)
Name index 335(2)
Subject index 337
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