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E-raamat: Spatially Resolved Characterization in Thin-Film Photovoltaics

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Spatially Resolved Characterization in Thin-Film PhotovoltaicsSuurem pilt
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The book is devoted to the spatial characterization of solar cells and PV modules. It is written both as a monograph as well as a succinct guide for the state-of-the-art spatial characterization techniques and approaches. Amongst the approaches discussed are visual imaging, electro- and photo-luminescence imaging, thermography, and light beam induced mapping techniques. Emphasis is given on the luminescence image acquisition and interpretation due to its great potential. Characterization techniques are accompanied by simulation tools.

The contents are aimed at a readership of students and senior researchers in R&D as well as engineers in industry who are newcomers to the spatial characterization of either solar cells or PV modules. The concepts and approaches presented herein are based on but not limited to case studies of real thin-film PV devices.

Key features:

 Review of spatially resolved characterization techniques and accompanying SPICE simulations in photovoltaics

 Use of spatially resolved characterization techniques and their combinations for the identification of inhomogeneities in small area CdTe and dye-sensitized solar cells

 Case studies of electroluminescence imaging of commercial PV modules (c-Si, CIGS, CdTe, a-Si, tandem and triple junction thin-film-Si)

The contents are aimed at a readership of students and senior researchers in R&D as well as engineers in industry who are newcomers to the spatial characterization of either solar cells or PV modules. The concepts and approaches presented herein are based on but not limited to case studies of real thin-film PV devices.

Key features:

 Review of spatially resolved characterization techniques and accompanying SPICE simulations in photovoltaics

 Use of spatially resolved characterization techniques and their combinations for the identification of inhomogeneities in small area CdTe and dye-sensitized solar cells

 Case studies of electroluminescence imaging of commercial PV modules (c-Si, CIGS, CdTe, a-Si, tandem and triple junction thin-film-Si)

1 Introduction
1(4)
1.1 Thin-Film Photovoltaics
1(2)
1.2 Motivation for Spatially Resolved Characterisation
3(2)
References
4(1)
2 Theoretical Background
5(14)
2.1 Photovoltaic Device Operation and Performance Parameters
5(5)
2.2 Luminescence
10(1)
2.3 Reciprocity Relation
11(4)
2.3.1 Thermal Equilibrium
11(2)
2.3.2 Non-equilibrium
13(2)
2.3.3 Usage and Validity
15(1)
2.4 Summary
15(4)
References
16(3)
3 Spatially Resolved Characterisation Techniques
19(22)
3.1 Introduction
19(2)
3.2 Optical Imaging
21(1)
3.3 Beam Induced Techniques
22(2)
3.4 Luminescence Imaging
24(10)
3.4.1 Introduction
24(1)
3.4.2 Setup
24(5)
3.4.3 Image Acquisition
29(1)
3.4.4 Image Interpretation
29(3)
3.4.5 Image Processing
32(1)
3.4.6 Towards Absolute Luminescence Evaluation
33(1)
3.5 Thermal Imaging
34(1)
3.6 Summary
35(6)
References
36(5)
4 SPICE Model and Simulations
41(12)
4.1 Introduction
41(1)
4.2 Model
42(4)
4.2.1 Introduction
42(1)
4.2.2 Microcell
43(1)
4.2.3 Cell
44(1)
4.2.4 Module
44(2)
4.3 Simulations
46(2)
4.3.1 Introduction
46(1)
4.3.2 Technique Specific Simulation Approaches
46(2)
4.4 Modelling and Iterative Simulations
48(2)
4.5 Summary
50(3)
References
50(3)
5 CdTe Solar Cells
53(14)
5.1 Introduction
53(3)
5.1.1 Device Structure and Fabrication
54(1)
5.1.2 Operation and Measurements
55(1)
5.1.3 CdTe Solar Cell's SPICE Model
55(1)
5.2 Electroluminescence Properties
56(8)
5.2.1 Back Contact Position Dependence
57(2)
5.2.2 Forward Bias Current Dependence
59(1)
5.2.3 Temperature Dependence
60(2)
5.2.4 Extraction of Resistive Parameter Values
62(2)
5.3 Summary
64(3)
References
64(3)
6 Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells
67(14)
6.1 Introduction
67(5)
6.1.1 Device Structure and Fabrication
68(1)
6.1.2 Operation and Measurements
69(3)
6.2 Conversion Efficiency Inhomogeneities
72(5)
6.2.1 Manufacturing Inhomogeneities
73(1)
6.2.2 Other Inhomogeneities
74(2)
6.2.3 Unknown Inhomogeneities
76(1)
6.2.4 Summary
76(1)
6.3 Ageing
77(1)
6.4 Summary
78(3)
References
78(3)
7 Module Level Electroluminescence Imaging
81(16)
7.1 Introduction
81(2)
7.1.1 Thin-Film Module Production
82(1)
7.2 Examples
83(11)
7.2.1 Crystalline Silicon PV Module
83(2)
7.2.2 CIGS PV Module
85(2)
7.2.3 CdTe PV Module
87(2)
7.2.4 Amorphous Silicon PV Module
89(2)
7.2.5 Micromorph Silicon PV Module
91(2)
7.2.6 Flexible Triple Junction TF Si PV Module
93(1)
7.3 Summary
94(3)
References
95(2)
8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook Trends
97
References
99
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