Foreword |
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ix | |
Preface |
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xii | |
About the Online Resources |
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xvi | |
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Chapter 1 A Framework for Considering the Special Needs of Multilingual Learners |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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Reasons for the Misidentification of Special Needs |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (4) |
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Prevalence of a Medical Model |
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6 | (1) |
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Availability of Categorical Funding |
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7 | (1) |
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Developing a Multi-Tiered System of Supports |
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8 | (3) |
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The Need to Provide Relevant Services in a Timely Manner |
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11 | (1) |
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Some Myths Regarding Multilingual Learners and Special Education |
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12 | (1) |
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The Continuum of Services Framework |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (2) |
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Look Critically at the Learning Environment |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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Describe before Diagnosing |
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19 | (1) |
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Provide Support: A Continuum of Services |
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20 | (2) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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22 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 A Collaborative Model of Information Gathering and Service Provision |
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23 | (30) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (3) |
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Challenges to This Continuum of Services Framework |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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Regulatory and Fiscal Constraints |
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30 | (2) |
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The Challenge of Inertial Concepts |
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32 | (2) |
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Responsibilities of MTSS Teams |
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34 | (1) |
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Examine the Learning Environment |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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Suggest Learning Support Strategies |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Continue Supporting Students with Ongoing Challenges |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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English as a Second Language/Bilingual Specialists |
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40 | (1) |
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Special Education Specialists |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Building Professional Bridges across Specializations |
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42 | (1) |
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Characteristics of an Effective MTSS Team |
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43 | (1) |
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Clear and Congruent Principles |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Loosening Disciplinary Boundaries |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Effective Interpersonal and Communication Skills |
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47 | (1) |
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How to Form Effective MTSS Teams |
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47 | (2) |
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What MTSS Teams Can Accomplish |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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52 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 The Learning Environment Created for Multilingual Learners |
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53 | (20) |
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53 | (1) |
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Key Factors in the Learning Environment |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (5) |
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59 | (3) |
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Design of the Instructional Program |
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62 | (2) |
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Range of Services Offered |
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64 | (1) |
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Role of the Home Language |
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64 | (2) |
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66 | (2) |
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Characteristics of Instruction |
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68 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Assessment |
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69 | (1) |
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Evaluating the Adequacy of the Learning Environment |
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70 | (1) |
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Enhancing the Learning Environment |
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70 | (2) |
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Reflecting on the Six Integral Factors |
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72 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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72 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 Personal and Family Factors |
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73 | (16) |
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73 | (1) |
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Key Factors in the Student's Personal and Family Background |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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Parental and Family Engagement |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (3) |
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Systemic Support Strategies |
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86 | (1) |
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Specific Support Strategies |
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86 | (2) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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88 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Physical and Psychological Factors |
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89 | (14) |
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89 | (1) |
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Key Physical and Psychological Factors |
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90 | (1) |
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Disease or Medical Condition |
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90 | (1) |
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Impaired Vision or Hearing |
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91 | (2) |
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Malnutrition and Chronic Hunger |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Current Psychological Stress |
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96 | (1) |
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Social and Emotional Development |
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97 | (1) |
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Feelings of Belonging to the School and Wider Community |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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Systemic Support Strategies |
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100 | (2) |
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Specific Support Strategies |
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102 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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102 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Previous Schooling Factors |
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103 | (14) |
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103 | (1) |
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Key Factors in Previous Schooling |
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104 | (1) |
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Amount of Formal Schooling in the Home Language |
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105 | (4) |
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Quality of Formal Schooling in the Home Language |
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109 | (2) |
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Amount of Formal ESL Instruction |
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111 | (1) |
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Quality of Formal ESL Instruction |
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111 | (1) |
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Congruence of Educational Approaches |
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112 | (1) |
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Information Gathering and Evaluating the Adequacy of Previous Schooling |
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113 | (1) |
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Systemic Support Strategies |
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114 | (1) |
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Specific Support Strategies |
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115 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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116 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Oral Language and Literacy Development |
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117 | (32) |
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117 | (1) |
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Key Factors in Oral Language Development |
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118 | (1) |
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Home Language Acquisition |
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118 | (1) |
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Acquisition of a Second or Additional Language |
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119 | (5) |
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Evidence of Instruction in Oral Academic Language |
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124 | (2) |
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Reinforcing Academic Language at Home |
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126 | (1) |
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Key Factors in Literacy Development |
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127 | (1) |
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Literacy Development in the Home Language and English |
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128 | (4) |
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Literacy Development in Social and Academic Settings |
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132 | (2) |
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Evidence of Appropriate Literacy Instruction in the Home Language and English |
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134 | (1) |
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Literacy in the Home and Community |
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135 | (1) |
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Understanding the Relationship between Students' Home Language and English |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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What to Assess in Oral Language and Literacy |
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141 | (1) |
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How to Assess Oral Language and Literacy |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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Systemic Learning Support Strategies |
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146 | (1) |
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Specific Learning Support Strategies |
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147 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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147 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Academic Performance |
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149 | (21) |
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149 | (1) |
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Key Factors in Academic Performance |
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149 | (1) |
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Taking into Account All Content Areas |
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150 | (1) |
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Language Proficiency and Knowledge of Concepts |
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151 | (2) |
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Gathering Information about Academic Performance |
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153 | (1) |
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Standardized Norm-Referenced Testing and Performance Assessment |
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153 | (2) |
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Obtaining Information in Students' Home Language and English |
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155 | (1) |
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Comparisons with Like Peers |
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155 | (3) |
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Current and Past Academic Performance Data |
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158 | (1) |
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Evidence of Effective Instruction |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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Systemic and Specific Learning Support Strategies |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (3) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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169 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Cross-Cultural Factors |
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170 | (18) |
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170 | (1) |
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Key Characteristics of Culture |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
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The Multiple Facets of Culture |
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175 | (1) |
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Culture as a Dynamic Process |
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175 | (1) |
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Adapting to a New Culture |
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176 | (3) |
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The Role of Culture in Learning |
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179 | (1) |
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Information Gathering and Evaluating Cultural Difference Factors |
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179 | (3) |
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Assessing Educators' Attitudes toward Cultural Reciprocity |
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182 | (1) |
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Systemic Support Strategies |
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182 | (1) |
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Capitalizing on Diversity |
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183 | (1) |
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Contextualizing Instruction |
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183 | (1) |
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Building Staff Knowledge and Understanding |
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183 | (1) |
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Home-School Communication |
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184 | (1) |
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Specific Support Strategies |
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185 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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186 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Describing before Identifying: When Specific Challenges Persist |
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188 | (19) |
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188 | (1) |
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The Importance of Describing before Identifying |
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189 | (2) |
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Similarity of Surface Behaviors |
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191 | (1) |
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The Tendency to Choose Disability Explanations |
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192 | (1) |
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The Nature of Second Language Acquisition |
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192 | (2) |
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The Process of Data Collection and Explanation |
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194 | (1) |
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Step 1 Producing an Inventory of Specific Observable Behaviors |
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195 | (4) |
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Step 2 Explaining the Observed Behaviors |
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199 | (6) |
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Reframing the Issue: Describe, Explain, and Support |
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205 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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206 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Delivering a Continuum of Services |
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207 | (25) |
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207 | (1) |
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Providing Support in a Timely Manner |
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208 | (1) |
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Benefits of Rtl/MTSS for Multilingual Learners |
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209 | (2) |
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A Solution-Seeking Approach Based on Meaning |
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211 | (1) |
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Seeking Language Educators' Expertise to Generate Interventions |
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212 | (3) |
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Seeking Special Educators' Expertise to Generate Interventions |
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215 | (3) |
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A Forum for Crafting and Evaluating Interventions |
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218 | (1) |
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Key Principles for Crafting and Evaluating Interventions |
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219 | (6) |
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Validating Difficulties and Intervening across Contexts |
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225 | (1) |
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An Example of Validating the Source of Difficulties |
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226 | (1) |
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Home Language and Culture as Resources |
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227 | (1) |
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Bilingualism and Special Education Needs |
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228 | (1) |
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Monolingual Educators in Multilingual Settings |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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231 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Putting It all together |
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232 | (17) |
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232 | (1) |
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Identification of Multilingual Learners Who Experience Significant Challenges |
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233 | (1) |
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Checking the Proportion of Multilingual Learners in Special Education |
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233 | (1) |
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Investigating Misidentification |
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234 | (3) |
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Anticipating and Addressing Predictable Challenges |
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237 | (1) |
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Identifying Exceptionalities in Diverse Settings |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Creating a Supportive and Enriching Learning Environment |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Program and Instructional Issues |
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241 | (1) |
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Adopting a Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Approach |
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241 | (1) |
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Monitoring the Effectiveness of Learning Support Strategies and Interventions |
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242 | (3) |
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Building Capacity to Anticipate New Challenges |
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245 | (1) |
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Creating a Context for Assessment |
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245 | (2) |
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Benefits for All Learners |
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247 | (1) |
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Advocating to Change the System |
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247 | (1) |
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Questions for Reflection and Action |
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248 | (1) |
Glossary |
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249 | (5) |
References |
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254 | (29) |
Index |
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283 | |