| List of Figures |
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xiii | |
| List of Tables |
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xv | |
| Series Preface |
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xvii | |
| Preface to the First Edition |
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xix | |
| Preface to the Second Edition |
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xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
| Author |
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xxvii | |
| Prologue |
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xxix | |
| Section I The Historical Development of "Species" |
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Chapter 1 The Classical Era: Science by Division |
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3 | (30) |
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6 | (3) |
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Aristotle: Division, and the Genus and the Species |
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9 | (7) |
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Aristotle on Classification |
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9 | (5) |
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The Tradition of the Topics |
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14 | (2) |
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Aristotle's Natural History of Species |
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16 | (1) |
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Theophrastus, and Natural Kinds |
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16 | (3) |
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Epicureanism and the Generative Conception |
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19 | (3) |
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The Hermetic Tradition: Species Come from Like |
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22 | (1) |
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The Late Classical Tradition of Natural History |
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22 | (1) |
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The Neo-Platonists: Species as a Predicable |
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23 | (4) |
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Augustine: The Mutable in God's Design |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 The Medieval Bridge |
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33 | (14) |
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Boethius: The Nature of the Species in Logic |
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33 | (1) |
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Isidore of Seville: Metamorphoses |
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33 | (1) |
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Universals versus Nominalism: Species Are in the Understanding |
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34 | (2) |
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The Herbals and the Bestiaries: Meaning and Moral Species |
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36 | (1) |
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Frederick II, the Heretic Falconer |
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37 | (4) |
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Albertus Magnus on Beasts and Plants |
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41 | (2) |
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St. Thomas: [ Logical] Species as Individuals |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 Species and the Birth of Modern Science |
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47 | (70) |
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Nicholas of Cusa: Contracted Species |
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47 | (2) |
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Marsilio Ficino: The Primum of the Genus |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (4) |
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Peter Ramus and the Logic of Wholes and Parts |
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54 | (2) |
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Noah's Ark and the Creation of the Species Rank |
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56 | (6) |
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Fuchs and Gesner: Images, Genus, and Species |
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62 | (2) |
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Cesalpino and Bauhin: The Beginnings of Modern Taxonomy |
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64 | (2) |
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The Universal Language Project |
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66 | (4) |
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Locke and Leibniz on Real and Nominal Essences |
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70 | (3) |
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Wilkins and Ray: Propagation from Seed |
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73 | (4) |
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Nehemiah Grew: The Essence of Species |
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77 | (2) |
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Tournefort: Names for Sensible Differences |
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79 | (1) |
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Linnaeus: Species as the Creator Made Them |
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80 | (4) |
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Buffon: Degeneration, Mules, and Individuals |
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84 | (4) |
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Adanson: Many Characters Are Needed |
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88 | (2) |
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Jussieu: Species as Simples |
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90 | (2) |
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Charles Bonnet and the Ideal Morphologists |
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92 | (4) |
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Immanuel Kant and the Continuity of Species |
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96 | (5) |
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When Did Essentialism Begin? |
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101 | (1) |
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Essentialism and Natural Systems |
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102 | (2) |
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The Origins of Species Fixism |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (10) |
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Chapter 4 The Nineteenth Century, a Period of Change |
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117 | (36) |
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117 | (6) |
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Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: Unreal Species Change |
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123 | (4) |
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Baron Cuvier: Fixed Forms and Catastrophes |
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127 | (2) |
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James Prichard: Species Are Real, Variations Are Environmental |
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129 | (1) |
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Louis Agassiz: The Last Fixist and the Lonely Platonist |
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130 | (5) |
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James Dana: A Law of Creation |
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135 | (1) |
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Richard Owen on the Unity of Types |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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Charles Lyell: Species Are Fixed and Real |
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139 | (2) |
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A-P de Candolle and Asa Gray: The Botanical View of Variation |
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141 | (1) |
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Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary Views of Species |
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142 | (3) |
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Joseph Hooker, Thomas Wollaston, and George Bentham on Logic and Division |
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145 | (2) |
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A Summary View of the Early Nineteenth Century |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Darwin and the Darwinians |
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153 | (38) |
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Darwin's Development on Species |
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153 | (29) |
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154 | (2) |
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Darwin's Pre-Origin Correspondence |
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156 | (3) |
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Darwin's Published Comments on Species before the Origin |
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159 | (3) |
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On the Origin of Species, on Species |
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162 | (16) |
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178 | (2) |
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Interpretations of Darwin's Idea of Species |
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180 | (2) |
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Moritz Wagner, Pierre Trernaux, and Geographic Speciation |
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182 | (1) |
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Wallace and Weismann's Adaptationist Definition |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 The Species Problem Arises |
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191 | (18) |
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Other Darwinians: Lankester, Romanes, Huxley, Poulton, Karl Jordan |
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191 | (6) |
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Non-Darwinian Ideas after Darwin |
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197 | (3) |
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Lotsy and the Evolution of Species by Hybridization |
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200 | (2) |
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Gote Turesson on Ecospecies and Agamospecies |
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202 | (2) |
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German Thinkers: Isolation Is the Key |
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204 | (1) |
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The Mendelians: Morgan and Sturtevant |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 The Synthesis and Species |
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209 | (20) |
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Ronald Fisher and Wild-Type Species |
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209 | (2) |
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Theodosius Dobzhansky's Definition |
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211 | (3) |
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After Dobzhansky, the Beginnings of the Modern Debate |
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214 | (2) |
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Ernst Mayr and the Biospecies Concept |
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216 | (8) |
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224 | (5) |
| Section II Modern Debates |
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Chapter 8 Reproductive Isolation Concepts |
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229 | (12) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (3) |
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Evolutionary Species Concepts |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 Phylogenetic Species Concepts |
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241 | (14) |
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Hennigian, or Internodal, Species |
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244 | (3) |
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Phylogenetic Taxon (Synapomorphic) Species |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (2) |
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Where Is the Taxon Level, or Rank? |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Other Species Concepts |
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255 | (14) |
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Ecological Species Concepts |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (8) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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OTUs and Phenetics (Phenospecies) |
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259 | (1) |
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Species Deniers: Pure "Nominalism," or Eliminativism |
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260 | (1) |
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Conventionalism: The Taxonomic Species Concept |
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261 | (1) |
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Replacementism: LITUs (Least Inclusive Taxonomic Units) |
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262 | (1) |
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Species Concepts in Paleontology (Paleospecies) |
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263 | (1) |
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Chronospecies (Successional Species) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Historical Summary and Conclusions |
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269 | (8) |
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274 | (3) |
| Section III Philosophical Discussions of the Species Concept |
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Chapter 12 Philosophy and Species: Introduction |
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277 | (6) |
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Literature on the Philosophy of Species |
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277 | (1) |
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The Three Species Problems |
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278 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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The Commensurability Problem |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 The Development of the Philosophy of Species |
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283 | (58) |
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The Philosophical Background |
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285 | (3) |
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Individual, Cohesive, or Concrete |
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288 | (1) |
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Clouds, Clades, and Grades: Natural Kinds or Natural Groups? |
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289 | (12) |
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290 | (3) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (6) |
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301 | (4) |
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301 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Biological Essentialism |
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302 | (1) |
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Homeostatic Property Cluster Kinds |
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303 | (2) |
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Philosophically Speaking, How Many Species Concepts Are There? |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (3) |
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312 | (3) |
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Wittgenstein and Resemblance |
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312 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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B As a Classification of Organisms |
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313 | (1) |
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C As a Measure of Conspecificity |
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313 | (1) |
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Do Family Resemblance Predicates Work for Biological Species? |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (2) |
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Asexual Microbial Species |
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317 | (15) |
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What Are We Talking About? |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (3) |
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323 | (1) |
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The Phylo-Phenetic Species Concept (Polyphasic Species Concept) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (5) |
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Species Definitions as Sociological Markers |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (9) |
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Chapter 14 Species Realism |
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341 | (24) |
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343 | (1) |
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Theory-Dependence and Derivation |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (4) |
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Pattern Recognition and Abduction |
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351 | (3) |
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What Kind of Phenomena Are Species? |
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354 | (1) |
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Are Species Forms of Life? |
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355 | (3) |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (5) |
| Appendix A: Post-Linnaean Ranks |
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365 | (4) |
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367 | (2) |
| Appendix B: A Summary List of Species Definitions |
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369 | (12) |
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Reproductive Isolation Conceptions (RISC) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (5) |
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371 | (1) |
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2 Autapomorphic Species [ APSC] |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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5 Cohesion Species [ CSC] |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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7 Composite Species [ CpSC] |
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372 | (1) |
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8 Differential Fitness Species [ DFSC] |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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10 Evolutionary Species [ ESC]* |
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372 | (1) |
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11 Evolutionary Significant Unit [ ESU] |
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373 | (1) |
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12 Genealogical Concordance Species [ GCC] |
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373 | (1) |
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13 General Lineage Concept [ GLC] |
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373 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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15 Genetic Species [ GSC]* |
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373 | (1) |
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16 Genotypic Cluster [ GCD] |
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374 | (1) |
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17 Hennigian Species [ HSC] |
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374 | (1) |
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18 Internodal Species [ ISC] |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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20 Non-Dimensional Species [ NDSC] |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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23 Phylogenetic Taxon Species [ PTSC] |
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375 | (1) |
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24 Recognition Species [ RSC] |
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375 | (1) |
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25 Reproductive Competition Species [ RCC] |
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376 | (1) |
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26 Synapomorphic Species [ SySC] |
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376 | (1) |
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27 Successional Species [ SSC] |
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376 | (1) |
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28 Taxonomic Species [ TSC]* |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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1 Operational Taxonomic Unit [ OTU] |
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377 | (1) |
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2 Least Inclusive Taxonomic Unit [ LITU] |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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4 Smallest Named and Registered Clade [ SNaRC] |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (4) |
| Index |
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381 | (8) |
| Series List |
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389 | |