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E-raamat: Species: The Evolution of the Idea, Second Edition

(Melbourne Univ.)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Species and Systematics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Jan-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351678001
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Species and Systematics
  • Ilmumisaeg: 29-Jan-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781351678001

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Over time the complex idea of "species" has evolved, yet its meaning is far from resolved. This comprehensive work is a fresh look at an idea central to the field of biology by tracing its history from antiquity to today. Species is a benchmark exploration and clarification of a concept fundamental to the past, present, and future of the natural sciences. In this edition, a section is added on the debate over species since the time of the New Synthesis, and brings the book up to date. A section on recent philosophical debates over species has also been added. This edition is better suited non-specialists in philosophy, so that it will be of greater use for scientists wishing to understand how the notion came to be that living organisms form species.

Key Selling Features:





Covers the philosophical and historical development of the concept of "species" Documents that variation was recognized by pre-Darwinian scholars Includes a section on the debates since the time of the New Synthesis Better suited to non-philosophers

Arvustused

PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION

"Few topics have engaged biologists and philosophers more than the concept of species, and arguably no idea is more important for evolutionary science. John S. Wilkins' book combines meticulous historical and philosophical analysis and thus provides new insights on the development of this most enduring of subjects." Joel Cracraft, American Museum of Natural History

"This is not the potted history that one usually finds in texts and review articles. It is a fresh look at the history of a field central to biology, but one whose centrality has changed in scope over the centuries. Wilkins' book will be a standard source for all kinds of people working in systematics. There is not another book on the subject, amazingly enough, and his perspective is so comprehensive and well-taught that it will replace any standard review articles and older histories." Kevin Padian, University of California, Berkeley

"An essential sourcebook for anyone interested in the species problem and the history of 'species.' Wilkins does a wonderful job detangling the various uses of 'species.' His book brings clarity to a topic marked by confusion and ambiguity." Marc Ereshefsky, author of The Poverty of Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy

"The most comprehensive, encyclopedic account of the history of the thinking about species. . . . Truly impressive. Science & Education Published On: 2012-04-10

"The most comprehensive work of its kind. It will appeal to students in a diverse set of disciplines. . . . Highly recommended. Choice Published On: 2010-07-08

Provides a comprehensive and interesting synthesis of the species problem today in the context of changing ideologies through history. Journal Of Human Evolution Blog Published On: 2010-07-06

Provides a thorough background in this important topic. . . . A valuable resource. Nsta Recommends Published On: 2009-12-09

A useful source for literature, ideas, and history of the topic. -- James Mallet Integrative & Comparative Bio (Sicb) Published On: 2010-07-23

No other book provides this kind of comprehensive, historical account of the thinking about species. As reference work, this book is impressive." Intl History, Philosophy, & Science Teaching Group Newsletter Published On: 2012-04-23

Provides an encyclopedic history of the idea of species from Plato to the present. Darwinian Conservatism Blog Published On: 2009-09-17

[ A] congenial book. Oxford Journal Published On: 2011-04-12

"It is difficult to find anything to dislike about Wilkinss study. The breadth of the work is staggering, and the amount of research that went into its discussion of every major intellectual figure and conceptual player in the species debates from Plato onward is readily apparent at every turn." -- Charles H. Pence Evolution: Education and Outreach Published On: 2014-09-09 PRAISE FOR THE FIRST EDITION

"Few topics have engaged biologists and philosophers more than the concept of species, and arguably no idea is more important for evolutionary science. John S. Wilkins' book combines meticulous historical and philosophical analysis and thus provides new insights on the development of this most enduring of subjects." Joel Cracraft, American Museum of Natural History

"This is not the potted history that one usually finds in texts and review articles. It is a fresh look at the history of a field central to biology, but one whose centrality has changed in scope over the centuries. Wilkins' book will be a standard source for all kinds of people working in systematics. There is not another book on the subject, amazingly enough, and his perspective is so comprehensive and well-taught that it will replace any standard review articles and older histories." Kevin Padian, University of California, Berkeley

"An essential sourcebook for anyone interested in the species problem and the history of 'species.' Wilkins does a wonderful job detangling the various uses of 'species.' His book brings clarity to a topic marked by confusion and ambiguity." Marc Ereshefsky, author of The Poverty of Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy

"The most comprehensive, encyclopedic account of the history of the thinking about species. . . . Truly impressive. Science & Education Published On: 2012-04-10

"The most comprehensive work of its kind. It will appeal to students in a diverse set of disciplines. . . . Highly recommended. Choice Published On: 2010-07-08

Provides a comprehensive and interesting synthesis of the species problem today in the context of changing ideologies through history. Journal Of Human Evolution Blog Published On: 2010-07-06

Provides a thorough background in this important topic. . . . A valuable resource. Nsta Recommends Published On: 2009-12-09

A useful source for literature, ideas, and history of the topic. -- James Mallet Integrative & Comparative Bio (Sicb) Published On: 2010-07-23

No other book provides this kind of comprehensive, historical account of the thinking about species. As reference work, this book is impressive." Intl History, Philosophy, & Science Teaching Group Newsletter Published On: 2012-04-23

Provides an encyclopedic history of the idea of species from Plato to the present. Darwinian Conservatism Blog Published On: 2009-09-17

[ A] congenial book. Oxford Journal Published On: 2011-04-12

"It is difficult to find anything to dislike about Wilkinss study. The breadth of the work is staggering, and the amount of research that went into its discussion of every major intellectual figure and conceptual player in the species debates from Plato onward is readily apparent at every turn." -- Charles H. Pence Evolution: Education and Outreach Published On: 2014-09-09

List of Figures xiii
List of Tables xv
Series Preface xvii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Author xxvii
Prologue xxix
Section I The Historical Development of "Species"
Chapter 1 The Classical Era: Science by Division
3(30)
Plato's Diairesis
6(3)
Aristotle: Division, and the Genus and the Species
9(7)
Aristotle on Classification
9(5)
The Tradition of the Topics
14(2)
Aristotle's Natural History of Species
16(1)
Theophrastus, and Natural Kinds
16(3)
Epicureanism and the Generative Conception
19(3)
The Hermetic Tradition: Species Come from Like
22(1)
The Late Classical Tradition of Natural History
22(1)
The Neo-Platonists: Species as a Predicable
23(4)
Augustine: The Mutable in God's Design
27(1)
Bibliography
28(5)
Chapter 2 The Medieval Bridge
33(14)
Boethius: The Nature of the Species in Logic
33(1)
Isidore of Seville: Metamorphoses
33(1)
Universals versus Nominalism: Species Are in the Understanding
34(2)
The Herbals and the Bestiaries: Meaning and Moral Species
36(1)
Frederick II, the Heretic Falconer
37(4)
Albertus Magnus on Beasts and Plants
41(2)
St. Thomas: [ Logical] Species as Individuals
43(1)
Bibliography
44(3)
Chapter 3 Species and the Birth of Modern Science
47(70)
Nicholas of Cusa: Contracted Species
47(2)
Marsilio Ficino: The Primum of the Genus
49(1)
The Great Chain of Being
50(4)
Peter Ramus and the Logic of Wholes and Parts
54(2)
Noah's Ark and the Creation of the Species Rank
56(6)
Fuchs and Gesner: Images, Genus, and Species
62(2)
Cesalpino and Bauhin: The Beginnings of Modern Taxonomy
64(2)
The Universal Language Project
66(4)
Locke and Leibniz on Real and Nominal Essences
70(3)
Wilkins and Ray: Propagation from Seed
73(4)
Nehemiah Grew: The Essence of Species
77(2)
Tournefort: Names for Sensible Differences
79(1)
Linnaeus: Species as the Creator Made Them
80(4)
Buffon: Degeneration, Mules, and Individuals
84(4)
Adanson: Many Characters Are Needed
88(2)
Jussieu: Species as Simples
90(2)
Charles Bonnet and the Ideal Morphologists
92(4)
Immanuel Kant and the Continuity of Species
96(5)
When Did Essentialism Begin?
101(1)
Essentialism and Natural Systems
102(2)
The Origins of Species Fixism
104(3)
Bibliography
107(10)
Chapter 4 The Nineteenth Century, a Period of Change
117(36)
Nineteenth-Century Logic
117(6)
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck: Unreal Species Change
123(4)
Baron Cuvier: Fixed Forms and Catastrophes
127(2)
James Prichard: Species Are Real, Variations Are Environmental
129(1)
Louis Agassiz: The Last Fixist and the Lonely Platonist
130(5)
James Dana: A Law of Creation
135(1)
Richard Owen on the Unity of Types
136(2)
Other Fixist Views
138(1)
Charles Lyell: Species Are Fixed and Real
139(2)
A-P de Candolle and Asa Gray: The Botanical View of Variation
141(1)
Pre-Darwinian Evolutionary Views of Species
142(3)
Joseph Hooker, Thomas Wollaston, and George Bentham on Logic and Division
145(2)
A Summary View of the Early Nineteenth Century
147(1)
Bibliography
147(6)
Chapter 5 Darwin and the Darwinians
153(38)
Darwin's Development on Species
153(29)
The Notebooks
154(2)
Darwin's Pre-Origin Correspondence
156(3)
Darwin's Published Comments on Species before the Origin
159(3)
On the Origin of Species, on Species
162(16)
After the Origin
178(2)
Interpretations of Darwin's Idea of Species
180(2)
Moritz Wagner, Pierre Trernaux, and Geographic Speciation
182(1)
Wallace and Weismann's Adaptationist Definition
183(3)
Bibliography
186(5)
Chapter 6 The Species Problem Arises
191(18)
Other Darwinians: Lankester, Romanes, Huxley, Poulton, Karl Jordan
191(6)
Non-Darwinian Ideas after Darwin
197(3)
Lotsy and the Evolution of Species by Hybridization
200(2)
Gote Turesson on Ecospecies and Agamospecies
202(2)
German Thinkers: Isolation Is the Key
204(1)
The Mendelians: Morgan and Sturtevant
205(1)
Bibliography
206(3)
Chapter 7 The Synthesis and Species
209(20)
Ronald Fisher and Wild-Type Species
209(2)
Theodosius Dobzhansky's Definition
211(3)
After Dobzhansky, the Beginnings of the Modern Debate
214(2)
Ernst Mayr and the Biospecies Concept
216(8)
Bibliography
224(5)
Section II Modern Debates
Chapter 8 Reproductive Isolation Concepts
229(12)
Recognition Concepts
231(1)
Genetic Concepts
231(3)
Evolutionary Species Concepts
234(2)
Lineages
236(1)
Bibliography
237(4)
Chapter 9 Phylogenetic Species Concepts
241(14)
Hennigian, or Internodal, Species
244(3)
Phylogenetic Taxon (Synapomorphic) Species
247(2)
Autapomorphic Species
249(2)
Where Is the Taxon Level, or Rank?
251(1)
Bibliography
251(4)
Chapter 10 Other Species Concepts
255(14)
Ecological Species Concepts
255(2)
"Aberrant" Concepts
257(8)
Agamospecies
257(1)
Microbial Species
258(1)
Nothospecies
259(1)
Compilospecies
259(1)
OTUs and Phenetics (Phenospecies)
259(1)
Species Deniers: Pure "Nominalism," or Eliminativism
260(1)
Conventionalism: The Taxonomic Species Concept
261(1)
Replacementism: LITUs (Least Inclusive Taxonomic Units)
262(1)
Species Concepts in Paleontology (Paleospecies)
263(1)
Chronospecies (Successional Species)
264(1)
Bibliography
265(4)
Chapter 11 Historical Summary and Conclusions
269(8)
Bibliography
274(3)
Section III Philosophical Discussions of the Species Concept
Chapter 12 Philosophy and Species: Introduction
277(6)
Literature on the Philosophy of Species
277(1)
The Three Species Problems
278(2)
The Grouping Problem
278(1)
The Ranking Problem
279(1)
The Commensurability Problem
279(1)
Monism versus Pluralism
280(2)
Bibliography
282(1)
Chapter 13 The Development of the Philosophy of Species
283(58)
The Philosophical Background
285(3)
Individual, Cohesive, or Concrete
288(1)
Clouds, Clades, and Grades: Natural Kinds or Natural Groups?
289(12)
Taxa and Kind Terms
290(3)
Natural Boundaries
293(1)
Classes in Biology
294(1)
Indiscernibles
295(6)
The "New" Essentialisms
301(4)
Origin Essentialism
301(1)
Intrinsic Biological Essentialism
302(1)
Homeostatic Property Cluster Kinds
303(2)
Philosophically Speaking, How Many Species Concepts Are There?
305(4)
Names and Nomenclature
309(3)
Family Resemblance
312(3)
Wittgenstein and Resemblance
312(2)
A As a Taxon Concept
313(1)
B As a Classification of Organisms
313(1)
C As a Measure of Conspecificity
313(1)
Do Family Resemblance Predicates Work for Biological Species?
314(1)
The Qua Problem
315(2)
Asexual Microbial Species
317(15)
What Are We Talking About?
318(1)
The Problem of Cohesion
319(2)
The Phylotype
321(1)
Branching Random Walks
321(3)
The Recombination Model
323(1)
The Phylo-Phenetic Species Concept (Polyphasic Species Concept)
324(2)
The Quasispecies Model
326(5)
Species Definitions as Sociological Markers
331(1)
Bibliography
332(9)
Chapter 14 Species Realism
341(24)
Phenomenal Objects
343(1)
Theory-Dependence and Derivation
344(3)
What Are Species?
347(4)
Pattern Recognition and Abduction
351(3)
What Kind of Phenomena Are Species?
354(1)
Are Species Forms of Life?
355(3)
Consequences
357(1)
Summary
358(1)
Final Thoughts
359(1)
Bibliography
360(5)
Appendix A: Post-Linnaean Ranks 365(4)
Bibliography
367(2)
Appendix B: A Summary List of Species Definitions 369(12)
Reproductive Isolation Conceptions (RISC)
370(1)
Phylospecies (PSC)
370(1)
Individual Conceptions
371(5)
1 Agamospecies [ ASC]
371(1)
2 Autapomorphic Species [ APSC]
371(1)
3 Biospecies [ BSC]*
371(1)
4 Cladospecies [ CISC]
371(1)
5 Cohesion Species [ CSC]
372(1)
6 Compilospecies [ CoSC]
372(1)
7 Composite Species [ CpSC]
372(1)
8 Differential Fitness Species [ DFSC]
372(1)
9 Ecospecies* [ EcSC]
372(1)
10 Evolutionary Species [ ESC]*
372(1)
11 Evolutionary Significant Unit [ ESU]
373(1)
12 Genealogical Concordance Species [ GCC]
373(1)
13 General Lineage Concept [ GLC]
373(1)
14 Genic Species [ GeSC]
373(1)
15 Genetic Species [ GSC]*
373(1)
16 Genotypic Cluster [ GCD]
374(1)
17 Hennigian Species [ HSC]
374(1)
18 Internodal Species [ ISC]
374(1)
19 Morphospecies [ MSC]*
374(1)
20 Non-Dimensional Species [ NDSC]
374(1)
21 Nothospecies [ NSC]
375(1)
22 Phenospecies [ PhSC]
375(1)
23 Phylogenetic Taxon Species [ PTSC]
375(1)
24 Recognition Species [ RSC]
375(1)
25 Reproductive Competition Species [ RCC]
376(1)
26 Synapomorphic Species [ SySC]
376(1)
27 Successional Species [ SSC]
376(1)
28 Taxonomic Species [ TSC]*
376(1)
Replacement Conceptions
376(1)
1 Operational Taxonomic Unit [ OTU]
377(1)
2 Least Inclusive Taxonomic Unit [ LITU]
377(1)
3 Metapopulation
377(1)
4 Smallest Named and Registered Clade [ SNaRC]
377(1)
Bibliography
377(4)
Index 381(8)
Series List 389
John Wilkins PhD is Honorary Fellow at the University of Melbourne, Australia, and Research Fellow at the Ronin Institute, Monclair, NJ. He has taught at the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales, and the University of Melbourne. He is the author of Species: A History of the Idea (2009), and Defining Species (2009), co-author of The Nature of Classification (2013), and edited Intelligent Design and Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (2010). He has published on species, the evolution of religion, cognition, and the history and philosophy of science. He lives in Melbourne Australia.