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E-raamat: Spectral Finite Element Method: Wave Propagation, Diagnostics and Control in Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Structures

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In recent times, the use of composites and functionally graded materials (FGMs) in structural applications has increased. FGMs allow the user to design materials for a specified functionality and therefore have numerous uses in structural engineering. However, the behaviour of these structures under high-impact loading is not well understood. Spectral Finite Element Method: Wave Propagation, Health Monitoring and Control in Composite and Functionally Graded Structures focuses on some of the wave propagation and transient dynamics problems with this complex media which had previously been thought unmanageable.By using state-off-the-art computational power, the Spectral Finite Element Method (SFEM) can solve many practical engineering problems. This book is the first to apply SFEM to inhomogeneous and anisotropic structures in a unified and systematic manner. The authors discuss the different types of SFEM for regular and damaged 1-D and 2-D waveguides, various solution techniques, different methods of detecting the presence of damages and their locations, and different methods available to actively control the wave propagation responses. The theory is supported by tables, figures and graphs; all the numerical examples are so designed to bring out the essential wave behaviour in these complex structures. Some case studies based on real-world problems are also presented.This book is intended for senior undergraduate students and graduate students studying wave propagation in structures, smart structures, spectral finite element method and structural health monitoring. Readers will gain a complete understanding of how to formulate a spectral finite element; learn about wave behaviour in inhomogeneous and anisotropic media; and, discover how to design some diagnostic tools for monitoring the health or integrity of a structure. This important contribution to the engineering mechanics research community will also be of value to researchers and practicing engineers in structural integrity.

This book is the first to apply the Spectral Finite Element Method (SFEM) to inhomogeneous and anisotropic structures in a unified and systematic manner. Readers will gain understanding of how to formulate Spectral Finite Element; learn about wave behaviour in inhomogeneous and anisotropic media; and, be able to design some diagnostic tools for monitoring the health of a structure. Tables, figures and graphs support the theory and case studies are included.

Arvustused

From the reviews:









"The book deals with wave propagation and related problems of identification and control for anisotropic composites with particular emphasis on laminated and graded structures. It is intended for graduate and senior undergraduate students and researchers in engineering disciplines. The book presents some interesting results in material sciences. The researchers in this area will find it useful in a number of applications." (Fiazud Din Zaman, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1145, 2008)

Introduction
1(22)
Solution Methods for Wave Propagation Problems
1(5)
Fourier Analysis
6(9)
Continuous Fourier Transforms
6(3)
Fourier Series
9(2)
Discrete Fourier Transform
11(4)
Spectral Analysis
15(4)
What is the Spectral Element Method?
19(2)
Outline and Scope of Book
21(2)
Introduction to the Theory of Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Materials
23(18)
Introduction to Composite Materials
23(1)
Theory of Laminated Composites
24(10)
Micromechanical Analysis of a Lamina
25(1)
Strength of Materials Approach to Determination of Elastic Moduli
25(4)
Stress--Strain Relations for a Lamina
29(2)
Stress--Strain Relation for a Lamina with Arbitrary Orientation of Fibers
31(3)
Introduction to Smart Composites
34(4)
Modeling Inhomogeneous Materials
38(3)
Idealization of Wave Propagation and Solution Techniques
41(14)
General Form of the Wave Equations
41(1)
Characteristics of Waves in Anisotropic Media
42(1)
General Form of Inhomogeneous Wave Equations
43(1)
Basic Properties and Solution Techniques
43(1)
Spectral Finite Element Discretization
44(4)
Efficient Computation of the Wavenumber and Wave Amplitude
48(3)
Method 1: The Companion Matrix and the SVD Technique
49(1)
Method 2: Linearization of PEP
50(1)
Spectral Element Formulation for Isotropic Material
51(4)
Spectral Element for Rods
51(2)
Spectral Element for Beams
53(2)
Wave Propagation in One-dimensional Anisotropic Structures
55(68)
Wave Propagation in Laminated Composite Thin Rods and Beams
55(4)
Governing Equations and PEP
56(2)
Spectrum and Dispersion Relations
58(1)
Spectral Element Formulation
59(2)
Finite Length Element
59(2)
Throw-off Element
61(1)
Numerical Results and Discussions
61(8)
Impact on a Cantilever Beam
61(2)
Effect of the Axial--Flexural Coupling
63(3)
Wave Transmission and Scattering Through an Angle-joint
66(3)
Wave Propagation in Laminated Composite Thick Beams: Poisson's Contraction and Shear Deformation Models
69(12)
Wave Motion in a Thick Composite Beam
70(2)
Coupled Axial--Flexural Shear and Thickness Contractional Modes
72(2)
Correction Factors at High Frequency Limit
74(2)
Coupled Axial--Flexural Shear Without the Thickness Contractional Modes
76(3)
Modeling Spatially Distributed Dynamic Loads
79(2)
Modeling Damping Using Spectral Element
81(7)
Proportional Damping Through a Discretized Finite Element Model
81(2)
Proportional Damping Through the Wave Equation
83(5)
Numerical Results and Discussions
88(11)
Comparison of Response with Standard FEM
91(2)
Presence of Axial--Flexural Shear Coupling
93(3)
Parametric Studies on a Cantilever Beam
96(1)
Response of a Beam with Ply-drops
96(3)
Layered Composite Thin-walled Tubes
99(8)
Linear Wave Motion in Composite Tube
102(5)
Spectral Finite Element Model
107(9)
Short and Long Wavelength Limits for Thin Shell and Limitations of the Proposed Model
107(7)
Comparison with Analytical Solution
114(2)
Numerical Simulations
116(7)
Time Response Under Short Impulse Load and the Effect of Fiber Orientations
116(7)
Wave Propagation in One-dimensional Inhomogeneous Structures
123(48)
Length-wise Functionally Graded Rod
124(11)
Development of Spectral Finite Elements
126(6)
Smoothing of Reflected Pulse
132(3)
Depth-wise Functionally Graded Beam
135(7)
Spectral Finite Element Formulation
137(1)
The Spectrum and Dispersion Relation
137(2)
Effect of Gradation on the Cut-off Frequencies
139(3)
Computation of the Temperature Field
142(1)
Wave Propagation Analysis: Depth-wise Graded Beam (HMT)
142(15)
Validation of the Formulated SFE
143(5)
Lamb Wave Propagation in FSDT and HMT Beams
148(3)
Effect of Gradation on Stress Waves
151(2)
Coupled Thermoelastic Wave Propagation
153(4)
Length-wise Graded Beam: FSDT
157(5)
Spectral Finite Element Formulation
158(1)
Effect of Gradation on the Spectrum and Dispersion Relation
159(1)
Effect of Gradation on the Cut-off Frequencies
160(2)
Numerical Examples
162(9)
Effect of the Inhomogeneity
162(3)
Elimination of the Reflection from Material Boundary
165(6)
Wave Propagation in Two-dimensional Anisotropic Structures
171(24)
Two-dimensional Initial Boundary Value Problem
172(4)
Spectral Element for Doubly Bounded Media
176(5)
Finite Layer Element (FLE)
177(1)
Infinite Layer Element (ILE)
178(1)
Expressions for Stresses and Strains
178(1)
Prescription of Boundary Conditions
179(1)
Determination of Lamb Wave Modes
179(2)
Numerical Examples
181(14)
Propagation of Surface and Interface Waves
181(4)
Propagation of Lamb Wave
185(10)
Wave Propagation in Two-dimensional Inhomogeneous Structures
195(54)
SLE Formulation: Inhomogeneous Media
195(6)
Exact Formulation
196(5)
Numerical Examples
201(7)
Propagation of Stress Waves
201(3)
Propagation of Lamb Waves
204(4)
SLE Formulation: Thermoelastic Analysis
208(9)
Inhomogeneous Anisotropic Material
209(3)
Discussion on the Properties of Wavenumbers
212(3)
Finite Layer Element (FLE)
215(1)
Infinite Layer Element (ILE)
216(1)
Homogeneous Anisotropic Material
217(1)
Numerical Examples
217(12)
Effect of the Relaxation Parameters - Symmetric Ply-layup
217(3)
Interfacial Waves: Thermal and Mechanical Loading
220(1)
Propagation of Stress Waves
221(5)
Propagation of Thermal Waves
226(1)
Effect of Inhomogeneity
227(2)
Wave Motion in Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Plate
229(14)
SPE Formulation: CLPT
230(4)
Computation of Wavenumber: Anisotropic Plate
234(3)
Computation of Wavenumber: Inhomogeneous Plate
237(4)
The Finite Plate Element
241(1)
Semi-infinite or Throw-off Plate Element
242(1)
Numerical Examples
243(6)
Wave Propagation in Plate with Ply-drop
243(3)
Propagation of Lamb waves
246(3)
Solution of Inverse Problems: Source and System Identification
249(10)
Force Identification
249(4)
Force Reconstruction from Truncated Response
250(3)
Material Property Identification
253(6)
Estimation of Material Properties: Inhomogeneous Layer
254(5)
Application of SFEM to SHM: Simplified Damage Models
259(48)
Various Damage Identification Techniques
259(3)
Techniques for Modeling Delamination
260(1)
Modeling Issues in Structural Health Monitoring
261(1)
Modeling Wave Scattering due to Multiple Delaminations and Inclusions
262(3)
Spectral Element with Embedded Delamination
265(6)
Modeling Distributed Contact Between Delaminated Surfaces
269(2)
Numerical Studies on Wave Scattering due to Single Delamination
271(8)
Comparison with 2-D FEM
271(2)
Identification of Delamination Location from Scattered Wave
273(1)
Effect of Delamination at Ply-drops
274(2)
Sensitivity of the Delaminated Configuration
276(3)
A Sublaminate-wise Constant Shear Kinematics Model
279(5)
Spectral Elements with Embedded Transverse Crack
284(9)
Element-internal Discretization and Kinematic Assumptions
284(4)
Modeling Dynamic Contact Between Crack Surfaces
288(2)
Modeling Surface-breaking Cracks
290(1)
Distributed Constraints at the Interfaces Between Sublaminates and Hanging Laminates
291(2)
Numerical Simulations
293(4)
Comparison with 2-D FEM
293(1)
Identification of Crack Location from Scattered Wave
294(2)
Sensitivity of the Crack Configuration
296(1)
Spectral Finite Element Model for Damage Estimation
297(4)
Spectral Element with Embedded Degraded Zone
300(1)
Numerical Simulations
301(6)
Application of SFEM to SHM: Efficient Damage Detection Techniques
307(58)
Strategies for Identification of Damage in Composites
307(4)
Spectral Power Flow
311(3)
Properties of Spectral Power
312(2)
Measurement of Wave Scattering due to Delaminations and Inclusions Using Spectral Power
314(1)
Power Flow Studies on Wave Scattering
314(5)
Wave Scattering due to Single Delamination
314(2)
Wave Scattering due to Length-wise Multiple Delaminations
316(1)
Wave Scattering due to Depth-wise Multiple Delaminations
317(2)
Wave Scattering due to Strip Inclusion
319(4)
Power Flow in a Semi-infinite Strip Inclusion with Bounded Media: Effect of Change in the Material Properties
319(2)
Effect of Change in the Material Properties of a Strip Inclusion
321(2)
Damage Force Indicator for SFEM
323(4)
Numerical Simulation of Global Identification Process
327(10)
Effect of Single Delamination
327(2)
Effect of Multiple Delaminations
329(1)
Sensitivity of Damage Force Indicator due to Variation in Delamination Size
330(1)
Sensitivity of Damage Force Indicator due to Variation in Delamination Depth
331(6)
Genetic Algorithm (GA) for Delamination Identification
337(9)
Objective Functions in GA for Delamination Identification
338(1)
Displacement-based Objective Functions
338(5)
Power-based Objective Functions
343(3)
Case Studies with a Cantilever Beam
346(6)
Identification of Delamination Location
346(2)
Identification of Delamination Size
348(1)
Identification of Delamination Location and Size
349(1)
Identification of Delamination Location, Size and Depth
349(1)
Effect of Delamination Near the Boundary
350(2)
Neural Network Integrated with SFEM
352(5)
Numerical Results and Discussion
357(8)
Spectral Finite Element Method for Active Wave Control
365(58)
Challenges in Designing Active Broadband Control Systems
365(7)
Strategies for Vibration and Wave Control
366(5)
Active LAC of Structural Waves
371(1)
Externally Mounted Passive/Active Devices
372(5)
Modeling Distributed Transducer Devices
377(17)
Plane Stress Constitutive Model of Stacked and Layered Piezoelectric Composite
378(3)
Constitutive Model for Piezoelectric Fiber Composite (PFC)
381(10)
Design Steps for Broadband Control
391(3)
Active Spectral Finite Element Model
394(4)
Spectral Element for Finite Beams
394(1)
Sensor Element
395(1)
Actuator Element
395(2)
Numerical Implementation
397(1)
Effect of Broadband Distributed Actuator Dynamics
398(4)
Active Control of Multiple Waves in Helicopter Gearbox Support Struts
402(13)
Active Strut System
404(1)
Numerical Simulations
405(10)
Optimal Control Based on ASFEM and Power Flow
415(8)
Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Using Spectral Power
416(1)
Broadband Control of a Three-member Composite Beam Network
417(6)
References 423(16)
Index 439
Prof. S. Gopalakrishnan is an Associate Professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He has a decade of experience in applying wave based techniques for solving various structural engineering related problems. He is internationally recognized as one of the experts in the field, and is one of the few people responsible for popularizing the use of SFEM through his research publications and presentations.









Dr A. Chakraborty is a Senior Researcher at General Motors India.









Dr Roy Mahapatra is an Assistant Professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. His research activities are related to the mechanics and dynamics of solid-state engineering materials and structures, and the study of complex systems.