Preface |
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ix |
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1 Review of Essential Statistical Principles |
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1 |
(8) |
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1.1 Variables and Types of Data |
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2 |
(1) |
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1.2 Significance Tests and Hypothesis Testing |
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3 |
(1) |
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1.3 Significance Levels and Type I and Type II Errors |
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4 |
(1) |
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1.4 Sample Size and Power |
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5 |
(1) |
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6 |
(3) |
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9 |
(10) |
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2.1 How to Communicate with SPSS |
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9 |
(1) |
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2.2 Data View vs. Variable View |
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10 |
(2) |
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2.3 Missing Data in SPSS: Think Twice Before Replacing Data! |
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12 |
(7) |
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3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Basic Statistics, and Visual Displays |
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19 |
(14) |
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3.1 Frequencies and Descriptives |
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19 |
(4) |
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23 |
(5) |
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3.3 What Should I Do with Outliers? Delete or Keep Them? |
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28 |
(1) |
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29 |
(4) |
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4 Data Management in SPSS |
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33 |
(8) |
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4.1 Computing a New Variable |
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33 |
(1) |
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34 |
(2) |
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4.3 Recoding Variables into Same or Different Variables |
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36 |
(1) |
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37 |
(1) |
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38 |
(3) |
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5 Inferential Tests on Correlations, Counts, and Means |
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41 |
(22) |
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5.1 Computing z-Scores in SPSS |
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41 |
(3) |
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5.2 Correlation Coefficients |
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44 |
(8) |
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5.3 A Measure of Reliability: Cohen's Kappa |
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52 |
(1) |
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52 |
(2) |
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5.5 Chi-square Goodness-of-fit Test |
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54 |
(3) |
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5.6 One-sample t-Test for a Mean |
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57 |
(2) |
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5.7 Two-sample t-Test for Means |
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59 |
(4) |
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6 Power Analysis and Estimating Sample Size |
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63 |
(6) |
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6.1 Example Using G*Power: Estimating Required Sample Size for Detecting Population Correlation |
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64 |
(2) |
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6.2 Power for Chi-square Goodness of Fit |
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66 |
(1) |
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6.3 Power for Independent-samples t-Test |
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66 |
(1) |
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6.4 Power for Paired-samples t-Test |
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67 |
(2) |
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7 Analysis of Variance: Fixed and Random Effects |
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69 |
(22) |
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7.1 Performing the ANOVA in SPSS |
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70 |
(3) |
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73 |
(1) |
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74 |
(1) |
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7.4 Contrasts and Post Hoc Tests on Teacher |
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75 |
(3) |
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7.5 Alternative Post Hoc Tests and Comparisons |
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78 |
(2) |
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80 |
(2) |
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7.7 Fixed Effects Factorial ANOVA and Interactions |
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82 |
(4) |
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7.8 What Would the Absence of an Interaction Look Like? |
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86 |
(1) |
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86 |
(2) |
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7.10 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) |
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88 |
(2) |
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7.11 Power for Analysis of Variance |
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90 |
(1) |
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8 Repeated Measures ANOVA |
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91 |
(12) |
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8.1 One-way Repeated Measures |
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91 |
(8) |
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8.2 Two-way Repeated Measures: One Between and One Within Factor |
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99 |
(4) |
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9 Simple and Multiple Linear Regression |
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103 |
(28) |
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9.1 Example of Simple Linear Regression |
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103 |
(2) |
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9.2 Interpreting a Simple Linear Regression: Overview of Output |
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105 |
(2) |
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9.3 Multiple Regression Analysis |
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107 |
(4) |
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111 |
(1) |
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9.5 Running the Multiple Regression |
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112 |
(6) |
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9.6 Approaches to Model Building in Regression |
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118 |
(2) |
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9.7 Forward, Backward, and Stepwise Regression |
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120 |
(1) |
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9.8 Interactions in Multiple Regression |
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121 |
(2) |
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9.9 Residuals and Residual Plots: Evaluating Assumptions |
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123 |
(2) |
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9.10 Homoscedasticity Assumption and Patterns of Residuals |
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125 |
(1) |
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9.11 Detecting Multivariate Outliers and Influential Observations |
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126 |
(1) |
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127 |
(2) |
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9.13 Power for Regression |
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129 |
(2) |
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131 |
(10) |
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10.1 Example of Logistic Regression |
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132 |
(6) |
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10.2 Multiple Logistic Regression |
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138 |
(1) |
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10.3 Power for Logistic Regression |
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139 |
(2) |
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11 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Discriminant Analysis |
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141 |
(22) |
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142 |
(4) |
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146 |
(1) |
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147 |
(1) |
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11.4 Discriminant Function Analysis |
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148 |
(4) |
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11.5 Equality of Covariance Matrices Assumption |
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152 |
(1) |
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11.6 MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis on Three Populations |
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153 |
(6) |
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11.7 Classification Statistics |
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159 |
(2) |
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161 |
(1) |
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11.9 Power Analysis for MANOVA |
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162 |
(1) |
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12 Principal Components Analysis |
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163 |
(12) |
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163 |
(1) |
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164 |
(2) |
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166 |
(1) |
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12.4 Visualizing Principal Components |
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167 |
(3) |
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12.5 PCA of Correlation Matrix |
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170 |
(5) |
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13 Exploratory Factor Analysis |
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175 |
(16) |
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13.1 The Common Factor Analysis Model |
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175 |
(1) |
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13.2 The Problem with Exploratory Factor Analysis |
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176 |
(1) |
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13.3 Factor Analysis of the PCA Data |
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176 |
(3) |
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13.4 What Do We Conclude from the Factor Analysis? |
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179 |
(1) |
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180 |
(1) |
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13.6 Rotating the Factor Solution |
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181 |
(1) |
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13.7 Is There Sufficient Correlation to Do the Factor Analysis? |
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182 |
(1) |
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13.8 Reproducing the Correlation Matrix |
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183 |
(1) |
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184 |
(3) |
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13.10 How to Validate Clusters? |
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187 |
(1) |
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13.11 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis |
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188 |
(3) |
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191 |
(8) |
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14.1 Independent-samples: Mann--Whitney U |
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192 |
(1) |
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14.2 Multiple Independent-samples: Kruskal--Wallis Test |
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193 |
(1) |
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14.3 Repeated Measures Data: The Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test and Friedman Test |
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194 |
(2) |
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196 |
(3) |
Closing Remarks and Next Steps |
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199 |
(2) |
References |
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201 |
(2) |
Index |
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203 |
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