Series Foreword |
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xi | |
Foreword: Dame Sue Black |
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xiii | |
Foreword: Mark Harrison |
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xv | |
Foreword to the 1st Edition |
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xvii | |
Book Endorsements |
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xix | |
Preface to the 2nd Edition |
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xxi | |
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xxv | |
About the Companion Website |
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xxvii | |
Introduction: Stable Isotope `Profiling' or Chemical `DNA': A New Dawn for Forensic Chemistry? |
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xxix | |
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1 | (80) |
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I.1 What are Stable Isotopes? |
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2 | (2) |
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I.2 Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes |
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4 | (8) |
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I.3 Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same |
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12 | (3) |
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I.4 Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation |
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15 | (7) |
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I.4.1 Physical Chemistry Background |
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15 | (2) |
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I.4.2 Fractionation Factor a and Enrichment Factor ε |
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17 | (2) |
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I.4.3 Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes |
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19 | (3) |
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I.4.3.1 Isotopic Fractionation Summary |
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20 | (2) |
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I.5 Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature |
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22 | (18) |
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22 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (5) |
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I.6 Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life |
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40 | (25) |
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42 | (11) |
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I.6.1.1 Authenticity and Provenance of Single-Seed Vegetable Oils |
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42 | (3) |
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I.6.1.2 Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages |
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45 | (4) |
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49 | (4) |
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I.6.2 Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Products |
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53 | (1) |
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I.6.3 Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals |
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54 | (5) |
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I.6.4 Environmental Forensics |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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I.6.6 Anti-Doping Control |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (16) |
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67 | (14) |
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II Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques and Data Quality |
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81 | (166) |
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II.1 Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry |
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82 | (8) |
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II.1.1 Stability, Isotopic Linearity and Isotopic Calibration |
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85 | (5) |
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II.2 Instrumentation for Stable Isotope Analysis |
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90 | (16) |
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II.2.1 Dual-Inlet IRMS Systems |
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92 | (1) |
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II.2.2 Continuous-Flow IRMS Systems |
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93 | (1) |
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II.2.3 Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis |
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94 | (4) |
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II.2.3.1 13C, 15N and 34S |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (2) |
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II.2.4 Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds |
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98 | (3) |
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II.2.4.1 Compound-Specific 13C or 15N Analysis by GC/C-IRMS |
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98 | (2) |
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II.2.4.2 Compound-Specific 2H or 18O Analysis by GC/HTC-IRMS |
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100 | (1) |
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II.2.4.3 Position-Specific Isotope Analysis |
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101 | (1) |
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II.2.5 Compound-Specific 13C/15N Analysis of Polar, Non-Volatile Organic Compounds by LC-IRMS |
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101 | (2) |
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II.2.6 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Forensic Compound Identification |
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103 | (3) |
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II.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry |
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106 | (22) |
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II.3.1 Compliance with IUPAC Guidelines is a Prerequisite not a Luxury |
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106 | (5) |
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II.3.2 The Identical Treatment Principle |
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111 | (1) |
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II.3.3 The Importance of Scale Normalization |
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112 | (16) |
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II.3.3.1 Scale Normalization of Measured δ2H Values to VSMOW |
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114 | (6) |
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II.3.3.2 Scale Normalization of Measured δ13C Values to VPDB |
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120 | (2) |
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II.3.3.3 Scale Normalization of Measured δ18O Values to VSMOW |
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122 | (4) |
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II.3.3.4 Scale Normalization of Measured δ15N Values to Air |
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126 | (1) |
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II.3.3.5 Scale Normalization of Measured δ34S Values to VCDT |
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127 | (1) |
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II.4 Points of Note for Stable Isotope Analysis |
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128 | (55) |
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II.4.1 Preparing for Analysis |
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128 | (3) |
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II.4.2 Generic Considerations for BSIA |
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131 | (9) |
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II.4.2.1 Scale Normalization of BSIA |
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132 | (2) |
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II.4.2.2 Keeping Your Powder Dry |
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134 | (1) |
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II.4.2.3 Isobaric Interference |
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135 | (2) |
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II.4.2.4 Ionization Quench Effect |
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137 | (3) |
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II.4.3 Particular Considerations for BSIA |
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140 | (32) |
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II.4.3.1 Bulk 15N Analysis of Nitrates |
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140 | (1) |
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II.4.3.2 Bulk 2H Analysis of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds |
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141 | (1) |
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II.4.3.3 Total δ2H versus True δ2H Values |
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141 | (3) |
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II.4.3.4 Organic Compounds with Exchangeable Hydrogen and Implications for 2H Abundance Analysis |
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144 | (8) |
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II.4.3.4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Considerations --- Example: Hair |
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152 | (6) |
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II.4.3.5 2H Analysis of Human Hair |
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158 | (3) |
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II.4.3.5.1 Two-Point Equilibration with Water at Ambient Temperature |
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161 | (5) |
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II.4.3.5.2 Two-Point End-Member Comparative Equilibration |
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166 | (4) |
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II.4.3.5.3 On-Line Two-Point End-Member Comparative Steam Equilibration |
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170 | (2) |
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II.4.4 Points of Note for CSIA |
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172 | (11) |
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II.4.4.1 Scale Normalization of GC-IRMS Analyses |
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172 | (3) |
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II.4.4.2 Isotope Effects in GC-IRMS during Sample Injection |
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175 | (1) |
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II.4.4.3 The Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC-IRMS |
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176 | (2) |
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II.4.4.4 Derivatization of Polar Compounds for GC-IRMS |
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178 | (3) |
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II.4.4.5 Compound-Specific 2H Analysis of N- or C1-Rich Compounds |
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181 | (2) |
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II.5 Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context |
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183 | (11) |
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II.5.1 Chemometric Analysis |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (9) |
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II.6 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Forensic Stable Isotope Analysis |
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194 | (13) |
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II.6.1 Accreditation to ISO 17025 |
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195 | (10) |
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II.6.1.1 Who Assesses the Assessors? |
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197 | (8) |
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II.6.2 The Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Network |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (40) |
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II.A How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry |
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209 | (1) |
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II.A.1 Pre-Installation Requirements |
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210 | (1) |
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II.A.2 Laboratory Location |
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210 | (1) |
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II.A.3 Temperature Control |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (3) |
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II.A.6 Forensic Laboratory Considerations |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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II.B Sources of International Reference Materials and Tertiary Standards |
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219 | (1) |
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II.C Selected Sample Preparation Protocols |
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220 | (11) |
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II.C.1 Derivatization of Amino Acids for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis by GC-IRMS |
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220 | (3) |
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II.C.2 Acid Digest of Carbonate from Bio-apatite for 13C and 180 Analysis |
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223 | (2) |
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II.C.3 Preparing Silver Phosphate from Bio-apatite for 18O Analysis |
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225 | (2) |
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II.C.4 Two-Point Water Equilibration Protocol for Determination of Non-ex δ8H Values of Human Hair |
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227 | (4) |
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II.D Internet Sources of Guidance and Policy Documents |
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231 | (16) |
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233 | (14) |
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III Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research |
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247 | (206) |
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248 | (7) |
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249 | (6) |
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III.2 Distinguishing Drugs |
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255 | (41) |
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III.2.1 Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs |
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255 | (8) |
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255 | (2) |
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III.2.1.2 Morphine and Heroin |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (4) |
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263 | (21) |
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263 | (1) |
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III.2.2.2 Methamphetamine: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature |
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264 | (4) |
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III.2.2.2.1 Two Different Synthetic Routes --- Clandestine Conditions |
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268 | (2) |
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III.2.2.3 MDMA: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature |
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270 | (3) |
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III.2.2.3.1 Three Different Synthetic Routes --- Controlled Conditions |
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273 | (6) |
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III.2.2.3.2 One Synthetic Route --- Variable Conditions |
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279 | (5) |
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III.2.3 "Legal Highs" and "Designer Drugs" |
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284 | (7) |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (4) |
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291 | (2) |
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293 | (3) |
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III.3 Elucidating Explosives |
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296 | (28) |
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III.3.1 Stable Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors |
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297 | (24) |
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III.3.1.1 Ammonium Nitrate (AN) |
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298 | (2) |
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III.3.1.2 Hexamine, RDX, C4 and Semtex |
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300 | (5) |
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III.3.1.3 Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (4) |
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III.3.1.3.2 HMTD and TATP |
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309 | (6) |
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III.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide |
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315 | (6) |
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III.3.2 Potential Pitfalls |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (1) |
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III.4 Matching Matchsticks |
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324 | (9) |
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III.4.1 13C-Bulk Isotope Analysis |
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325 | (1) |
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III.4.2 18O-Bulk Isotope Analysis |
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326 | (2) |
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III.4.3 2H-Bulk Isotope Analysis |
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328 | (2) |
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III.4.4 Matching Matches from Fire Scenes |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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III.5 Provenancing People |
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333 | (68) |
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III.5.1 Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue |
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336 | (34) |
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338 | (2) |
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III.5.1.1.1 Characteristics of Hair |
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340 | (2) |
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III.5.1.1.2 Characteristics of Nails |
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342 | (1) |
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III.5.1.1.3 Diagenetic Changes of Keratin |
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342 | (1) |
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III.5.1.1.4 2H Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail |
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343 | (2) |
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III.5.1.1.5 18O Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail |
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345 | (1) |
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III.5.1.1.6 13C Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail |
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346 | (1) |
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III.5.1.1.7 15N Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail |
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347 | (3) |
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350 | (1) |
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III.5.1.2.1 Chemical Composition of Bone and Teeth |
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351 | (1) |
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III.5.1.2.2 Static versus Remodelling Tissue Compartments |
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352 | (2) |
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III.5.1.2.3 Diagenetic Changes of Bone and Teeth Mineral |
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354 | (2) |
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III.5.1.2.4 Diagenetic Changes of Type I Collagen |
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356 | (1) |
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III.5.1.2.5 18O Isotopic Record in Carbonate and Phosphate from Bio-apatite |
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357 | (6) |
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III.5.1.2.6 13C Isotopic Record in Carbonate from Bio-apatite |
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363 | (1) |
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III.5.1.2.7 Isotopic Record in Type I Collagen |
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364 | (1) |
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III.5.1.3 Trophic Level Shift Effect on Stable Isotope Abundance Values in Human Tissue |
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365 | (5) |
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370 | (27) |
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III.5.2.1 The Skull from the Sea |
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371 | (4) |
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III.5.2.2 A Human Life Recorded in Hair |
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375 | (4) |
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III.5.2.3 Found in Newfoundland |
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379 | (5) |
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III.5.2.4 The Case of "The Scissor Sisters" |
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384 | (6) |
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III.5.2.5 Too Short a Life |
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390 | (3) |
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393 | (1) |
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III.5.2.7 A Tale of Two Cultures |
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394 | (3) |
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III.5.3 Conclusions and Caveats |
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397 | (4) |
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III.6 Stable Isotope Forensics of Other Physical Evidence |
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401 | (12) |
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III.6.1 Microbial Isotope Forensics |
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402 | (2) |
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III.6.2 Toxins and Poisons |
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404 | (1) |
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III.6.3 Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape |
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404 | (8) |
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404 | (3) |
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III.6.3.2 Plastic and Plastic Bags |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (4) |
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412 | (1) |
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III.7 Evaluative Interpretation of Forensic Stable Isotope Data |
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413 | (17) |
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III.7.1 Not Scale Referenced δ-Values |
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415 | (3) |
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III.7.2 Unresolved Contradictory Data |
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418 | (4) |
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III.7.2.1 Example: "Geographic Provenance of a Murder Victim" |
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418 | (2) |
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III.7.2.2 Example: "Manslaughter due to Negligence" |
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420 | (2) |
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III.7.3 Foregone Conclusions |
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422 | (2) |
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III.7.4 Logical Fallacies |
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424 | (2) |
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III.7.5 Untested Assumptions |
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426 | (2) |
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428 | (2) |
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III.8 Summary of Part III |
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430 | (23) |
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III.A An Abridged List of Forensic Stable Isotope Laboratories Worldwide |
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432 | (21) |
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434 | (19) |
Recommended Reading |
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453 | (6) |
Author's Biography |
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459 | (2) |
Acknowledgements |
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461 | (2) |
Index |
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463 | |