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E-raamat: Stable Isotope Forensics: Methods and Forensic Applications of Stable Isotope Analysis

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The number-one guide, internationally, to all aspects of forensic isotope analysis, thoroughly updated and revised and featuring many new case studies

This edition of the internationally acclaimed guide to forensic stable isotope analysis uses real-world examples to bridge discussions of the basic science, instrumentation and analytical techniques underlying forensic isotope profiling and its various technical applications. Case studies describe an array of applications, many of which were developed by the author himself. They include cases in which isotope profiling was used in murder, and drugs-related crime investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical and food authenticity control studies.

Updated with coverage of exciting advances occurring in the field since the publication of the 1st edition, this 2nd edition explores innovative new techniques and applications in forensic isotope profiling, as well as key findings from original research. More than a simple update, though, this edition has been significantly revised in order to address serious problems that can arise from non-comparable and unfit-for-purpose stable isotope data. To that end, Part II has been virtually rewritten with greater emphasis now being placed on important quality control issues in stable isotope analysis in general and forensic stable isotope analysis in particular.





Written in a highly accessible style that will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students alike Illustrates the many strengths and potential pitfalls of forensic stable isotope analysis Uses recent case examples to bridge underlying principles with technical applications Presents hands-on applications that let experienced researchers and forensic practitioners match problems with success stories    Includes new chapters devoted to aspects of quality control and quality assurance, including scale normalisation, the identical treatment principle, hydrogen exchange and accreditation

Stable Isotope Forensics, 2nd Edition is an important professional resource for forensic scientists, law enforcement officials, public prosecutors, defence attorneys, forensic anthropologists and others for whom isotope profiling has become an indispensable tool of the trade. It is also an excellent introduction to the field for senior undergraduate and graduate forensic science students.

"All students of forensic criminology, and all law enforcement officers responsible for the investigation of serious crime , will want to study this book. Wolfram highlights the value, and future potential, of Stable Isotope Forensics as an emerging powerful tool in the investigation of crime."

Roy McComb, Deputy Director, Specialist Investigations, National Crime Agency (NCA), UK

A single author text in these days is rare and the value of this book lies in the dedication and experience of the author which is evident in the clarity of prose, the honest illustration of evidence and the realistic practical application of the subject - it makes this a text of genuine scientific value.

Prof Dame Sue Black, PhD, DBE, OBE, FRSE, Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, University of Dundee, UK

The book provides an excellent, vivid and comprehensible introduction into the world of stable isotope science and analytics. Compared to the first edition, the aspects of quality control and assurance in the analysis of stable isotopes in general, and forensic application in particular, are now taking much more room. This allows the book to serve the target groups: students, academic professionals and practitioners, and serves as a solid resource of basic and applicable information about the strengths and potential pitfalls of the application of stable isotope signatures. The present high-quality book shows the great potential of stable isotopes and is a must for everyone interested in isotope forensics. M.E. Böttcher & U. Flenker, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, January 2018.

A list of errata is available at http://booksupport.wiley.com
Series Foreword xi
Foreword: Dame Sue Black xiii
Foreword: Mark Harrison xv
Foreword to the 1st Edition xvii
Book Endorsements xix
Preface to the 2nd Edition xxi
List of Abbreviations
xxv
About the Companion Website xxvii
Introduction: Stable Isotope `Profiling' or Chemical `DNA': A New Dawn for Forensic Chemistry? xxix
I How it Works
1(80)
I.1 What are Stable Isotopes?
2(2)
I.2 Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes
4(8)
I.3 Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same
12(3)
I.4 Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation
15(7)
I.4.1 Physical Chemistry Background
15(2)
I.4.2 Fractionation Factor a and Enrichment Factor ε
17(2)
I.4.3 Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes
19(3)
I.4.3.1 Isotopic Fractionation Summary
20(2)
I.5 Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature
22(18)
I.5.1 Hydrogen
22(4)
I.5.2 Oxygen
26(1)
I.5.3 Carbon
27(3)
I.5.4 Nitrogen
30(2)
I.5.5 Sulfur
32(3)
I.5.6 Isoscapes
35(5)
I.6 Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life
40(25)
I.6.1 "Food Forensics"
42(11)
I.6.1.1 Authenticity and Provenance of Single-Seed Vegetable Oils
42(3)
I.6.1.2 Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages
45(4)
I.6.1.3 Caveats
49(4)
I.6.2 Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Products
53(1)
I.6.3 Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
54(5)
I.6.4 Environmental Forensics
59(2)
I.6.5 Wildlife Forensics
61(1)
I.6.6 Anti-Doping Control
62(3)
I.7 Summary of Part I
65(16)
References Part I
67(14)
II Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques and Data Quality
81(166)
II.1 Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
82(8)
II.1.1 Stability, Isotopic Linearity and Isotopic Calibration
85(5)
II.2 Instrumentation for Stable Isotope Analysis
90(16)
II.2.1 Dual-Inlet IRMS Systems
92(1)
II.2.2 Continuous-Flow IRMS Systems
93(1)
II.2.3 Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis
94(4)
II.2.3.1 13C, 15N and 34S
94(2)
II.2.3.2 2H and 18O
96(2)
II.2.4 Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds
98(3)
II.2.4.1 Compound-Specific 13C or 15N Analysis by GC/C-IRMS
98(2)
II.2.4.2 Compound-Specific 2H or 18O Analysis by GC/HTC-IRMS
100(1)
II.2.4.3 Position-Specific Isotope Analysis
101(1)
II.2.5 Compound-Specific 13C/15N Analysis of Polar, Non-Volatile Organic Compounds by LC-IRMS
101(2)
II.2.6 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Forensic Compound Identification
103(3)
II.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
106(22)
II.3.1 Compliance with IUPAC Guidelines is a Prerequisite not a Luxury
106(5)
II.3.2 The Identical Treatment Principle
111(1)
II.3.3 The Importance of Scale Normalization
112(16)
II.3.3.1 Scale Normalization of Measured δ2H Values to VSMOW
114(6)
II.3.3.2 Scale Normalization of Measured δ13C Values to VPDB
120(2)
II.3.3.3 Scale Normalization of Measured δ18O Values to VSMOW
122(4)
II.3.3.4 Scale Normalization of Measured δ15N Values to Air
126(1)
II.3.3.5 Scale Normalization of Measured δ34S Values to VCDT
127(1)
II.4 Points of Note for Stable Isotope Analysis
128(55)
II.4.1 Preparing for Analysis
128(3)
II.4.2 Generic Considerations for BSIA
131(9)
II.4.2.1 Scale Normalization of BSIA
132(2)
II.4.2.2 Keeping Your Powder Dry
134(1)
II.4.2.3 Isobaric Interference
135(2)
II.4.2.4 Ionization Quench Effect
137(3)
II.4.3 Particular Considerations for BSIA
140(32)
II.4.3.1 Bulk 15N Analysis of Nitrates
140(1)
II.4.3.2 Bulk 2H Analysis of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds
141(1)
II.4.3.3 Total δ2H versus True δ2H Values
141(3)
II.4.3.4 Organic Compounds with Exchangeable Hydrogen and Implications for 2H Abundance Analysis
144(8)
II.4.3.4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Considerations --- Example: Hair
152(6)
II.4.3.5 2H Analysis of Human Hair
158(3)
II.4.3.5.1 Two-Point Equilibration with Water at Ambient Temperature
161(5)
II.4.3.5.2 Two-Point End-Member Comparative Equilibration
166(4)
II.4.3.5.3 On-Line Two-Point End-Member Comparative Steam Equilibration
170(2)
II.4.4 Points of Note for CSIA
172(11)
II.4.4.1 Scale Normalization of GC-IRMS Analyses
172(3)
II.4.4.2 Isotope Effects in GC-IRMS during Sample Injection
175(1)
II.4.4.3 The Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC-IRMS
176(2)
II.4.4.4 Derivatization of Polar Compounds for GC-IRMS
178(3)
II.4.4.5 Compound-Specific 2H Analysis of N- or C1-Rich Compounds
181(2)
II.5 Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context
183(11)
II.5.1 Chemometric Analysis
183(2)
II.5.2 Bayesian Analysis
185(9)
II.6 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Forensic Stable Isotope Analysis
194(13)
II.6.1 Accreditation to ISO 17025
195(10)
II.6.1.1 Who Assesses the Assessors?
197(8)
II.6.2 The Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Network
205(2)
II.7 Summary of Part II
207(40)
II.A How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry
209(1)
II.A.1 Pre-Installation Requirements
210(1)
II.A.2 Laboratory Location
210(1)
II.A.3 Temperature Control
211(1)
II.A.4 Power Supply
212(1)
II.A.5 Gas Supply
213(3)
II.A.6 Forensic Laboratory Considerations
216(1)
II.A.7 Finishing Touches
217(2)
II.B Sources of International Reference Materials and Tertiary Standards
219(1)
II.C Selected Sample Preparation Protocols
220(11)
II.C.1 Derivatization of Amino Acids for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis by GC-IRMS
220(3)
II.C.2 Acid Digest of Carbonate from Bio-apatite for 13C and 180 Analysis
223(2)
II.C.3 Preparing Silver Phosphate from Bio-apatite for 18O Analysis
225(2)
II.C.4 Two-Point Water Equilibration Protocol for Determination of Non-ex δ8H Values of Human Hair
227(4)
II.D Internet Sources of Guidance and Policy Documents
231(16)
References Part II
233(14)
III Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research
247(206)
III.1 Forensic Context
248(7)
III.1.1 Legal Context
249(6)
III.2 Distinguishing Drugs
255(41)
III.2.1 Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs
255(8)
III.2.1.1 Marijuana
255(2)
III.2.1.2 Morphine and Heroin
257(2)
III.2.1.3 Cocaine
259(4)
III.2.2 Synthetic Drugs
263(21)
III.2.2.1 Amphetamines
263(1)
III.2.2.2 Methamphetamine: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature
264(4)
III.2.2.2.1 Two Different Synthetic Routes --- Clandestine Conditions
268(2)
III.2.2.3 MDMA: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature
270(3)
III.2.2.3.1 Three Different Synthetic Routes --- Controlled Conditions
273(6)
III.2.2.3.2 One Synthetic Route --- Variable Conditions
279(5)
III.2.3 "Legal Highs" and "Designer Drugs"
284(7)
III.2.3.1 Mephedrone
284(3)
III.2.3.2 Piperazines
287(4)
III.2.4 Excipients
291(2)
III.2.5 Conclusions
293(3)
III.3 Elucidating Explosives
296(28)
III.3.1 Stable Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors
297(24)
III.3.1.1 Ammonium Nitrate (AN)
298(2)
III.3.1.2 Hexamine, RDX, C4 and Semtex
300(5)
III.3.1.3 Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship
305(1)
III.3.1.3.1 RDX and HMX
305(4)
III.3.1.3.2 HMTD and TATP
309(6)
III.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide
315(6)
III.3.2 Potential Pitfalls
321(2)
III.3.3 Conclusions
323(1)
III.4 Matching Matchsticks
324(9)
III.4.1 13C-Bulk Isotope Analysis
325(1)
III.4.2 18O-Bulk Isotope Analysis
326(2)
III.4.3 2H-Bulk Isotope Analysis
328(2)
III.4.4 Matching Matches from Fire Scenes
330(1)
III.4.5 Conclusions
331(2)
III.5 Provenancing People
333(68)
III.5.1 Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue
336(34)
III.5.1.1 Hair and Nails
338(2)
III.5.1.1.1 Characteristics of Hair
340(2)
III.5.1.1.2 Characteristics of Nails
342(1)
III.5.1.1.3 Diagenetic Changes of Keratin
342(1)
III.5.1.1.4 2H Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
343(2)
III.5.1.1.5 18O Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
345(1)
III.5.1.1.6 13C Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
346(1)
III.5.1.1.7 15N Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail
347(3)
III.5.1.2 Bone and Teeth
350(1)
III.5.1.2.1 Chemical Composition of Bone and Teeth
351(1)
III.5.1.2.2 Static versus Remodelling Tissue Compartments
352(2)
III.5.1.2.3 Diagenetic Changes of Bone and Teeth Mineral
354(2)
III.5.1.2.4 Diagenetic Changes of Type I Collagen
356(1)
III.5.1.2.5 18O Isotopic Record in Carbonate and Phosphate from Bio-apatite
357(6)
III.5.1.2.6 13C Isotopic Record in Carbonate from Bio-apatite
363(1)
III.5.1.2.7 Isotopic Record in Type I Collagen
364(1)
III.5.1.3 Trophic Level Shift Effect on Stable Isotope Abundance Values in Human Tissue
365(5)
III.5.2 Case Examples
370(27)
III.5.2.1 The Skull from the Sea
371(4)
III.5.2.2 A Human Life Recorded in Hair
375(4)
III.5.2.3 Found in Newfoundland
379(5)
III.5.2.4 The Case of "The Scissor Sisters"
384(6)
III.5.2.5 Too Short a Life
390(3)
III.5.2.6 Saltair Sally
393(1)
III.5.2.7 A Tale of Two Cultures
394(3)
III.5.3 Conclusions and Caveats
397(4)
III.6 Stable Isotope Forensics of Other Physical Evidence
401(12)
III.6.1 Microbial Isotope Forensics
402(2)
III.6.2 Toxins and Poisons
404(1)
III.6.3 Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape
404(8)
III.6.3.1 Paper
404(3)
III.6.3.2 Plastic and Plastic Bags
407(1)
III.6.3.3 Parcel Tape
408(4)
III.6.4 Conclusions
412(1)
III.7 Evaluative Interpretation of Forensic Stable Isotope Data
413(17)
III.7.1 Not Scale Referenced δ-Values
415(3)
III.7.2 Unresolved Contradictory Data
418(4)
III.7.2.1 Example: "Geographic Provenance of a Murder Victim"
418(2)
III.7.2.2 Example: "Manslaughter due to Negligence"
420(2)
III.7.3 Foregone Conclusions
422(2)
III.7.4 Logical Fallacies
424(2)
III.7.5 Untested Assumptions
426(2)
III.7.6 Conclusion
428(2)
III.8 Summary of Part III
430(23)
III.A An Abridged List of Forensic Stable Isotope Laboratories Worldwide
432(21)
References Part III
434(19)
Recommended Reading 453(6)
Author's Biography 459(2)
Acknowledgements 461(2)
Index 463
Wolfram Meier-Augenstein, PhD is Professor in Stable Isotope Forensics at the Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. He is a registered expert advisor with the National Crime Agency (NCA, UK) and holds a Diplom-Chemiker degree, as well as a Doctorate in Bio-organic Chemistry, both awarded by the University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Dr. Meier-Augenstein has assisted police forces and coroners' offices around the world in murder enquiries and drug-related crime investigations.