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1 Prologue: From Sputnik to the International Space Station |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 The Beginning of the History |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Early Artificial Satellites |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (6) |
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1.4 Living in Space: The Salyut Space Stations |
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11 | (6) |
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1.5 The Skylab Space Station |
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17 | (1) |
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1.6 The Space Shuttle, the Reusable Spaceship |
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18 | (3) |
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1.7 The Mir Space Station |
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21 | (1) |
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1.8 The International Space Station: A Permanent Base in Earth Orbit |
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21 | (6) |
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27 | (32) |
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2.1 The Shape and the Size of the Earth |
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28 | (2) |
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2.2 Vanguard 1 Discovers the "Pear Shape" of the Earth |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (1) |
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2.4 Tracking of the "Echo" Balloons |
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35 | (2) |
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2.5 Laser Satellite Ranging: Beacon Explorer and GEOS |
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37 | (3) |
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2.6 French Geodetic Satellites |
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40 | (4) |
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2.7 PAGEOS: Return to Balloons |
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44 | (1) |
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2.8 Secret Geodesy: Military Geodetic Satellites |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (2) |
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2.10 Geodynamic Satellites |
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48 | (5) |
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2.11 Gravity Sensors and Accelerometers |
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53 | (6) |
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3 Researches on the Atmosphere |
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59 | (64) |
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3.1 Nomenclature of Atmospheric Structure |
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59 | (1) |
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3.2 First Observations of the Atmosphere from Space |
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60 | (3) |
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3.3 The Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere |
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63 | (2) |
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3.4 The Atmospheric Satellites of Explorer Program |
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65 | (4) |
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3.5 Atmospheric Researches with Military Satellite |
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69 | (3) |
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3.6 The Orbiting Geophysical Observatory Program |
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72 | (1) |
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3.7 European Researches: San Marco, Ariel 3, and Aeros Satellites |
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73 | (5) |
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3.8 The Soviet Researches with Cosmos Satellites |
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78 | (5) |
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3.9 The Second Generation of "Atmosphere Explorer" Satellites |
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83 | (3) |
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3.10 Faint Phenomena in the Upper Atmosphere |
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86 | (8) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (3) |
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3.10.3 Noctilucent Clouds |
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91 | (3) |
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3.11 Earth Radiation Budget |
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94 | (2) |
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3.12 Observing the Atmosphere from Space Stations |
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96 | (6) |
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3.13 The Spacelab Missions |
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102 | (1) |
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3.14 Atmospheric Research from Mir and ISS |
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103 | (3) |
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3.15 The Project A-Train, a Train for the Atmosphere |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (3) |
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3.17 Observations of Atmospheric Ozone |
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109 | (14) |
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4 Ionospheric Research with Satellites |
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123 | (30) |
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4.1 A Glance at Ionosphere |
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123 | (2) |
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4.2 First Observations from Space |
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125 | (4) |
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4.3 Alouette, the First Topside Sounder |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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4.5 ISIS (International Satellites for Ionospheric Studies) |
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132 | (1) |
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4.6 The Soviet Ionospheric Satellites |
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133 | (3) |
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4.7 The Intercosmos Program |
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136 | (3) |
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4.8 Other National Programs |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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4.10 Physics of the Aurora |
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140 | (2) |
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4.11 The Observation of Aurora from Space |
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142 | (11) |
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5 Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere |
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153 | (54) |
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5.1 The Earth's Magnetic Field |
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153 | (2) |
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5.2 Satellite Studies of Geomagnetism |
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155 | (3) |
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5.3 The Van Allen Radiation Belts |
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158 | (4) |
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5.4 The Third Radiation Belt |
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162 | (1) |
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5.5 The Solar Wind and the Magnetosphere |
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163 | (1) |
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5.6 The Exploration of the Magnetosphere |
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164 | (10) |
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5.7 Exploration of the Radiation Belts---the Soviet Programs Electron |
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174 | (4) |
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178 | (1) |
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5.9 First European Programs: HEOS and GEOS |
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179 | (2) |
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5.10 The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) |
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181 | (3) |
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5.11 Active Experiments in Space: The AMPTE Project |
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184 | (5) |
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5.12 The Intercosmos Programs for the Study of the Magnetosphere |
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189 | (7) |
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5.13 The Interbol Missions: New Models of Magnetosphere |
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196 | (2) |
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5.14 Soviet--French Cooperation: The ARAKS and Arcade Experiments |
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198 | (2) |
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5.15 SOHO: The New Face of the Sun |
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200 | (1) |
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5.16 Cluster: A Study of Small-Scale Plasma Structures and Processes |
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200 | (2) |
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5.17 The Double Star and Equator-S Missions |
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202 | (5) |
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6 Meteorological Satellites |
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207 | (58) |
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6.1 First Orbital Experiments and the First Weather Satellites |
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207 | (4) |
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211 | (3) |
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6.3 The Nimbus Satellites |
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214 | (8) |
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6.4 The New TIROS Generations |
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222 | (4) |
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6.5 The ITOS/NOAA Satellites |
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226 | (2) |
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6.6 The Instruments of Meteorological Satellites |
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228 | (3) |
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6.7 The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) |
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231 | (2) |
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6.8 The Third Generation of TIROS |
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233 | (1) |
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6.9 Geostationary Satellites |
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234 | (8) |
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6.10 Soviet Meteorological Satellites |
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242 | (3) |
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6.11 A French Original Solution: The EOLE Project |
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245 | (4) |
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6.12 The Meteosat program |
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249 | (5) |
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6.13 Weather Satellites of Japan |
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254 | (1) |
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6.14 Indian Weather Satellites |
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255 | (7) |
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6.15 Weather Satellites of China |
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262 | (3) |
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7 Study of Micrometeorites and Cosmic Dust |
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265 | (28) |
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7.1 Direct Measurement in Space |
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265 | (3) |
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7.2 The Micrometeorite Explorers |
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268 | (1) |
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7.3 Early Soviet Researches |
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268 | (6) |
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274 | (3) |
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7.5 The Gemini Experiment |
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277 | (3) |
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7.6 The European Experience: Ariel 2, Prospero, and HEOS 2 |
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280 | (4) |
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7.7 The Experiments Conducted from the Space Stations |
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284 | (3) |
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7.8 The Comet Experiment on Salyut 7 |
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287 | (1) |
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7.9 Collection of Micrometeorites on the Mir Station |
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288 | (5) |
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293 | (68) |
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8.1 Introduction to Remote Sensing |
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293 | (1) |
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8.2 Photography of the Earth from Space |
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294 | (1) |
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8.3 Cosmonauts and Astronauts Observe the Earth from Orbit |
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294 | (3) |
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8.4 The Gemini and Apollo Programs |
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297 | (3) |
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8.5 The Skylab Space Station |
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300 | (4) |
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304 | (4) |
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8.7 SPOT, the French Satellite for Earth Observation |
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308 | (8) |
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8.8 The Pleiades Constellation |
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316 | (1) |
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8.9 The Satellites Terra, CBERS, SAC and JERS |
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317 | (3) |
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8.10 Soviet and Russian Remote Sensing Satellites |
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320 | (2) |
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8.11 The Resurs F Satellites |
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322 | (4) |
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8.12 Earth Remote Sensing from Soviet Manned Spacecrafts |
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326 | (4) |
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8.13 Earth Remote Sensing from Salyut |
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330 | (6) |
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8.14 The Orbital Stations Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 |
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336 | (5) |
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8.15 The Intercosmos Flights to Salyut |
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341 | (2) |
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8.16 The Indian Remote Sensing Programs |
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343 | (2) |
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8.17 The MKF-6M Multispectral Camera |
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345 | (3) |
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8.18 The Mir Space Station |
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348 | (7) |
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8.19 Remote Sensing Observations from Shuttle-Mir Program |
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355 | (2) |
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8.20 Small Satellites for Earth Observation |
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357 | (4) |
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9 Cartography and Mapping |
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361 | (22) |
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361 | (1) |
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9.2 The Salyut--Almaz Space Stations |
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361 | (3) |
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9.3 The Second-Generation Salyut Space Stations |
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364 | (4) |
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9.4 Mapping from the Space Shuttle |
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368 | (2) |
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9.5 The Space Shuttle Radar Missions |
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370 | (5) |
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9.6 Other Spaceborne Radar Systems |
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375 | (8) |
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10 Oceanography from Space |
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383 | (30) |
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10.1 Observing the Oceans from Space |
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383 | (1) |
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10.2 Sea Surface Temperature |
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384 | (1) |
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10.3 Early Satellite Measurements of Sea Surface Temperature |
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384 | (3) |
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10.4 Oceanic Currents and Fronts |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (4) |
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10.6 Japan's Marine Observation Satellites |
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392 | (1) |
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10.7 The Skylab Oceanographic Researches |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (1) |
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10.9 Seasat, the First Oceanographic Satellite |
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395 | (1) |
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10.10 The European ERS and Envisat Satellites |
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396 | (3) |
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10.11 Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) |
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399 | (1) |
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10.12 The Surface Topography of the Oceans |
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400 | (2) |
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10.13 El Nino, a Global Change Event |
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402 | (2) |
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10.14 The Soviet Space Oceanography |
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404 | (4) |
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10.15 The French-Indian SARAL Satellite |
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408 | (5) |
| Bibliography |
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413 | (4) |
| Websites |
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417 | (2) |
| Index |
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419 | |