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E-raamat: Steel Carriage by Sea

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Steel: Carriage by Sea provides invaluable information on how to prevent claims arising when transporting steel, including careful handling, good stowage and care of cargo throughout its entire journey. This book covers every aspect of the transportation and surveying of steel products carried on ships. The fifth edition provides practical advice on: • How to prevent damage to steel cargoes • How to deal with subsequent claims • The different types of steel products manufactured and their particular packing requirements • How the various types of steel products should be loaded, stowed, lashed, secured and ventilated aboard a ship • Maintenance of the ships’ hatchover, tanktop strength and cargo documentation • The surveying and claims handling of the various typesof steel products • The corrosion process of steel
Foreword v
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
List of Figures
xix
List of Photographs
xxiii
Manufacturing of Iron and Steel
The manufacturing of iron
1(4)
The blast furnace
1(4)
The manufacturing of steel
5(3)
The basic oxygen furnace
6(1)
The electric arc furnace
7(1)
The cast product forms
7(1)
The metallurgy of steel
8(5)
The chemical composition of steel
8(3)
The structure of steel
11(2)
The processing of steel
13(4)
Hot-rolled steel---strip and plate
13(2)
Hot-rolled steel---product forms
15(1)
Cold-rolled steel
15(2)
Types of Steel
Introduction to types of steel
17(1)
Types of steel
17(6)
Slabs
18(1)
Blooms
19(1)
Billets
20(1)
Hot-rolled steel plates and sheeting
20(1)
Packing
20(1)
Cobble plates
21(1)
Cold-rolled steel sheeting
21(2)
Packing
23(1)
Coils
23(1)
Packages
23(1)
Galvanised steel sheeting
23(3)
Coils and packages
23(1)
Hot-dip method of galvanising
24(1)
Electrolytic galvanising
25(1)
Coated coils
25(1)
Packing
25(1)
Electrical steel
26(2)
Packing
26(2)
Stainless steel
28(2)
Martensitic
28(1)
Ferritic
29(1)
Austenitic
29(1)
Duplex stainless steel
30(1)
Tin plate
30(1)
Pipes and tubes
31(4)
Welded large diameter pipes (unprotected)
31(1)
Large diameter pipes (protected)
32(1)
Small diameter pipes
32(1)
Welded pipes and tubes
32(1)
Seamless pipes
32(1)
Hollow steel bars
33(2)
Structural steel
35(9)
Beams
37(2)
Channels
39(1)
Flats
39(1)
Rounds
39(1)
Sheet pilings
40(1)
Reinforcing bars
41(3)
Wire rods
44(2)
Steel scrap
46(1)
Packing of steel
47(7)
Paper packing
53(1)
Strapping bands
53(1)
Standards and quality control
54(3)
Carriage of Steel
Introduction to the carriage of steel
57(2)
Bulk carrier
59(1)
Preparation of cargo holds for loading of steel
60(1)
Loading
61(8)
Cargo plans
66(3)
Stowage, lashing and securing
69(2)
Dunnaging of steel products
69(2)
Steel sheeting in coils
71(18)
Points to consider in the stowage of coils
73(6)
Single-tier stowage and height of multi-tier stowage
79(2)
Lashing and securing
81(3)
Securing with wire cables
84(1)
Securing with flat metal strapping bands
85(2)
Stowage of ``eye to the sky'' coils
87(2)
Steel sheeting in packages
89(1)
Slabs
90(2)
Plates
92(3)
Pipes and tubes
95(4)
Stowage of large diameter pipes
95(2)
Stowage of large diameter pipes on deck
97(2)
Stowage of small diameter pipes
99(1)
Structural steel
99(8)
Athwartships stowage
101(1)
Wire rods
102(5)
Scrap
107(4)
American regulations
109(2)
Case history
111(1)
Swarf
111(1)
Direct reduced iron (DRI)
112(3)
Case history
114(1)
Hatch-closing appliances
115(21)
Leakage of hatch covers---the carrier's defence
115(1)
Stress of heavy weather
116(2)
Structural stresses in a seaway
118(1)
Steel cargoes make for an over-stressed and over-stable ship
118(1)
High- and low-density cargoes compared
119(1)
Points to consider with water-tightness
119(2)
MacGregor steel hatch covers
121(2)
Tests for watertightness of hatch covers
123(5)
Hose test
128(1)
Chalk test
128(1)
Ultrasonic test
129(3)
Repairs to rubber joints
132(1)
Compression of rubber joints
132(1)
Joints for hydraulically-operated panels
132(1)
Taping of cross-joints
133(1)
Preparation of panel surface
133(1)
Lack of time available to apply tape
133(1)
Taping joints causes deterioration
134(1)
Guide to maintenance of hatch covers
135(1)
Quick-acting cleats
135(1)
Rubber seals, gaskets and packing
135(1)
Cross-wedges
135(1)
Connecting chains
135(1)
Drainage system
135(1)
Steel work
136(1)
Records
136(1)
Persistent leakage of rubber joints
136(1)
Ventilation of steel cargoes
136(22)
The hygrometer
137(1)
The thermometer
138(1)
Dew point temperature (DPT)
139(1)
Relative humidity (RH) and absolute humidity
140(1)
Vapour pressure (VP)
140(1)
Humidity
140(1)
Cargo sweat
141(1)
Ship's sweat
142(1)
Hoar frost
142(1)
Hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic cargoes
142(1)
Cold steel cargo moving into a warmer climate
143(1)
Warm steel cargo moving into a colder climate
144(1)
Warm cargo transportation through and into areas of similar high temperatures
144(1)
Steel stowed together with other cargoes
145(1)
Incompatible cargoes
146(3)
Ventilation records
149(1)
Bulk carrier ventilation arrangements and airtightness of cargo holds
150(1)
Reasons for airtightness of cargo holds
151(1)
Entering of closed cargo holds
152(1)
Failure to prevent sweat
152(2)
The ventilation procedure in practice
154(1)
The instruments to be used
155(1)
Measures that could be taken
156(1)
Still air stowage, tarpaulins and plastic covers
156(2)
Conclusions on the issue of steel cargo ventilation
158(1)
Tank-top strength in relation to the stowage of steel cargoes
158(15)
Steel coils
163(7)
Steel slabs
170(1)
Structural steel
170(1)
Weight over the wing tanks
171(2)
Mate's receipt and bill of lading
173(10)
Mate's receipt
174(1)
Bill of lading
175(1)
Clausing of mate's receipt and bill of lading
176(1)
Letter of indemnity
177(1)
Delivery of damaged cargo
177(1)
Short delivery of cargo
178(3)
Stevedore damage
181(1)
Steel carried on deck
182(1)
Liability and seaworthiness
183(1)
Letter of credit
184(3)
Surveying of Steel
Introduction to surveying of steel
187(1)
Corrosion and oxidation of steel surfaces
187(9)
How and why rust develops
188(2)
Rust developmen through contact with the atmosphere
190(1)
The effects of air pollution
190(2)
Differential aeration corrosion
192(1)
Passivation
192(2)
Surface preparation before coating
194(2)
Rust damage
196(6)
Fresh water rust
196(4)
Salt water rust
200(1)
Age of rust
201(1)
Pre-shipment survey
202(16)
List of general clauses
218
Clauses for wrapped material
210(1)
Clauses for unwrapped material
211(1)
Clauses for steel plates
211(1)
Clauses for structural steel
211(1)
Clauses for merchant iron
212(1)
Clauses for pipes/tubes
212(1)
Clauses for wire rods
213(1)
Clauses for wrapped wire
213(1)
Miscellaneous clauses
213(1)
Useless and dangerous clauses
214(1)
Weak packing
215(1)
Handling damage
216(1)
Steel cargo pre-shipment survey report
217(1)
Checklist for pre-shipment survey report
217(1)
Stowage survey
218(2)
Discharge/hatch survey
220(5)
Steel discharge/hatch survey report
223(1)
Checklist for discharge/hatch survey report
223(1)
Condensation damage
223(1)
Authorisation to board the vessel and survey the cargo
224(1)
Steel commodity survey
225(4)
Silver nitrate testing and sampling
228(1)
Hatch condition survey
229(6)
Possible causes of water infiltration in cargo holds
235(3)
Leaking hatches
235(1)
Non-return valves on bilge lines
235(1)
Tank-top
235(1)
Leaking tank lids
235(1)
Leaking pipes
236(1)
Bilge well overflow
236(1)
Structural defects
236(2)
Assessment of loss caused by damage
238(29)
Hot-rolled steel
238(1)
Pre-shipment storage
238(1)
Handling damage
239(2)
Rust
241(1)
Loading during rain
242(1)
Contact with seawater
242(2)
Mill defects
244(1)
Cold-rolled steel
244(1)
Pre-shipment storage
244(1)
Handling damage
245(1)
Packages
245(1)
Contact with moisture
245(2)
Mill defects
247(1)
Luder's lines
248(1)
Camber
248(1)
Galvanised steel
248(1)
Coils and packages
248(2)
Hot-dip and electro-galvanised strip sheeting in coils
250(1)
Unoiled plating
250(1)
Oiled plating
251(1)
Case history
252(1)
Handling damage
252(1)
White rust
253(1)
Effects of sea air
253(1)
Possible causes of damage
254(1)
Ambiguity surrounding the cause of damage
255(1)
Galvanised wire
255(2)
Stainless steel
257(1)
Contact corrosion
257(1)
Crevice corrosion
257(1)
Intergranular corrosion
258(1)
Pitting or pinhole corrosion
258(1)
Stress corrosion
258(1)
Pipes
258(1)
Large diameter pipes
258(3)
Small diameter pipes and tubes
261(2)
Wire rods
263(1)
Mill defects
264(1)
Palletised coils
265(1)
Structural steel
265(2)
Salt/sea water contamination and reconditioning
267(2)
Acid pickling
268(1)
Shot blasting
268(1)
Fresh water washing
268(1)
Case history
269(1)
Salinity of seawater
269(3)
Sale of damaged steel
272(1)
Sale of damaged goods
272(2)
Prices of steel
274(1)
Steel-related cargoes
275(4)
Aluminium
275(1)
Ferro silico manganese (SiMn)
276(3)
Handling of Steel Claims
Introduction to handling of steel claims
279(7)
The manufacturer
279(1)
Ships' hatch-closing appliances
280(1)
Pre-shipment survey report
281(1)
Statement of facts
281(1)
Notice of readiness to load
282(1)
Stowage certificate
282(1)
Ventilation records
283(1)
The deck logbook
283(1)
Bilge sounding records
284(1)
Stevedore's outturn report
284(1)
The cargo receipt
285(1)
Ship's plans
285(1)
Capacity plan
285(1)
General arrangement plan
286(1)
Piping plan
286(1)
Ventilation plan
286(1)
Shell expansion
286(1)
Surveyors and surveying
286(1)
Claims handling under the Rotterdam Rules (by Chester D. Hooper)
287
Arthur Sparks