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E-raamat: Stem Cells and Revascularization Therapies

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439803240
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Dec-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781439803240
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Stem cells are increasingly being used to augment other approaches to encouraging the growth of new blood vessels to treat acute and chronic wounds, ischemic tissues, tissue defects, and other problems. Here contributors from a wide range of medical specialties present fundamental and applied studies of both stem cell biology and perspectives associated with the development of revascularizatiopn strategies. They cover defining, isolating, and characterizing various stem and progenitor cell populations for neovascularization; in vitro studies for angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis; stem cell mobilization strategies; and stem cell transplantation strategies. Annotation ©2012 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

In the last few decades, significant advancements in the biology and engineering of stem cells have enabled progress in their clinical application to revascularization therapies. Some strategies involve the mobilization of endogenous stem cell populations, and others employ cell transplantation. However, both techniques have benefited from multidisciplinary efforts to create biomaterials and other biomedical tools that can improve and control the fate of stem cells, and advance our understanding of them.

Stem Cells and Revascularization Therapies focuses on the fundamentals and applied studies in stem cell biology, and provides perspectives associated with the development of revascularization strategies. To help readers understand the multidisciplinary issues associated with this topic, this book has been divided into four sections:

  • Section 1: Explores how to define, isolate, and characterize various stem and progenitor cell populations for neovascularization
  • Section 2: Summarizes some especially useful model systems and approaches used to regulate angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis, and explores their impact on formation of functional vessels in vivo
  • Section 3: Focuses on stem cell homing to sites of injury and inflammation, as well as strategies to exploit this mobilization phenomenon
  • Section 4: Covers stem cell transplantation topics, including recreating features of endogenous stem cell niches to maintain the multipotency of transplanted cells and combinatorial delivery of cells and molecular factors

Intended to inspire new contributions to improve the therapeutic efficacy, Stem Cells and Revascularization Therapies outlines emergent findings and challenges regarding the use of stem cells in revascularization therapies. Overcoming the significant hurdles to our understanding of stem cell biology will enhance their utility in promoting new blood vessel formation.

Preface ix
Contributors xi
Part I Defining, Isolating, and Characterizing Various Stem and Progenitor Cell Populations for Neovascularization
1 Embryonic Stem Cells
3(28)
Limor Chen-Konak
Amir Fine
Shulamit Levenberg
1.1 Introduction
4(1)
1.2 Defining and Characterizing Stem Cells
4(4)
1.2.1 Stem Cells: Definition and Classification
4(1)
1.2.2 Characterization of Embryonic Stem Cells
5(1)
1.2.3 Isolation and Characterization of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
5(1)
1.2.3.1 Isolation, Derivation, and Expansion of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
6(1)
1.2.3.2 Properties of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
7(1)
1.2.3.3 Extracellular Factors Regulating Human ES Cell Self-Renewal
7(1)
1.3 Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
8(7)
1.3.1 In Vivo Differentiation: Teratoma Formation
8(1)
1.3.2 In Vitro Three-Dimensional Differentiation
9(1)
1.3.3 Two-Dimensional Differentiation of Human ES Cells
10(1)
1.3.4 Growth Factor–Induced Differentiation
10(1)
1.3.5 Small Molecule–Induced Differentiation
11(1)
1.3.6 In Vitro Differentiation into the Three Germ Layer Lineages
11(1)
1.3.6.1 Differentiation into Mesoderm: Endothelial Cells
11(1)
1.3.6.2 Differentiation into Endoderm: Pancreatic Cell Differentiation
13(1)
1.3.6.3 Differentiation into Ectoderm: Neural Differentiation
14(1)
1.4 Therapeutic Potential of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
15(3)
1.4.1 Vascular Applications of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
15(2)
1.4.2 Challenges in Using Human ES Cells for Clinical Applications
17(1)
1.5 Conclusions
18(1)
Acknowledgment
18(1)
References
18(13)
2 Building Blood Vessels Using Endothelial and Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells
31(24)
Patrick Allen
Joyce Bischoff
2.1 Introduction: Two Major Cellular Constituents of Blood Vessels
32(3)
2.1.1 Endothelial Cells
32(1)
2.1.2 Pericytes
33(1)
2.1.3 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
34(1)
2.2 Sources of Adult Stem/Progenitor Cells for Tissue Vascularization
35(4)
2.2.1 Sources of EPCs
35(1)
2.2.1.1 Adult Peripheral Blood
35(1)
2.2.1.2 Umbilical Cord Blood
36(1)
2.2.1.3 Origin of Human EPCs
37(1)
2.2.2 Sources of Pericyte/Smooth Muscle Cell Progenitor Cells
37(1)
2.2.2.1 Bone Marrow
37(1)
2.2.2.2 Peripheral and Cord Blood
38(1)
2.2.2.3 Adipose Tissue
38(1)
2.2.2.4 Vessel Wall
39(1)
2.3 Isolation Strategies
39(2)
2.3.1 Human EPCs from Blood
39(1)
2.3.2 Human MPCs from Bone Marrow or Cord Blood
40(1)
2.4 Building Blood Vessels from Human EPCs and MPCs
41(5)
2.4.1 Vascular Networks Delivered by Implantation
41(2)
2.4.2 Vascular Networks Formed In Situ
43(1)
2.4.3 Systemic Delivery of Vascular Progenitors
44(2)
2.4.4 Vascular Networks and Parenchymal Cells
46(1)
2.5 Future Directions
46(2)
References
48(7)
3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
55(52)
Ji Woong Han
Rebecca Diane Levit
Young-sup Yoon
3.1 Introduction
56(6)
3.2 Generation of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Somatic Cells
62(10)
3.2.1 Reprogramming Methods
63(1)
3.2.1.1 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
63(1)
3.2.1.2 Cell Fusion
64(1)
3.2.1.3 Culture-Induced Reprogramming
65(1)
3.2.1.4 Ectopic Overexpression of Transcription Factors; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
65(6)
3.2.2 Efficiency and Kinetics of iPS Cell Reprogramming
71(1)
3.3 Characterization of iPS Cells and ES Cells
72(4)
3.3.1 Genome
73(1)
3.3.2 Transcriptome
73(1)
3.3.3 Epigenome
74(1)
3.3.4 Developmental Potential: Pluripotency
75(1)
3.4 Mechanism of Reprogramming
76(10)
3.4.1 Reprogramming Factors
76(1)
3.4.1.1 POU Domain, Class 5, Transcription Factor 1 (Pou5f1, Oct4)
76(1)
3.4.1.2 SRY-Box Containing Gene 2 (Sox2)
77(1)
3.4.1.3 Myelocytomatosis Oncogene (Myc, c-Myc)
77(1)
3.4.1.4 Kruppel-Like Factor 4 (K1f4)
78(1)
3.4.1.5 Nanog Homeobox (Nanog)
78(1)
3.4.1.6 Lin-28 Homolog (Lin28)
78(1)
3.4.2 Silencing of Integrated Retroviral Vectors in iPS Cells
79(2)
3.4.3 Signal Networks
81(1)
3.4.3.1 Transcription Factor Networks
81(1)
3.4.3.2 Signal Transduction Pathway: Ground Level of Self-Renewal
82(2)
3.4.4 Epigenetic Regulation of Chromatin in iPS Cells
84(1)
3.4.5 MicroRNAs and Pluripotency
85(1)
3.4.6 Other Possible Mechanisms
85(1)
References
86(21)
Part II In Vitro Studies for Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Arteriogenesis
4 Guiding Stem Cell Fate through Microfabricated Environments
107(24)
Lisa R. Trump
Gregory Timp
Lawrence B. Schook
4.1 Introduction
107(2)
4.2 Three-Dimensional Environments and the Stem Cell Niche
109(3)
4.2.1 Extracellular Matrix
111(1)
4.2.2 Extrinsic Factors
111(1)
4.2.3 Cell-Cell Interactions
112(1)
4.3 Engineering Technologies to Guide Stem Cell Fate
112(8)
4.3.1 Biomaterial Scaffolds
113(1)
4.3.2 Microfabrication Technologies
113(1)
4.3.2.1 Photolithography
113(1)
4.3.2.2 Soft Lithography
116(1)
4.3.2.3 Optical Fabrication
118(1)
4.3.2.4 Dielectrophoresis
119(1)
4.3.2.5 Inkjet Printing
120(1)
4.4 Culture Handling Systems
120(3)
4.4.1 Bioreactors
120(3)
4.4.2 Microfluidics
123(1)
4.5 Readout Systems
123(1)
4.6 Conclusions and Future Directions
124(1)
Acknowledgments
124(1)
References
124(7)
5 Spatial Localization of Growth Factors to Regulate Stem Cell Fate
131(34)
Justin T. Koepsel
William L. Murphy
5.1 Introduction
132(2)
5.1.1 Regulation of Stem Cell Fate in Tissue Engineering
132(1)
5.1.2 Growth Factor–Mediated Regulation of Stem Cell Fate
132(1)
5.1.3 In Vivo Regulation of Growth Factor Signals via the Extracellular Matrix
133(1)
5.1.4 Designing Control over Growth Factors to Regulate Stem Cell Fate
133(1)
5.1.5
Chapter Scope and Key Definitions
133(1)
5.2 Encapsulation of Growth Factors
134(10)
5.2.1 Porous Scaffolds
135(2)
5.2.2 Hydrogel Matrices
137(2)
5.2.3 Microspheres/Microparticles
139(1)
5.2.4 Embedded Microspheres
140(2)
5.2.5 Dual Growth Factor Release via Co-Encapsulation
142(1)
5.2.6 Dual Growth Factor Release via Dual Component Materials
142(2)
5.2.7 Summary
144(1)
5.3 Covalent Immobilization of Growth Factors
144(4)
5.3.1 Immobilization Strategies
144(1)
5.3.2 Growth Factor Immobilization to 2D Surfaces
145(1)
5.3.3 Growth Factor Immobilization within 3D Polymer Scaffolds
146(1)
5.3.4 Immobilized Growth Factors with Degradable Linkers
147(1)
5.3.5 Summary
147(1)
5.4 Growth Factor–Material Affinity Interactions and Growth Factor Sequestration
148(6)
5.4.1 Material Intrinsic Interactions and Engineered Binding Domains
149(1)
5.4.2 Metal-Ion Chelation
149(1)
5.4.3 Charge Interactions
150(1)
5.4.4 Heparin Functionalization and Heparin-Mimetic Peptides
151(1)
5.4.5 Heparin-Binding Peptides
152(2)
5.4.6 Growth Factor-Binding Peptide Ligands
154(1)
5.4.7 Summary
154(1)
5.5 Future Perspective: Spatially Pattering Growth Factors
154(2)
5.6 Conclusion
156(1)
References
157(8)
6 Regulation of Capillary Morphogenesis by the Adhesive and Mechanical Microenvironment
165(28)
Colette J. Shen
Christopher S. Chen
6.1 Introduction
165(1)
6.2 Regulation of Angiogenesis by the Microenvironment
166(1)
6.3 Regulation of Angiogenesis by Cell Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix
166(3)
6.4 Mechanical Regulation of Angiogenesis
169(3)
6.5 Engineered Materials to Promote Vascularization
172(4)
6.6 Multicellular Interactions in Angiogenesis
176(3)
6.7 Conclusion
179(1)
Acknowledgments
180(1)
References
180(13)
7 Treating Cardiovascular Diseases by Enhancing Endogenous Stem Cell Mobilization
193(24)
Liang Youyun
Ross I. DeVolder
Hyunjoon Kong
7.1 Introduction
193(1)
7.2 Ischemia-Induced Spontaneous BMC Mobilization
194(3)
7.3 Molecular Therapies to Stimulate Endogenous BMC Mobilization
197(7)
7.3.1 Administration of Antibodies or Inhibitors of Receptor-Ligand Bonds
197(1)
7.3.2 Administration of Chemokines to Regulate Phenotypic Activity of BMCs
198(1)
7.3.2.1 Action of Chemokines
198(1)
7.3.2.2 Coadministration of Chemokines
202(1)
7.3.2.3 Sustained Delivery of Chemokines
202(1)
7.3.3 Administration of Chemokines to Stimulate MMP Activity
202(2)
7.4 Homing of Cells to Target Ischemic Tissue
204(1)
7.5 Mechanism of Tissue Repair by Mobilized BMCs
205(3)
7.5.1 Tissue Repair through Cellular Differentiation or Infusion
205(1)
7.5.2 Paracrine Signaling of Mobilized BMCs
206(2)
7.6 Discussion
208(1)
References
208(9)
Part III Stem Cell Cell Mobilization Strategies
8 Stem Cell Homing to Sites of Injury and Inflammation
217(26)
Weian Zhao
James Ankrum
Debanjan Sarkar
Namit Kumar
Wei Suong Teo
Jeffrey M. Karp
Abbreviations
218(1)
8.1 Introduction
218(2)
8.1.1 Stem Cell Therapy
218(1)
8.1.2 Delivery Routes in Stem Cell Therapy
219(1)
8.1.3 Stem Cell Trafficking and Homing
219(1)
8.1.4 Scope of This
Chapter
220(1)
8.2 Leukocyte Homing Cascade
220(6)
8.2.1 Definition and Characteristics of "Homing"
220(1)
8.2.2 Leukocyte Tethering and Rolling
220(2)
8.2.3 Leukocyte Activation and Firm Adhesion
222(1)
8.2.4 Transmigration/Crossing Vascular and Tissue Barriers
223(3)
8.3 Stem Cell Homing
226(9)
8.3.1 Introduction to Stem Cell Homing
226(1)
8.3.2 Techniques to Study Stem Cell Homing
226(1)
8.3.3 Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Homing
226(1)
8.3.3.1 HSC Homing: The Rolling, Adhesion Molecules, and Proteolytic Enzymes
227(1)
8.3.3.2 HSC Homing: SDF-1/CXCR4 AXIS
229(1)
8.3.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing
230(1)
8.3.4.1 MSC Rolling, Adhesion on and Transmigration through Endothelial Cells
230(1)
8.3.4.2 Cytokines
232(1)
8.3.4.3 Growth Factors
233(1)
8.3.5 Homing of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
233(1)
8.3.6 Homing of Circulating Cancer (Stem) Cells
234(1)
8.3.7 Homing of Other Stem/Progenitor Cells
235(1)
8.4 Engineered Stem Cell Homing
235(1)
8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
236(2)
References
238(5)
9 In Vitro Vascular Tissue Engineering
243(16)
Jeffrey J.D. Henry
Song Li
9.1 Introduction
243(1)
9.2 Desired Properties of Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts
244(2)
9.2.1 Replication of Blood Vessel Structure
244(1)
9.2.2 Blood Compatibility
244(2)
9.2.3 Mechanical Properties
246(1)
9.3 Matrix Materials for TEVGs
246(4)
9.3.1 Natural Matrix Materials
246(1)
9.3.1.1 Collagen
246(1)
9.3.1.2 Elastin
246(1)
9.3.1.3 Fibrin
247(1)
9.3.1.4 Decellularized Tissues
247(1)
9.3.2 Synthetic Matrix Materials
248(1)
9.3.3 Processing Techniques for Matrix Materials
248(1)
9.3.3.1 Physical Processing Techniques
248(1)
9.3.3.2 Chemical Modifications for Acellular (Matrix Only) Grafts
249(1)
9.4 Cell Sources for TEVGs
250(3)
9.4.1 Vascular Cells
250(1)
9.4.2 Stem Cells
251(2)
9.5 Enabling Technologies for TEVGs
253(1)
9.5.1 Cell Seeding Technology
253(1)
9.5.2 Bioreactors and Mechanical Conditioning
253(1)
9.6 Future Directions
254(1)
References
254(5)
Part IV Stem Cell Transplantation Strategies
10 Scaffold-Based Approaches to Maintain the Potential of Transplanted Stem Cells
259(22)
Dmitry Shvartsman
David J. Mooney
10.1 Introduction
259(1)
10.2 Stem Cells
260(3)
10.2.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cells
261(1)
10.2.2 Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells
262(1)
10.2.3 Neural Stem Cells
262(1)
10.3 Synthetic Stem Cell Niche
263(10)
10.3.1 Materials for Synthetic Stem Cell Niches
266(1)
10.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Niche and Transmission of Stresses to Cells
267(1)
10.3.3 Stem Cell Niche Architecture and Topography
268(1)
10.3.4 Degradation and Inflammatory Responses to Synthetic Scaffolds
269(1)
10.3.5 Factor Release from Synthetic Niches
269(2)
10.3.6 Cell Dispersion from Synthetic Niches
271(2)
10.4 Summary and Future of Synthetic Stem Cell Niche
273(1)
Acknowledgments
273(1)
References
274(7)
11 Combined Therapies of Cell Transplantation and Molecular Delivery
281(10)
Suk Ho Bhang
Byung-Soo Kim
11.1 Stem Cell Transplantation for Therapeutic Angiogenesis
281(1)
11.2 Combined Therapies of Stem Cell Transplantation and Protein Delivery for Therapeutic Angiogenesis
282(2)
11.2.1 Enhancing the Angiogenic Efficacy of Transplanted Stem Cells with Protein Delivery
282(2)
11.2.2 Enhancing the Angiogenic Efficacy of Host-Originated Stem Cells through Protein Delivery
284(1)
11.3 Combined Therapies of Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Delivery for Therapeutic Angiogenesis
284(2)
11.4 Conclusions
286(1)
References
286(5)
Index 291
Andrew Putnam is an associate professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Michigan. He obtained his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from UCLA in 1994, M.S.E. (1996) and Ph.D. (2001) degrees in Chemical Engineering from the University of Michigan, and completed post-doctoral training in Cell Biology at the Van Andel Institute. Dr. Putnam began his independent academic career at the University of California Irvine in January 2003, where he remained until relocating to Michigan in July 2009. Dr. Putnams research focuses on the interface between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), with a particular emphasis on the role of matrix compliance (i.e., stiffness) and matrix remodeling during neovascularization. Fundamental insights gained from this research are used to design instructive materials that mimic the ECM for applications in regenerative medicine and as model systems for studying disease. Lawrence B. Schook is Vice President for Research for the University of Illinois and serves as the Director of the Division of Biomedical Sciences (DBS) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). His research focuses on genetic resistance to disease, regenerative medicine, and using genomics to create animal models for biomedical research. Schook is a Professor of Animal Sciences, Bioengineering, Pathobiology, Nutritional Sciences, Pathology and Surgery. Dr. Schook is also a Professor at the Institute for Genomic Biology and holds Affiliate Faculty appointments at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and the Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory. He formerly served as the Theme Leader for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering at the Institute for Genomic Biology. Dr. Schook attended Albion College and received his M.S. and Ph.D. from Wayne State School of Medicine. After postdoctoral training at the Institute for Clinical Immunology in Switze
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