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E-raamat: Still Only One Earth: Progress in the 40 Years Since the First UN Conference on the Environment

Edited by (University of Birmingham, UK), Edited by (University of York, UK)
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Forty years since the first UN Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, how has the situation changed? We still have only one Earth but are we caring for and maintaining it? This book, written by leaders in the field, discusses the key environmental issues affecting the Earth today including atmospheric science, the marine environment, waste management and a specific chapter looking at changes in attitude to environmental issues.

Aimed at policy makers, students, environmental scientists and thinkers, this title will be an important review bringing the reader right up to date with current opinions and attitudes.



Discussing the key environmental issues affecting the Earth today and aimed at policy makers, students, environmental scientists and thinkers, this title brings the reader right up to date with current opinions and attitudes.
Editors xv
List of Contributors xvii
Global Atmosphere - The Antarctic Ozone Hole 1(33)
Martyn P. Chipperfield
1 Introduction
1(2)
2 Observations of Antarctic Ozone
3(2)
3 Causes of Antarctic Ozone Depletion
5(11)
3.1 Dynamical Preconditioning
7(1)
3.2 Polar Stratospheric Clouds
8(2)
3.3 Catalytic Ozone Loss Cycles
10(3)
3.4 Modelling of Polar Ozone Depletion
13(3)
4 Ozone Depletion at Other Latitudes
16(1)
4.1 Arctic
16(1)
4.2 Mid-latitudes
16(1)
4.3 Tropics
16(1)
5 Regulation and Control: The Montreal Protocol
17(7)
5.1 Chlorine and Bromine Source Gases
17(2)
5.2 The Montreal Protocol
19(4)
5.3 Reasons for Success of the Montreal Protocol
23(1)
5.4 Climate Benefit of the Montreal Protocol
23(1)
6 Outlook
24(6)
6.1 Very Short-lived Species
24(1)
6.2 Recovery of the Ozone Layer
25(3)
6.3 Impact of Ozone Depletion on Surface Climate
28(2)
7 Summary
30(1)
References
30(4)
Global Atmosphere - Greenhouse Gases 34(24)
John Sottong
Mark Broomfield
Joanna MacCarthy
Anne Misra
Glen Thistlethwaite
John Watterson
1 The Greenhouse Effect
35(5)
1.1 What is the Greenhouse Effect?
35(1)
1.2 Radiative Forcing
35(1)
1.3 Uncertainty
36(1)
1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
37(1)
1.5 Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
37(1)
1.6 The Consequences of Climate Forcing
38(2)
2 The International Response to Climate Change
40(5)
2.1 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
40(1)
2.2 Industrialised and Developing Countries
41(1)
2.3 The Kyoto Protocol
41(1)
2.4 Post-Kyoto Protocol
42(1)
2.5 Unilateral and Bilateral Initiatives
42(2)
2.6 Mobilizing Climate Finance
44(1)
3 GHG Emissions Data: Measurement, Reporting and Verification
45(2)
3.1 Role of Emissions Inventories
45(1)
3.2 Policy and Inventories
46(1)
3.3 Sub-national and City Inventories
46(1)
3.4 Inventory Verification
47(1)
4 Science and Policy Challenges
47(2)
4.1 Benchmarks
47(1)
4.2 Growth
48(1)
4.3 Short-lived Climate Forcing Agents
48(1)
4.4 Credibility
49(1)
4.5 Political Economy
49(1)
4.6 Outsourcing Emissions
49(1)
5 The Energy Sector and Technology
49(2)
5.1 Technology Types
50(1)
5.2 Market Potential and Challenges
50(1)
6 What does the Future Hold?
51(3)
6.1 GHG Emissions
51(1)
6.2 The Global Environment
51(1)
6.3 Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Action
52(2)
References
54(4)
Trends in Local Air Quality 1970-2014 58(49)
Roy M. Harrison
Francis D. Pope
Zongbo Shi
1 Introduction
58(1)
2 The United Kingdom
59(17)
2.1 Trends in Emissions in 1970
60(7)
2.2 Ambient Air Monitoring
67(2)
2.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations from 1970
69(7)
3 The United States of America
76(16)
3.1 Introduction
76(3)
3.2 Trends in Emission
79(6)
3.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations
85(6)
3.4 Conclusions
91(1)
4 Less Developed Countries: China as a Case Study
92(12)
4.1 Trends in Emissions since 1970
92(4)
4.2 Ambient Air Monitoring - Development of the Networks
96(1)
4.3 Trends in Airborne Concentrations
97(6)
4.4 Commentary upon Differences in Trends in Emissions and Air Quality
103(1)
Acknowledgements
104(1)
References
104(3)
Mercury and Lead 107(43)
Robert P. Mason
1 Introduction
107(3)
2 The Anthropogenic Insult
110(10)
3 The Global Biogeochemical Cycles of Mercury and Lead
120(9)
3.1 Mercury Cycling in Aquatic Systems
124(3)
3.2 Lead in the Biosphere
127(2)
4 Policy Response and Impact
129(7)
4.1 Lead
129(4)
4.2 Mercury
133(3)
5 Trends in the Future
136(2)
References
138(12)
Persistent Organic Pollutants 150(37)
Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
1 Introduction
150(1)
2 The Stockholm Convention on POPs
151(1)
3 POPs Criteria
152(4)
4 Sources and Applications of POPs
156(10)
4.1 Pesticide POPs
156(4)
4.2 Byproduct POPs
160(1)
4.3 Industrial Chemicals
161(5)
4.4 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
166(1)
5 Toxicity/Adverse Effects of POPs
166(5)
5.1 Ecotoxicity
167(2)
5.2 Human Toxicity
169(1)
5.3 Exposure Pathways and Combined Adverse Effects
170(1)
6 Long-range Transport of POPs
171(3)
6.1 Atmospheric Transport
172(1)
6.2 The "Grasshopper" Effect
173(1)
6.3 Oceanic Currents
173(1)
6.4 Migratory Animals
174(1)
7 Temporal Trends - Has Legislation Really Worked?
174(6)
7.1 Legacy POPs
174(4)
7.2 Newer POPS
178(2)
8 Climate Change and POPS - Future Scenario
180(1)
9 Managing the Problem
181(1)
10 Concluding Remarks
182(1)
References
183(4)
Emerging Chemical Contaminants: How Chemical Development Outpaces Impact Assessment 187(20)
Shane A. Snyder
Tarun Anumol
1 Chemical Ubiquity
187(2)
2 Birth of the Chemical Industry
189(1)
3 Birth of the Pharmaceutical Industry
190(1)
4 Discovery of Estrogens in Water
191(2)
5 Ubiquity of Chemicals in the Environment
193(1)
6 Formation of New and Previously Unknown Products
194(2)
7 Regulatory History and Current Framework in the US
196(2)
8 Evolution in Analytical Methodologies
198(2)
9 Implications for Water Sustainability
200(1)
References
201(6)
A Change of Emphasis: Waste to Resource Management 207(46)
I.D. Williams
1 Introduction
208(3)
2 Application of the Waste Hierarchy
211(6)
3 Regulatory and Legal Aspects
217(2)
4 Collection of Wastes
219(4)
5 Trends in Waste Arisings
223(1)
5.1 Sources and Composition
223(1)
6 Methods of Waste Treatment and Disposal
224(15)
6.1 Disposal
224(2)
6.2 Energy Recovery
226(2)
6.3 Recycling and Composting
228(10)
6.4 Reuse
238(1)
6.5 Prevention and Minimisation
239(1)
7 Specific Waste Streams
239(2)
8 Environmental Impacts of Waste Management
241(1)
9 The Emergence of the Circular Economy
241(4)
10 Summary
245(1)
References
246(7)
From "Dilute and Disperse" to "Recycle & Reuse" - Changes in Attitude and Practice of Effluent Management 253(28)
David Taylor
1 Effluent Discharges Before 1972 - The Historical Background
253(3)
2 Developments in the Regulatory Environment
256(3)
2.1 Pollutants Don't Recognise Political Boundaries
256(1)
2.2 Integration across the Water Cycle is Desirable
257(1)
2.3 Pollutants have Many Sources and Don't Stay Where They are Put
258(1)
3 Putting the Theories into Practice
259(6)
3.1 "Dilution is the solution to pollution"
259(3)
3.2 Increasing Concern about Persistence
262(1)
3.3 A European Consensus
263(2)
4 Effluent Management in the 21st Century
265(6)
4.1 Water Conservation and Reuse
265(1)
4.2 Advanced Effluent Treatment
266(1)
4.3 Green Chemistry
267(2)
4.4 21st Century Regulatory Processes
269(2)
5 Improvements in the Environment Since 1970
271(2)
6 Future Prospects
273(2)
References
275(6)
Subject Index 281
The series has been edited by Professors Hester and Harrison since it began in 1994.



Roy Harrison OBE is Queen Elizabeth II Birmingham Centenary Professor of Environmental Health at the University of Birmingham. In 2004 he was appointed OBE for services to environmental science. Professor Harrisons research interests lie in the field of environment and human health. His main specialism is in air pollution, from emissions through atmospheric chemical and physical transformations to exposure and effects on human health. Much of this work is designed to inform the development of policy.   Ron Hester is an emeritus professor of chemistry at the University of York. In addition to his research work on a wide range of applications of vibrational spectroscopy, he has been actively involved in environmental chemistry and was a founder member of the Royal Society of Chemistrys Environment Group. His current activities are mainly as an editor and as an external examiner and assessor on courses, individual promotions, and departmental/subject area evaluations both in the UK and abroad.
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