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E-raamat: Straightforward Statistics with Excel

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544361949
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Sep-2021
  • Kirjastus: SAGE Publications Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781544361949
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Written in an accessible and clear manner, Straightforward Statistics with Excel® 2e by Chieh-Chen Bowen helps students across the social and behavioral sciences gradually build their skills to develop a better understanding of the world around them. Each chapter purposefully connects with the previous chapter for a gradual accrual of knowledge from simple to more complex concepts. This effective, cumulative approach to statistics through logical transitions eases students into statistics and prepares them for success in more advanced quantitative coursework and their own research. The second edition now features Excel instructions and exercises throughout so students can use this widely-available and applied software for statistics.

This book is designed to walk the reader through statistics at a steady but gentle pace, providing pop quizzes throughout every chapter so readers can check their knowledge along the way. By gradually stepping up difficulty in each chapter, students generate a solid foundation and are prepared for the next chapters. Straightforward Statistics with Excel looks at the big picture so that the basic statistical concepts connect to everyday and relevant research examples in multiple ways. Throughout the book the reader is reminded of what they need to be able to recall with "You Must Remember This" boxes.  A rich source of practical resources are located at the end of chapters beginning with " What You Learned," followed by three sets of exercises so students can immediately apply their knowledge.

The new edition features a reorganized presentation of material, starting with measures of central tendency, separating this from measures of variability so students better understand the differences. A more thorough presentation of one-sample and dependent samples t-tests gives students a stronger foundation in these crucial tests in statistics. New examples and studies complete the update, with a focus on simplicity. Throughout, the book makes use of Excel instructions and screenshots so students can take statistics with them through research projects and into the world beyond academia.

Preface xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Acknowledgments xix
About the Author xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics
1(26)
Learning Objectives
1(1)
What Is Statistics?
2(3)
Population Versus Sample
2(1)
Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
3(1)
Sampling a Population
4(1)
Pop Quiz
5(1)
Random Sampling Methods
5(2)
Simple Random Sampling
5(1)
Systematic Sampling
6(1)
Stratified Sampling
6(1)
Cluster Sampling
6(1)
Pop Quiz
7(1)
Scales of Measurement
7(4)
Nominal Scale
8(1)
Ordinal Scale
8(1)
Interval Scale
9(1)
Ratio Scale
10(1)
Pop Quiz
11(1)
Variable Classifications
11(3)
Discrete Versus Continuous Variables
12(1)
Independent Variables Versus Dependent Variables
12(2)
Pop Quiz
14(1)
Required Mathematical Skills for This Course
14(4)
Statistical Notation
16(2)
Pop Quiz
18(1)
Exercise Problems
18(4)
Solutions
18(4)
What You Learned
22(1)
Keywords
23(2)
Learning Assessment
25(2)
Chapter 2 Summarizing, Organizing Data, and Measures of Central Tendency
27(44)
Learning Objectives
27(1)
What You Know and What Is New
27(2)
Frequency Distribution Table
29(7)
Organizing and Summarizing Categorical Variables
29(1)
Organizing and Summarizing Numerical Variables
30(6)
Pop Quiz
36(1)
Graphs
37(3)
Bar Graphs and Histograms
37(3)
Pie Charts
40(1)
Pop Quiz
40(1)
Common Distribution Shapes
41(4)
Uniform Distribution
41(1)
Normal Distribution
41(3)
Skewed Distribution
44(1)
Pop Quiz
45(1)
Measures of Central Tendency
45(11)
Mode
45(2)
Median
47(2)
Mean
49(4)
Weighted Mean
53(2)
Locations of Mean, Median, and Mode in Different Shapes of Distribution
55(1)
Pop Quiz
56(1)
Excel Step-by-Step Instruction for Calculating ΣX From a Frequency Table and Constructing a Bar Graph and a Histogram
57(3)
Exercise Problems
60(3)
Solutions
60(3)
What You Learned
63(1)
Keywords
64(1)
Learning Assessment
65(6)
Chapter 3 Measures of Variability
71(24)
Learning Objectives
71(1)
What You Know and What Is New
71(1)
Measures of Variability
72(13)
Range
72(1)
Variance and Standard Deviation for a Population
73(2)
Variance and Standard Deviation for a Sample
75(10)
Pop Quiz
85(1)
Discover the Hidden Functions in Excel: Analysis Toolpak Installation Instructions
85(1)
Exercise Problems
86(4)
Solutions
86(4)
What You Learned
90(1)
Keywords
90(1)
Learning Assessment
91(4)
Chapter 4 Standard Z Scores
95(24)
Learning Objectives
95(1)
What You Know
95(1)
What Is New
96(1)
Standard Z Scores
96(11)
Z Scores for a Population
99(6)
Z Scores for a Sample
105(2)
Pop Quiz
107(1)
Empirical Rule for Variables With a Normal Distribution
108(4)
Pop Quiz
112(1)
Exercise Problems
112(3)
Solutions
113(2)
What You Learned
115(1)
Keywords
115(1)
Learning Assessment
115(4)
Chapter 5 Basic Principles of Probability
119(38)
Learning Objectives
119(1)
What You Know and What Is New
119(1)
Basic Terms and Mathematical Operations in Probability
120(11)
Basic Terms in Probability
120(1)
Notations in Probability
121(1)
Mathematical Operations of Probabilities
122(3)
Binomial Probability Distribution
125(6)
Pop Quiz
131(5)
The Dice Game
132(4)
Pop Quiz
136(1)
Linkage Between Probability and ZScore in a Normal Distribution
136(7)
Pop Quiz
143(1)
Probabilities, Z Scores, and Raw Scores
144(5)
Pop Quiz
149(1)
Exercise Problems
149(3)
Solutions
149(3)
What You Learned
152(1)
Keywords
153(1)
Learning Assessment
154(3)
Chapter 6 The Central Limit Theorem
157(22)
Learning Objectives
157(2)
What You Know and What Is New
157(1)
Sampling Error
158(1)
Pop Quiz
159(1)
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means and the Central Limit Theorem
159(3)
Pop Quiz
162(1)
Relationships Between Sample Means and the Population Mean
162(4)
Pop Quiz
166(1)
The Law of Large Numbers
167(1)
Pop Quiz
167(1)
Exercise Problems
168(6)
Solutions
169(5)
What You Learned
174(1)
Keywords
175(1)
Learning Assessment
175(4)
Chapter 7 Hypothesis Testing
179(30)
Learning Objectives
179(1)
What You Know and What Is New
179(1)
Type I Error and Type II Error
180(5)
Pop Quiz
185(1)
The Four-Step Procedure to Conduct a Hypothesis Test
185(11)
Step 1 Explicitly State the Pair of Hypotheses
186(1)
Step 2 Identify the Rejection Zone for the Hypothesis Test
187(3)
Step 3 Calculate the Test Statistic
190(1)
Step 4 Make the Correct Conclusion
190(2)
Examples of the Four-Step Hypothesis Test in Action
192(4)
Pop Quiz
196(1)
Further Discussions on Directional Versus Nondirectional Hypothesis Tests
196(3)
Pop Quiz
199(1)
Exercise Problems
199(4)
Solutions
200(3)
What You Learned
203(1)
Keywords
204(1)
Learning Assessment
205(4)
Chapter 8 One-Sample t Test and Dependent-Sample t Test
209(44)
Learning Objectives
209(1)
What You Know and What Is New
210(1)
The Unknown σ and Conducting the One-Sample t Test
210(1)
The f Distribution With a Specific Curve for Every Degree of Freedom
211(4)
The Four-Step Hypothesis Test in One-Sample f Tests
215(7)
Pop Quiz
222(1)
Confidence Intervals in One-Sample t Tests
222(5)
Point Estimate
223(1)
Interval Estimate
223(4)
Pop Quiz
227(1)
Introducing Dependent-Sample t Tests
227(1)
Pop Quiz
228(1)
Calculations and the Hypothesis Testing Process in Dependent-Sample t Tests
229(10)
Mean, Standard Deviation, and Standard Error of the Differences
229(1)
Hypothesis Testing for Dependent-Sample t Tests
229(7)
Confidence Interval of the Differences
236(1)
Effect Size for the Dependent-Sample t Tests
237(2)
Pop Quiz
239(1)
Exercise Problems
239(8)
Solutions
240(7)
What You Learned
247(1)
Keywords
247(1)
Learning Assessment
248(5)
Chapter 9 Independent-Samples t Tests
253(44)
Learning Objectives
253(1)
What You Know and What Is New
253(1)
Introducing Independent Samples and the Decision Rules on Equal Variances
254(2)
Decision Rules for Equal Variances Assumed Versus Equal Variances Not Assumed
256(4)
Pop Quiz
260(9)
Equal Variances Assumed
260(9)
Pop Quiz
269(7)
Equal Variances Not Assumed
269(7)
Pop Quiz
276(1)
Confidence Intervals of the Mean Differences
276(2)
Effect Sizes
278(3)
Pop Quiz
281(1)
Exercise Problems
281(6)
Solutions
282(5)
What You Learned
287(4)
Keywords
291(1)
Learning Assessment
291(6)
Chapter 10 Correlation
297(44)
Learning Objectives
297(1)
What You Know and What Is New
297(1)
Pearson's Correlation
298(14)
Pearson's Correlation Formulas
298(4)
Describing and Interpreting Pearson's r
302(1)
The Shape of the Relationship: Linear or Curvilinear
303(2)
The Direction of the Relationship: Positive (+) or Negative (-)
305(1)
The Strength of the Relationship
306(1)
The Presence of Outliers
306(1)
Showing Pearson's Correlation in Action
307(5)
Pop Quiz
312(1)
Hypothesis Testing for Pearson's Correlation
312(9)
Pop Quiz
321(1)
Interpretations and Assumptions of Pearson's Correlation
322(2)
Interpretations of Pearson's Correlation
322(1)
Assumptions of Pearson's Correlation
323(1)
Pop Quiz
324(1)
Partial Correlation
324(1)
Pop Quiz
325(1)
Excel Step-by-Step Instruction for Constructing a Scatterplot
326(1)
Excel Step-by-Step Instruction for Calculating Pearson's r
327(3)
Exercise Problems
330(6)
Solutions
332(4)
What You Learned
336(1)
Keywords
336(1)
Learning Assessment
337(4)
Chapter 11 Simple Regression
341(38)
Learning Objectives
341(1)
What You Know and What Is New
341(1)
Y-Intercept and Slope
342(3)
Pop Quiz
345(1)
Hypothesis Testing for Simple Regression
346(11)
Standard Error of the Estimate
356(1)
The Mathematical Relationship Between Pearson's r and the Regression Slope, b
356(1)
Pop Quiz
357(1)
Statistical Assumptions for Simple Regression
357(3)
Step-by-Step Instructions of Simple Regression in Excel
360(5)
Exercise Problems
365(7)
Solutions
367(5)
What You Learned
372(1)
Keywords
373(1)
Learning Assessment
374(5)
Chapter 12 One-Way Analysis of Variance
379(34)
Learning Objectives
379(1)
What You Know and What Is New
379(1)
Introducing One-Way ANOVA
380(2)
Between-Group Variance and Within-Group Variance
382(6)
Sum of Squares Between
383(2)
Sum of Squares Within
385(1)
Degrees of Freedom for Between Groups (dfB and Within Groups (dfW)
386(2)
Pop Quiz
388(1)
Hypothesis Testing for One-Way ANOVA
389(7)
Post Hoc Comparisons
394(2)
Pop Quiz
396(1)
Effect Size for One-Way ANOVA
396(1)
Pop Quiz
397(1)
Step-by-Step Instructions for Using Excel to Run an ANOVA
397(5)
Exercise Problems
402(5)
Solutions
404(3)
What You Learned
407(1)
Keywords
407(1)
Learning Assessment
408(5)
Chapter 13 Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence
413(28)
Learning Objectives
413(1)
What You Know and What Is New
413(1)
The Chi-Square
414(1)
Expected Frequency
415(4)
Expected Frequency Under a One-Way Frequency Table
415(1)
Expected Frequency Under a Two-Way Contingency Table
416(3)
Pop Quiz
419(1)
Goodness-of-Fit Tests
420(3)
Hypothesis Testing for the Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
420(3)
Pop Quiz
423(1)
Chi-Square for Independence Test
423(10)
Hypothesis Test for the Chi-Square for Independence Test
424(9)
Pop Quiz
433(1)
Exercise Problems
433(4)
Solutions
434(3)
What You Learned
437(1)
Keywords
438(1)
Learning Assessment
438(3)
Appendix A The Standard Normal Distribution Table (Z Table) 441(4)
Appendix B The (-Distribution Table (t Table) 445(2)
Appendix C The F Table 447(2)
Appendix D The Critical Values of Pearson's Correlation Table (r Table) 449(2)
Appendix E The Critical Values for the Chi-Square Tests (Chi;2 Table) 451(2)
Odd Answers to the Learning Assessments 453(28)
Glossary 481(8)
References 489(2)
Index 491
Chieh-Chen Bowen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at Cleveland State University. She received her Ph.D. in Industrial and Organizational Psychology and a doctoral minor in Statistics from Penn State. She teaches undergraduate and graduate level Statistics, Personnel Psychology, Job Analysis, and Performance Management. Her research interests are comparing cross-cultural management practices, investigating womens issues in the workplace, and validating personality questionnaires for employee selection. When she is not teaching or doing research, she can be found providing expert witness consulting services to attorneys who are involved in employment discrimination cases. On her days off, she works on figuring out the probability of a black-and-white cat selectively shedding only white fur on navy blue carpet while shedding only black fur on white ceramic tiles.