This book analyzes the interaction of living conditions in space, the immune system and astronauts’ health. It explains how such analysis may help in preventing, diagnosing and counteracting immune-related alterations in health on earth as well as in space.
This book explains how the influence of stress of either psychological or physical nature can activate and/or paralyse humans’ innate or adaptive immunity. However, adequate immunity is crucial to maintain health on Earth and in space. During space flight, human physiology and health is specifically challenged by complex environmental stressors which might be most pronounced during lunar or interplanetary missions. Using an interdisciplinary approach and holistic view, this book edition identifies the impact of living conditions in space (stressors of the “Space-Exposome”: confinement, gravitation, oxygen tension, radiation and other) on the adaptation of the immune system. This knowledge may help to prevent, diagnose and to countermeasure immune-related health alteration. Expanded by seven more chapters and all written and up-dated by experts from academia, space agencies and industry, this second edition aims to serve as a valuable resource for professionals, researchers and students in the field of medicine, biology and technology.
Chapters "The Impact of Everyday Stressors on the Immune System and Health", "Stress and Radiation Responsiveness" and “Assessment of Radiosensitivity and Biomonitoring of Exposure to Space Radiation” are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.
Part I Prelude.- 1 Space Travel: A Personal View from Above.- 2 Prelude:
An integrative and up-dated view from the Scientists of the Topical Team
Stress and Immunity.- Part II Stress and Immunity Research: A Link
Between Space and Earth.- 3 What Is Stress?.- 4 The special relation of
mitochondria, metabolism and stress.- 5 The Impact of Everyday Stressors on
the Immune- System and Health.- Part III Stress and Immune Allostasis in
Space, from Brain to Immune Responses.- 6 Neurobiological and Molecular
Mechanisms of Stress and Glucocorticoid Effects on Learning and Memory:
Implications for Stress Disorders on Earth and in Space.- 7 The Autonomic
Nervous System.- 8 Circadian Rhythm and Stress.- 9 Endocannabinoids,
New-Old Mediators of Stress Homeostasis.- 10 Immune System in Space:
General Introduction and Observations on Stress-Sensitive Regulations.- 11
Innate Immunity Under Conditions of Space Flight.- 12 NK Cells Assessments: A
Fourty-Year-Old History of Immune Stress Interaction in Space.- 13 Adaptive
Immunity and Spaceflight.- 14 B-cell Immunology in Space.- 15 Stress,
Hypoxia, and Immune Response.- 16 Gravitational Force: Triggered Stress in
Cells of the Immune System.- 17 Microbial Stress: Spaceflight-induced
Alterations in Microbial Virulence and Infectious Disease Risks for the
Crew.- 18 Stress, Spaceflight, and Latent Herpes Virus Reactivation.- 19
Stress and Radiation-Immune-Responsiveness.- Part IV Preventive and
Diagnostic Tool and Strategies.- 20 Considerations for Development and
Application of Health Monitoring Tools in Space.- 21 Psychological
Monitoring.- 22 Technology up-date for monitoring Autonomic Activity.- 23
Breath Gas Analysis.- 24 Monitoring the Microbial Burden in Manned Space
Stations and Analogue environments.- 25 Monitoring of Body Core Temperature
in Space.- 26 Flow Cytometry and cryopreservation Methods to Monitor Immune
Dysregulation Associated with Spaceflight.- 27 Assessment of Radiosensitivity
and Monitoringof Radiation-Induced Cellular Damage.- 28 Hair analyses
growing evidence.- Part V Therapeutic Strategies.- 29 Considerations for
Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies.- 30 Psychological Countermeasures.- 31
Physical Countermeasures to Stress.- 32 Nutritional Countermeasures for
Spaceflight-Related Stress.- 33 The Microbiome perspective: Immune gut-
axis modulation.- 34 Pharmacological Countermeasures to Spaceflight-Induced
Alterations of the Immune System.- Part VI Perspectives for Manned Space
Exploration from Visions to Realities.- 35 Platforms for Stress and Immune
Research in Preparation of Long-Duration Space Exploration Missions.- 36
MARS500 the first preparation of Long-Duration Space Exploration Missions -
lessons learned for space exploration and health on Earth.- 37 On the ICE:
Isolated, Confined and Extreme Environment.- 39 Moon, Mars and Beyond- the
exploration roadmap and further visions.
Alexander Choukèr is Professor of Medicine and Academic Director at the Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU) in Munich, Germany and guest lecturer at King´s College, London, UK. He is clinical specialist in anesthesiology at the University Hospital where heads the Stress and Immunity research. He completed his medical and immunological training at the LMU and at the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda/USA, respectively. For more than two decades he has been actively involved in research on the International Space Station, in space analogue environments and been leading inter-disciplinary teams for translational and experimental research, including at the hospital. He is member of the European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) and has been advisor or chairman at different expert boards of the European Space Agency´s (ESA). He is the chair of the ESA Topical Team on Stress and Immunology.
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