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E-raamat: Student's Guide Through the Great Physics Texts: Volume IV: Heat, Atoms and Quanta

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Student's Guide Through the Great Physics Texts: Volume IV: Heat, Atoms and QuantaSuurem pilt
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This book provides a chronological introduction to modern atomic theory, which represented an attempt to reconcile the ancient doctrine of atomism with careful experiments-performed during the 19th century-on the flow of heat through substances and across empty space. Included herein are selections from classic texts such as Carnot"s Reflection on the Motive Power of Fire, Clausius" Mechanical Theory of Heat, Rutherford"s Nuclear Constitution of Atoms, Planck"s Atomic Theory of Matter and Heisenberg"s Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory. Each chapter begins with a short introduction followed by a reading selection. Carefully crafted study questions draw out key points in the text and focus the reader"s attention on the author"s methods, analysis and conclusions. Numerical and laboratory exercises at the end of each chapter test the reader"s ability to understand and apply key concepts from the text. Heat, Radiation and Quanta is the last of four volumes in A Student"s Guid

e through the Great Physics Texts. The book comes from a four-semester undergraduate physics curriculum designed to encourage a critical and circumspect approach to natural science while at the same time preparing students for advanced coursework in physics. This book is particularly suitable as a college-level textbook for students of the natural sciences, history or philosophy. It might also serve as a textbook for advanced high-school or home-schooled students, or as a thematically-organized source-book for scholars and motivated lay-readers. In studying the classic scientific texts included herein, the reader will be drawn toward a lifetime of contemplation.

A New Science of Heat.- Heat, Symmetry and Mathematics.- Steam Engines and Heat Flow.- Carnot"s Cycle.- Engines are Thermometers.- Temperature, Pressure and Reversibility.- The Language of Science.- Energy and Entropy.- Conduction of Heat.- On Radiation.- Atomism and Kinetic Theory.- Atomism and Kinetic Theory 2.- Dynamical and Statistical Laws.- The Discovery of the Electron.- The Mass and Velocity of a-particles.- Identifying the a Particle.- Targeting the Nucleus.- Nuclear Structure.- The Discovery of the Neutron.- The Nature of the Neutron.- Corpuscles of Light.- X-Ray Optics 1.- X-Ray Optics 2.- Electron diffraction 1.- Electron diffraction 2.- The Bohr model of the atom.- Atomic spectra.- The periodic table.- The Birth of the Quantum.- Matter Waves.- Quantum Orthodoxy.- Causality and Chance in Quantum Theory.- Indeterminacy.- Bohm"s critique of Copenhagen.
1 A New Science of Heat
1(14)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Reading: Fourier, The Analytical Theory of Heat
3(8)
1.2.1 Preliminary Discourse
3(8)
1.3 Study Questions
11(1)
1.4 Exercises
12(1)
1.5 Vocabulary
12(3)
2 Mathematics and Temperature
15(14)
2.1 Introduction
15(1)
2.2 Reading: Fourier, The Analytical Theory of Heat
16(8)
2.2.1 Statement of the Object of the Work
16(8)
2.3 Study Questions
24(1)
2.4 Exercises
25(2)
2.5 Vocabulary
27(2)
3 Steam Engines and Heat Flow
29(16)
3.1 Introduction
29(2)
3.2 Reading: Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat, and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power
31(9)
3.3 Study Questions
40(1)
3.4 Exercises
41(3)
3.5 Vocabulary
44(1)
4 Carnot's Cycle
45(10)
4.1 Introduction
45(1)
4.2 Reading: Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat, and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power
46(6)
4.3 Study Questions
52(1)
4.4 Exercises
53(1)
4.5 Vocabulary
54(1)
5 Engines as Thermometers
55(14)
5.1 Introduction
55(2)
5.2 Reading: Kelvin, On an Absolute Thermometric Scale Founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and Calculated from Regnault's Observations
57(5)
5.3 Study Questions
62(1)
5.4 Exercises
63(4)
5.5 Vocabulary
67(2)
6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
69(12)
6.1 Introduction
69(2)
6.2 Reading: Clausius, the Mechanical Theory of Heat
71(7)
6.3 Study Questions
78(1)
6.4 Exercises
79(1)
6.5 Vocabulary
80(1)
7 Work, Heat, and Irreversibility
81(12)
7.1 Introduction
81(1)
7.2 Reading: Clausius, The Mechanical Theory of Heat
82(8)
7.3 Study Questions
90(1)
7.4 Exercises
90(1)
7.5 Vocabulary
91(2)
8 Language: Concepts and Conventions
93(6)
8.1 Introduction
93(1)
8.2 Reading: Clausius, The Mechanical Theory of Heat
94(3)
8.3 Study Questions
97(1)
8.4 Vocabulary
98(1)
9 Energy and Entropy
99(14)
9.1 Introduction
99(1)
9.2 Reading: Clausius, The Mechanical Theory of Heat
99(10)
9.3 Study Questions
109(1)
9.4 Exercises
110(1)
9.5 Vocabulary
111(2)
10 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
113(14)
10.1 Introduction
113(1)
10.2 Reading: Maxwell, on the Molecular Theory of the Constitution of Bodies
114(10)
10.2.1 On the Kinetic Theory of Gases
117(2)
10.2.2 Distribution of Kinetic Energy Between Two Different Sets of Molecules
119(1)
10.2.3 Internal Kinetic Energy of a Molecule
119(1)
10.2.4 Definition of the Velocity of a Gas
120(1)
10.2.5 Theory of the Pressure of a Gas
121(2)
10.2.6 Law of Boyle
123(1)
10.2.7 Law of Gay-Lussac
123(1)
10.3 Study Questions
124(1)
10.4 Exercises
125(1)
10.5 Vocabulary
126(1)
11 Molecules and Maxwell's Demon
127(16)
11.1 Introduction
127(1)
11.2 Reading: Maxwell, on the Molecular Theory of the Constitution of Bodies
128(10)
11.2.1 Law of Charles
128(1)
11.2.2 Kinetic Energy of a Molecule
128(1)
11.2.3 Specific Heat at Constant Volume
129(3)
11.2.4 Molecular Theory of Evaporation and Condensation
132(1)
11.2.5 Molecular Theory of Electrolysis
133(1)
11.2.6 Molecular Theory of Radiation
134(1)
11.2.7 Limitation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
135(2)
11.2.8 Nature and Origin of Molecules
137(1)
11.3 Study Questions
138(2)
11.4 Exercises
140(2)
11.5 Vocabulary
142(1)
12 The Diffusion Equation
143(20)
12.1 Introduction
143(1)
12.2 Reading: Maxwell, On the Diffusion of Heat by Conduction
144(13)
12.2.1 On the Dimensions of k, the Specific Thermal Conductivity
145(8)
12.2.2 On the Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Bodies
153(2)
12.2.3 On the Conductivity of Fluids
155(1)
12.2.4 Applications of the Theory
156(1)
12.3 Study Questions
157(1)
12.4 Exercises
158(4)
12.5 Vocabulary
162(1)
13 Radiant Heat
163(18)
13.1 Introduction
163(1)
13.2 Reading: Maxwell, On Radiation
163(12)
13.2.1 Effect of Radiation on Thermometers
174(1)
13.3 Study Questions
175(1)
13.4 Exercises
176(2)
13.5 Vocabulary
178(3)
14 From Positivism to Objectivity
181(16)
14.1 Introduction
181(1)
14.2 Reading: Planck, Reversibility and Irreversibility
182(12)
14.3 Study Questions
194(2)
14.4 Exercises
196(1)
14.5 Vocabulary
196(1)
15 Entropy, Probability and Atomism
197(16)
15.1 Introduction
197(1)
15.2 Reading: Planck, The Atomic Theory of Matter
197(11)
15.3 Study Questions
208(2)
15.4 Exercises
210(2)
15.5 Vocabulary
212(1)
16 Corpuscles of Light
213(18)
16.1 Introduction
213(1)
16.2 Reading: Einstein, Concerning a Heuristic Point of View Toward the Emission and Transformation of Light
214(13)
16.2.1 Concerning a Difficulty with Regard to the Theory of Blackbody Radiation
215(3)
16.2.2 Concerning Planck's Determination of the Fundamental Constants
218(1)
16.2.3 Concerning the Entropy of Radiation
218(2)
16.2.4 Asymptotic Form for the Entropy of Monochromatic Radiation at Low Radiation Density
220(1)
16.2.5 Molecular-Theoretic Investigation of the Dependence of the Entropy of Gases and Dilute Solutions on the Volume
221(1)
16.2.6 Interpretation of the Expression for the Volume Dependence of the Entropy of Monochromatic Radiation in Accordance with Boltzmann's Principle
222(1)
16.2.7 Concerning Stoke's Rule
223(1)
16.2.8 Concerning the Emission of Cathode Rays Through the Illumination of Solid Bodies
224(2)
16.2.9 Concerning the Ionization of Gases by Ultraviolet Light
226(1)
16.3 Study Questions
227(1)
16.4 Exercises
228(1)
16.5 Vocabulary
229(2)
17 The Discovery of the Electron
231(16)
17.1 Introduction
231(1)
17.2 Reading: Thomson, The Corpuscular Theory of Matter
232(11)
17.2.1 Corpuscles in Vacuum Tubes
233(2)
17.2.2 Deflection of the Rays by a Charged Body
235(2)
17.2.3 Determination of elm
237(2)
17.2.4 Corpuscles Very Widely Distributed
239(1)
17.2.5 Magnitude of the Electric Charge Carried by the Corpuscle
239(4)
17.3 Study Questions
243(1)
17.4 Exercises
244(2)
17.5 Vocabulary
246(1)
18 The Birth of Nuclear Physics
247(16)
18.1 Introduction
247(1)
18.2 Reading: Rutherford, The Mass and Velocity of the a Particles Expelled from Radium and Actinium
248(12)
18.2.1 Electric Deflexion of the α Rays
250(2)
18.2.2 Theory of the Experiment
252(5)
18.2.3 Results of Experiments
257(2)
18.2.4 Does the Value of e/m for the α Particle Vary in Its Passage Through Matter?
259(1)
18.3 Study Questions
260(1)
18.4 Exercises
260(1)
18.5 Vocabulary
261(2)
19 Radioactivity
263(16)
19.1 Introduction
263(1)
19.2 Reading: Rutherford, The Mass and Velocity of the a Particles Expelled from Radium and Actinium
263(10)
19.2.1 Value of e/m for the α Particles from Radium A
264(1)
19.2.2 Mass of the α Particle from Radium F
265(1)
19.2.3 Mass of the α Particles from Actinium
265(2)
19.2.4 Connexion of the α Particle with the Helium Atom
267(3)
19.2.5 Age of Radioactive Minerals
270(1)
19.2.6 Velocity and Energy of the α Particles Expelled from Radium Products
271(1)
19.2.7 Connexion between the Velocity and Amount of Ionization Produced by the α Particle
272(1)
19.3 Study Questions
273(1)
19.4 Exercises
274(3)
19.5 Vocabulary
277(2)
20 Atomic Fission
279(16)
20.1 Introduction
279(1)
20.2 Reading: Rutherford, Nuclear Constitution of Atoms
280(12)
20.2.1 Introduction
280(2)
20.2.2 Charge on the Nucleus
282(2)
20.2.3 Dimension of Nuclei
284(1)
20.2.4 Long Range Particles from Nitrogen
285(5)
20.2.5 Experiments with Solid Nitrogen Compounds
290(2)
20.3 Study Questions
292(1)
20.4 Exercises
293(1)
20.5 Vocabulary
294(1)
21 Nuclear Structure
295(14)
21.1 Introduction
295(1)
21.2 Reading: Rutherford, Nuclear Constitution of Atoms
295(12)
21.2.1 Short Range Atoms from Oxygen and Nitrogen
296(3)
21.2.2 Energy Considerations
299(2)
21.2.3 Properties of the New Atom
301(1)
21.2.4 Constitution of Nuclei and Isotopes
302(3)
21.2.5 Structure of Carbon, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Nuclei
305(2)
21.3 Study Questions
307(1)
21.4 Exercises
308(1)
21.5 Vocabulary
308(1)
22 The Discovery of the Neutron
309(12)
22.1 Introduction
309(1)
22.2 Reading: Chadwick, The Existence of a Neutron
310(8)
22.2.1 Observations of Recoil Atoms
312(3)
22.2.2 The Neutron Hypothesis
315(3)
22.3 Study Questions
318(1)
22.4 Exercises
319(1)
22.5 Vocabulary
319(2)
23 Neutron Scattering
321(10)
23.1 Introduction
321(1)
23.2 Reading: Chadwick, The Existence of a Neutron
322(7)
23.2.1 The Nature of the Neutron
322(1)
23.2.2 The Passage of the Neutron Through Matter
323(3)
23.2.3 General Remarks
326(2)
23.2.4 Summary
328(1)
23.3 Study Questions
329(1)
23.4 Exercises
329(1)
23.5 Vocabulary
330(1)
24 X-Ray Diffraction
331(14)
24.1 Introduction
331(1)
24.2 Reading: Compton, X-Rays as a Branch of Optics
332(9)
24.2.1 The Refraction and Reflection of X-Rays
333(3)
24.2.2 The Diffraction of X-Rays
336(5)
24.3 Study Questions
341(1)
24.4 Exercises
341(1)
24.5 Vocabulary
342(3)
25 Compton Scattering
345(10)
25.1 Introduction
345(1)
25.2 Reading: Compton, X-Rays as a Branch of Optics
345(6)
25.2.1 The Scattering of X-rays and Light
346(5)
25.3 Study Questions
351(1)
25.4 Exercises
352(1)
25.5 Vocabulary
353(2)
26 Electron Scattering and Diffraction
355(10)
26.1 Introduction
355(1)
26.2 Reading: Davisson, The Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel
356(6)
26.3 Study Questions
362(1)
26.4 Exercises
363(1)
26.5 Vocabulary
364(1)
27 Matter Waves
365(12)
27.1 Introduction
365(1)
27.2 Reading: Davisson, The Diffraction of Electrons by a Crystal of Nickel
366(7)
27.3 Study Questions
373(1)
27.4 Exercises
374(1)
27.5 Vocabulary
375(2)
28 Bohr's Atomic Model
377(16)
28.1 Introduction
377(1)
28.2 Reading: Bohr, The Structure of the Atom
378(10)
28.2.1 The General Picture of the Atom
378(3)
28.2.2 Atomic Stability and Electrodynamic Theory
381(1)
28.2.3 The Origin of the Quantum Theory
382(2)
28.2.4 The Quantum Theory of Atomic Constitution
384(2)
28.2.5 The Hydrogen Spectrum
386(2)
28.3 Study Questions
388(1)
28.4 Exercises
389(2)
28.5 Vocabulary
391(2)
29 Atomic Spectra and Quantum Numbers
393(16)
29.1 Introduction
393(1)
29.2 Reading: Bohr, The Structure of the Atom
394(11)
29.2.1 Relationships Between the Elements
394(4)
29.2.2 Absorption and Excitation of Spectral Lines
398(1)
29.2.3 The Quantum Theory of Multiply-Periodic Systems
399(2)
29.2.4 The Correspondence Principle
401(4)
29.3 Study Questions
405(1)
29.4 Exercises
405(1)
29.5 Vocabulary
406(3)
30 The Periodic Table of the Elements
409(14)
30.1 Introduction
409(1)
30.2 Reading: Bohr, The Structure of the Atom
409(11)
30.2.1 The Natural System of the Elements
410(6)
30.2.2 X-Ray Spectra and Atomic Constitution
416(4)
30.3 Study Questions
420(1)
30.4 Exercises
420(2)
30.5 Vocabulary
422(1)
31 Wave Mechanics
423(20)
31.1 Introduction
423(1)
31.2 Reading: Schrodinger, The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics
424(10)
31.3 Study Questions
434(1)
31.4 Exercises
435(5)
31.5 Vocabulary
440(3)
32 The Quantum Paradox
443(14)
32.1 Introduction
443(2)
32.2 Reading: Heisenberg, The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory
445(7)
32.3 Study Questions
452(2)
32.4 Exercises
454(2)
32.5 Vocabulary
456(1)
Bibliography 457(2)
Index 459
Dr. Kerry K. Kuehn is Professor in the Department of Physics at Wisconsin Lutheran College. He is a member of the American Physical Society and is also an Advisory Council member for NASA Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium and Fidelitas (WLC Honors Program).
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