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E-raamat: Subtitling Norms for Television: An exploration focussing on extralinguistic cultural references

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Subtitling Norms for Television: An exploration focussing on extralinguistic cultural referencesSuurem pilt
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In most subtitling countries, those lines at the bottom of the screen are the most read medium of all, for which reason they deserve all the academic attention they can get. This monograph represents a large-scale attempt to provide such attention, by exploring the norms of subtitling for television. It does so by empirically investigating a large corpus of television subtitles from Scandinavia, one of the bastions of subtitling, along with other European data.
The aim of the book is twofold: first, to provide an advanced and comprehensive model for investigating translation problems in the form of Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs). Second, to empirically explore current European television subtitling norms, and to look into future developments in this area.
This book will be of interest to anyone interested in gaining access to state-of-the-art tools for translation analysis, or in learning more about the norms of subtitling, based on empirically reliable and current material.
List of figures
xi
List of tables
xiii
Abbreviations xv
Acknowledgement xviii
Chapter 1 Subtitling as audiovisual translation
1(24)
1.1 Audiovisual choice
3(5)
1.2 The nature of subtitling
8(17)
1.2.1 The subtitling process
13(5)
1.2.2 The constraints of subtitling
18(3)
1.2.3 A contract of illusion
21(4)
Chapter 2 Norms in general and particular
25(16)
2.1 The descriptive paradigm
25(3)
2.2 In search of norms
28(2)
2.3 The potency of norms
30(3)
2.4 The content of norms
33(4)
2.4.1 Toury's norms
34(1)
2.4.2 Chesterman's norms
35(2)
2.5 Norms, strategies and solutions
37(4)
Chapter 3 Extralinguistic Cultural References as translation problems
41(28)
3.1 Translation problems
41(2)
3.2 Extralinguistic Cultural References (ECRs)
43(18)
3.2.1 Selection criteria: Language and culture
45(4)
3.2.2 Defining reference
49(2)
3.2.3 What's in a name?
51(5)
3.2.4 The world of references
56(2)
3.2.5 The domains of ECRs
58(3)
3.3 Where ECRs are found and why
61(8)
Chapter 4 Translation strategies: How it's done
69(36)
4.1 Taxonomies of translation strategies
71(3)
4.2 A taxonomy for rendering ECRs in subtitling
74(26)
4.2.1 Retention: Keeping ST elements in the TT
77(2)
4.2.2 Specification: Explaining ST items
79(4)
4.2.3 Direct Translation
83(2)
4.2.4 Generalization: Replacing the specific with the general
85(4)
4.2.5 Substitution: Replacing culture (with culture)
89(2)
4.2.5.1 Cultural Substitution by Transcultural ECR
91(1)
4.2.5.2 Cultural Substitution by Target Culture ECR
92(3)
4.2.5.3 Situational Substitution
95(1)
4.2.6 Omission: Deleting the ECR
96(1)
4.2.7 Using an Official Equivalent: The ready-made solution
97(3)
4.3 Product and process: A question of perspectives
100(5)
Chapter 5 Influencing parameters: Why it's done like that
105(16)
5.1 Transculturality: How well known an ECR is
106(4)
5.2 Extratextuality: The independent existence of ECRs
110(1)
5.3 Centrality: How important an ECR is
111(2)
5.4 Polysemiotics: The interplay between channels
113(1)
5.5 Co-text: The rest of the dialogue
114(1)
5.6 Media-specific constraints
115(1)
5.7 The effects of the Subtitling Situation
115(6)
Chapter 6 Empirical subtitling norms for television
121(88)
6.1 Material
121(9)
6.1.1 Extratextual sources
122(1)
6.1.2 The ESIST corpus
123(1)
6.1.3 The Scandinavian Subtitles Corpus
124(6)
6.2 Technical norms: Subtitles coming and going
130(21)
6.2.1 A diachronic study
132(1)
6.2.1.1 Expected reading speed
133(2)
6.2.1.2 Subtitle density
135(3)
6.2.1.3 Condensation rate
138(4)
6.2.2 Discussion of the development
142(9)
6.3 How cultural references are rendered
151(21)
6.3.1 Easy Rs in Swedish and Danish Subtitles
151(6)
6.3.2 Not so easy Rs in Swedish and Danish subtitles
157(2)
6.3.2.1 Retention
159(2)
6.3.2.2 Specification
161(1)
6.3.2.3 Direct Translation
162(2)
6.3.2.4 Generalization
164(2)
6.3.2.5 Substitution
166(3)
6.3.2.6 Omission
169(1)
6.3.2.7 Official Equivalents
169(3)
6.4 Directness in subtitling
172(7)
6.5 Norm development over time: The case of Cultural Substitution
179(7)
6.6 Formulating subtitling norms
186(23)
6.6.1 Long versus short format: TV series vs. feature films
188(1)
6.6.2 Differences of genre
189(1)
6.6.3 Technical subtitling norms: Differences in subtitle density
190(2)
6.6.4 Orientation norms: Foreign or domesticated subtitles
192(5)
6.6.5 Guidance norms: Whether or not to aid the viewer
197(5)
6.6.6 Lower-level norms
202(7)
Chapter 7 Prototypical subtitling
209(20)
7.1 Brief summary
209(2)
7.2 Defaults of subtitling
211(18)
Sources
217(1)
Primary Sources
217(1)
Main material
217(1)
Supplementary material
217(1)
Secondary sources
218(1)
Books, articles and web sites
218(8)
Audiovisual material not in the corpus
226(3)
Appendix A The Scandinavian Subtitles Corpus
229(10)
Abbreviations
230(9)
Appendix B Glossary
239(2)
Index 241
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