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E-raamat: Superconducting State: Mechanisms and Materials

(Director of Research in Magnetism, Head of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Physics, Siberian Federal University), (Professor of Physics and Materials Science, Department of Phys), (Principal Investigator, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory)
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This book provides the reader with a detailed theoretical treatment of the key mechanisms of superconductivity, up to the current state of the art (phonons, magnons, plasmons). In addition, the book describes the properties of key superconducting compounds that are of most interest for science and its applications today. For many years there has been a search for new materials with higher values of the main parameters, such as the critical temperature and the critical current. At present, the possibility to observe superconductivity at room temperature has become perfectly realistic. The book is especially concerned with high Tc systems, such as the high Tc oxides, hydrides with record values of the critical temperature under high pressure, nanoclusters, etc. A number of interesting novel superconducting systems have been discovered recently. Among them: topological materials, interface systems, intercalated graphene. The book contains rigorous derivations, based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book is also providing qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results, which makes it accessible and interesting for a broader readership.

Arvustused

The book contains rigorous derivations, based on statistical mechanics and many-body theory. The book is also providing qualitative explanations of the main concepts and results, which makes it accessible and interesting for a broader readership. * zb Math Open * A valuable contribution to the field of superconductivity ... this book shows how far it has come in the past 100 years. * Israel Felner, Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, Vol 34 (2021) * A timely book and of great significance. * Yuri Galperin, University of Oslo * Responds to the demand of presenting complex arguments at a didactic level from a general perspective, and, impressively, includes all major topics and known forms of superconductivity. * Francesco Tafuri, University of Napoli Federico II *

1 Introduction
1(31)
1.1 Historical Perspective
1(4)
1.2 Excitations in Solids
5(27)
1.2.1 Phonons and the Electron-Phonon Interaction
5(12)
1.2.2 Diabatic Representation and Polaronic States
17(4)
1.2.3 Electronic Excitations
21(8)
1.2.4 Magnetic Excitations
29(3)
2 Mechanisms
32(94)
2.1 Pair Correlation
32(11)
2.1.1 The General Picture and Main Challenges
32(1)
2.1.2 Superconductivity as a `Giant' Non-Adiabatic Phenomenon
33(1)
2.1.3 The `Cooper' Theorem
34(2)
2.1.4 The BCS Model
36(2)
2.1.5 Microscopic Theories and the Gor'kov Method
38(2)
2.1.6 The Energy Gap and the Coherence Length
40(2)
2.1.7 Pairing and Orbital Momenta
42(1)
2.2 The Phonon Mechanism
43(18)
2.2.1 Main Equations
43(4)
2.2.2 Critical Temperature
47(11)
2.2.3 Properties of Superconductors with Strong Coupling
58(3)
2.3 The Electron-Lattice Interaction: Special Aspects
61(6)
2.3.1 The Polaronic Effect and its Impact on Tc
61(4)
2.3.2 The Van Hove Scenario
65(1)
2.3.3 Bipolarons, and BEC versus BCS
66(1)
2.3 A Manifestations of the Phonon Mechanism, and a Proposed Experiment
67(3)
2.4 Is There an Upper Limit for Tc?
70(1)
2.5 Electronic Mechanisms and the Little Model
71(5)
2.5.1 Two Electronic Groups, and High Tc
71(3)
2.5.2 The `Sandwich' Excitonic Mechanism
74(1)
2.5.3 Three-Dimensional Systems
74(2)
2.6 Plasmons in Layered Conductors
76(3)
2.7 Magnetic Mechanisms
79(47)
2.7.1 Introduction
79(1)
2.7.2 Localised versus Itinerant Aspects of Electrons in Transition Metals and Compounds
80(2)
2.7.3 Magnetic Pairing in the Band Limit
82(5)
2.7.4 Magnetic Pairing in the Hubbard Model in the Regime of Strong Electron Correlations
87(39)
3 Properties: Spectroscopy
126(75)
3.1 Macroscopic Quantisation
126(21)
3.1.1 Flux Quantisation
126(2)
3.1.2 The Josephson Effect
128(8)
3.1.3 The Ginzburg-Landau theory, and Vortices
136(8)
3.1.4 The Little-Parks Effect
144(1)
3.1.5 The Search for the Lossless Current State
145(2)
3.2 Multigap Superconductivity
147(11)
3.2.1 Multigap Superconductivity: The General Picture
147(1)
3.2.2 Critical Temperature
148(2)
3.2.3 The Energy Spectrum
150(2)
3.2.4 Properties of Two-Gap Superconductors
152(3)
3.2.5 The Strong Magnetic Field and the Ginzburg--Landau Equations for a Multigap Superconductor
155(2)
3.2.6 Induced Two-Band Superconductivity
157(1)
3.2.7 Symmetry of the Order Parameter and the Multiband Superconductor
158(1)
3.3 Impurity Scattering and Pair Breaking
158(11)
3.3.1 Pair Breaking
158(3)
3.3.2 Gapless Superconductivity
161(1)
3.3.3 Symmetry of the Order Parameter and Pair Breaking
162(7)
3.4 Induced Superconductivity: The Proximity Effect
169(12)
3.4.1 The Proximity `Sandwich'
169(1)
3.4.2 Critical Temperature
170(7)
3.4.3 Proximity Effects in Ferromagnetic--Superconductor Heterostructures
177(4)
3.4.4 The Proximity Effect versus the Two-Gap Model
181(1)
3.5 The Isotope Effect
181(11)
3.5.1 General Remarks
181(1)
3.5.2 The Coulomb Pseudopotential
182(1)
3.5.3 Multicomponent Lattices and Two Coupling Constants
182(2)
3.5.4 Anharmonicity
184(1)
3.5.5 The Isotope Effect in Proximity Systems
185(1)
3.5.6 Magnetic Impurities and the Isotope Effect
186(1)
3.5.7 The Polaronic Effect and Isotope Substitution
187(3)
3.5.8 Penetration Depth and Isotopic Dependence
190(2)
3.6 Fluctuations in Superconductors
192(9)
3.6.1 The Ginzburg--Levanyuk Parameter
193(1)
3.6.2 The Effect of Fluctuations on Specific Heat
194(1)
3.6.3 Magnetic Susceptibility
195(2)
3.6.4 Paraconductivity
197(2)
3.6.5 NMR relaxation
199(2)
4 Experimental Methods
201(27)
4.1 Spectroscopy
201(16)
4.1.1 Tunnelling Spectroscopy
201(8)
4.1.2 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
209(1)
4.1.3 Other Spectroscopic Techniques
210(7)
4.2 High-Pressure Techniques
217(2)
4.3 Preparation of Superconducting Thin Films and Tunnel Junctions
219(6)
4.3.1 PVD Thin-Film Techniques
219(4)
4.3.2 CVD Thin-Film Preparation
223(2)
4.4 Preparation of Josephson Tunnel Junctions
225(1)
4.5 Novel Experimental Techniques
226(2)
4.5.1 The Nano-Assembly Technique and the Little Mechanism
226(2)
5 Materials I: High-Tc Copper Oxides
228(53)
5.1 Introductory Remarks
228(2)
5.2 Properties of the Normal State
230(9)
5.2.1 Structure
230(1)
5.2.2 Doping and the Phase Diagram
231(3)
5.2.3 Nematicity
234(5)
5.3 Properties of the Superconducting State
239(4)
5.3.1 Coherence Length
239(1)
5.3.2 The Critical Field Hc2
239(1)
5.3.3 The Two-Gap Spectrum
240(1)
5.3.4 Symmetry of the Order Parameter
241(2)
5.4 The Origin of High-Tc Superconductivity in Cuprates
243(33)
5.4.1 General Comments
243(1)
5.4.2 The Electron-Phonon Interaction and the High-Tc State
244(3)
5.4.3 The Phonon Mechanism and the Polaronic States
247(3)
5.4.4 Dynamic Screening, the Plasmon Mechanism, and the Coexistence of Phonon and Plasmon Mechanisms
250(3)
5.4.5 Strong Correlations, Electronic Structure, and ARPES
253(23)
5.5 Theoretical Models of the Mechanism of High Tc in Cuprates: Phonon versus Magnetic Pairing or Phonon and Magnetic Pairing Together?
276(5)
6 Inhomogeneous Superconductivity And The `Pseudogap' State Of Novel Superconductors
281(28)
6.1 `Pseudogap' State: Main Properties
281(7)
6.1.1 Anomalous Diamagnetism above Tc
282(2)
6.1.2 Energy Gap
284(3)
6.1.3 The Isotope Effect
287(1)
6.1.4 The `Giant' Josephson Effect
287(1)
6.1.5 Transport Properties
287(1)
6.2 The Inhomogeneous State
288(4)
6.2.1 The Qualitative Picture
288(1)
6.2.2 The Origin of Inhomogeneity
289(1)
6.2.3 The Percolative Transition
290(1)
6.2.4 Inhomogeneity: Experimental Data
291(1)
6.3 Energy Scales
292(2)
6.3.1 The Highest Energy Scale (T*)
292(1)
6.3.2 The Diamagnetic Transition (T*c)
292(1)
6.3.3 The Resistive Transition (Tc)
293(1)
6.4 Theory
294(8)
6.4.1 General Equations
294(1)
6.4.2 Diamagnetism
295(2)
6.4.3 Transport Properties: The `Giant' Josephson Effect
297(4)
6.4.4 The Isotope Effect
301(1)
6.5 Other Systems
302(3)
6.5.1 Borocarbides
302(1)
6.5.2 Granular Superconductors: The Pb + Ag System
303(2)
6.6 Ordering of Dopants, and the Potential for Room Temperature Superconductivity
305(2)
6.7 Remarks
307(2)
7 Materials (II)
309(54)
7.1 Conventional Superconductors
309(6)
7.1.1 Ordinary Bulk Materials
309(1)
7.1.2 A-15 Superconductors
309(2)
7.1.3 Magnesium Diboride
311(4)
7.2 Hydrides: High Pressure
315(25)
7.2.1 Introduction
315(1)
7.2.2 History
315(1)
7.2.3 Metallic Hydrogen
316(1)
7.2.4 The Impact of Pressure: New Structures
317(1)
7.2.5 Hydrides: Main Properties
318(3)
7.2.6 Sulphur Hydrides
321(8)
7.2.7 Lanthanum Hydrides
329(4)
7.2.8 Calcium Hydrides
333(1)
7.2.9 Hydrogen `Penta-Graphene-Like' Structure
334(2)
7.2.10 Tantalum Hydrides
336(2)
7.2.11 H20
338(1)
7.2.12 High Tc at Lower Pressure
339(1)
7.2.13 Ternary Hydrides
339(1)
7.3 Pnictides
340(7)
7.4 Other Systems
347(8)
7.4.1 Ruthenates and the Magnetic Superconductors, Ruthenocuprates
347(1)
7.4.2 Heavy Fermions
348(5)
7.4.3 Intercalated Nitrides: Self-Supported Superconductivity
353(1)
7.4.4 Tungsten Oxides
354(1)
7.5 Topological Superconductors
355(8)
8 Materials (III)
363(40)
8.1 Organic Superconductivity
363(12)
8.1.1 History
363(2)
8.1.2 The TMTSF and ET Families: Structure and Properties
365(3)
8.1.3 Intercalated Materials
368(1)
8.1.4 Fullerides
369(1)
8.1.5 Graphene
370(5)
8.2 Small-Scale Organic Superconductivity
375(5)
8.2.1 BETS
375(1)
8.2.2 Aromatic Molecules
375(5)
8.3 Pairing in Nanoclusters, and Nano-Based Superconducting Tunnelling Networks
380(14)
8.3.1 Clusters, and Shell Structures
381(3)
8.3.2 Pair Correlation
384(6)
8.3.3 The Cluster-Based Tunnelling Network: Macroscopic Superconductivity
390(2)
8.3.4 Experimental Observation
392(2)
8.4 Interface Superconductivity
394(2)
8.5 Room Temperature Superconductivity: Paths, Systems, and Challenges
396(7)
8.5.1 General Comments
396(1)
8.5.2 Promising Directions
397(5)
8.5.3 Conclusion
402(1)
9 Manganites
403(26)
9.1 Introduction
403(1)
9.2 Electronic Structure and Doping
404(5)
9.2.1 Structure
404(3)
9.2.2 Magnetic Order
407(1)
9.2.3 The Double-Exchange Mechanism
407(1)
9.2.4 Colossal Magnetoresistance
408(1)
9.3 Percolation Phenomena
409(5)
9.3.1 Low Doping and the Transition to the Ferromagnetic State at Low Temperatures
409(1)
9.3.2 The Percolation Threshold
410(1)
9.3.3 Increase in Temperature and the Percolative Transition
411(1)
9.3.4 Experimental Data
412(1)
9.3.5 Large Doping
413(1)
9.4 Main Interactions and the Hamiltonian
414(2)
9.5 The Ferromagnetic Metallic State
416(6)
9.5.1 The Two-Band Spectrum
416(2)
9.5.2 Heat Capacity
418(1)
9.5.3 Isotope Substitution
419(2)
9.5.4 Optical Properties
421(1)
9.6 The Insulating Phase
422(3)
9.6.1 The Parent Compound
422(1)
9.6.2 Low Doping and Polarons
423(2)
9.7 The Metallic A-Phase and the Superconductor-Antiferromagnet-Superconductor Josephson Effect
425(3)
9.7.1 Magnetic Structure
425(1)
9.7.2 The Josephson Contact with an A-Phase Barrier
425(3)
9.8 Discussion: Manganites versus Cuprates
428(1)
10 Superconducting States In Nature
429(26)
10.1 Pair Correlation in Atomic Nuclei
429(4)
10.1.1 Nucleons
429(1)
10.1.2 Pair Correlation
430(3)
10.2 Pair Correlation and Astrophysics
433(1)
10.3 Biologically Active Systems
434(3)
Appendix A The Dynamic Jahn--Teller Effect
437(2)
Appendix B Finite Fermi Systems: Quasi-Resonant States
439(1)
Appendix C The n and a Electronic States: The Benzene Molecule
440(6)
C.1 The n-Electron System and Its Energy Spectrum
441(2)
C.2 The Benzene Molecule: n and a States
443(3)
Appendix D The Multi-Electron Tight Binding Methods GTB and LDA+GTB
446(6)
D.1 Introduction
446(1)
D.2 Step I: LDA
447(1)
D.3 Step II: Exact Diagonalisation
447(2)
D.4 Step III: Perturbation Theory
449(3)
Appendix E Methods of Quantum Field Theory
452(3)
Bibliography 455(38)
Index 493
Vladimir Kresin graduated from Moscow Pedagogical University. Later he studied at the Landau School of Theoretical Physics. He received his PhD and D. Sci. degrees performing studies in the field in superconductivity. He was a professor of theoretical physics at the Moscow Pedagogical University. Since 1980 he is Principal Investigator at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. Vladimir Kresin published 4 monographs and about 220 articles, mainly in the field of superconductivity. He was a Chairman (or Program committee Chairman) of 9 International Conferences on Superconductivity, and edited 5 books. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism.

Sergei Ovchinnikov graduated from Krasnoyarsk State University. He received a PhD in Physics at the Kirensky Institute of Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Science, specializing in magnetism and superconductivity. He has worked at the Kirensky Institute of Physics since 1972 where he is head of the department of magnetic phenomena. He is currently a Director of Research in Magnetism at the Kirensky Institute and the head of the Theoretical Physics at the Siberian Federal University in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. He was co-author of three books, edited 2 conference proceedings and published over 450 articles in peer reviewed journals on various aspects of magnetism and superconductivity. He is a Co-Editor of the International Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism.



Stuart Wolf graduated from Columbia College with AB in Physics and from Rutgers University where he received a PhD in Physics specializing in superconductivity. He was a scientist at the Naval Research Laboratory for over thirty years where he headed up all of the superconductivity work. He was starting the field of inhomogeneous superconductivity, holding the first international conference on this topic in 1978. He is Professor of Physics and Materials Science at the University of Virginia. He has co-authored two books, edited 8 conference proceedings and published over 250 articles in peer reviewed journals , all on various aspects of superconductivity. He was a founding editor and Co-Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism.