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E-raamat: Surface Acoustic Wave Filters: With Applications to Electronic Communications and Signal Processing

(Consultant, UK)
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This book gives the fundamental principles and device design techniques for surface acoustic wave filters. It covers the devices in widespread use today: bandpass and pulse compression filters, correlators and non-linear convolvers and resonators. The newest technologies for low bandpass filters are fully covered such as unidirectional transducers, resonators in impedance element filters, resonators in double-mode surface acoustic wave filters and transverse-coupled resonators using waveguides.

The book covers the theory of acoustic wave physics, the piezoelectric effect, electrostatics at a surface, effective permittivity, piezoelectric SAW excitation and reception, and the SAW element factor. These are the main requirements for developing quasi-static theory, which gives a basis for the non-reflective transducers in transversal bandpass filters and interdigital pulse compression filters. It is also needed for the reflective transducers used in the newer devices.

* A thorough revision of a classic on surface acoustic wave filters first published in 1985 and still in print
* Uniquely combines easy -to -understand principles with practical design techniques for all the devices in widespread use today
* Complete coverage of all the latest devices which are key to mobile phones, TVs and radar systems
* Includes a new foreword by Sir Eric Albert Ash
Preface xi
Foreword to second edition xv
Foreword to previous edition (1991) xvii
Chapter 1 Basic survey 1
1.1 Acoustic waves in solids
2
1.2 Propagation effects and materials
7
1.3 Basic properties of Interdigital Transducers
9
1.3.1 Transducer reflectivity and the triple-transit signal
9
1.3.2 Non-reflective transducers: delta-function model
11
1.4 Apodization and transversal filtering
18
1.5 Correlation and signal processing
22
1.6 Wireless interrogation: sensors and tags
24
1.7 Resonators and low-loss filters
25
1.7.1 Gratings and resonators
26
1.7.2 Low-loss filters for RF
27
1.7.3 Low-loss filters for IF
29
1.7.4 Performance of bandpass filters
31
1.8 Summary of devices and applications
33
Chapter 2 Acoustic waves in elastic solids 38
2.1 Elasticity in anisotropic materials
38
2.1.1 Non-piezoelectric materials
39
2.1.2 Piezoelectric materials
41
2.2 Waves in isotropic materials
43
2.2.1 Plane waves
44
2.2.2 Rayleigh waves in a half-space
46
2.2.3 Shear-horizontal waves in a half-space
51
2.2.4 Waves in a layered half-space
51
2.2.5 Waves in a parallel-sided plate
55
2.3 Waves in anisotropic materials
57
2.3.1 Plane waves in an infinite medium
57
2.3.2 Theory for a piezoelectric half-space
58
2.3.3 Surface-wave solutions
60
2.3.4 Other solutions
63
2.3.5 Surface waves in layered substrates: perturbation theory
65
Chapter 3 Electrical excitation at a plane surface 68
3.1 Electrostatic case
68
3.2 Piezoelectric half-space
72
3.3 Some properties of the effective permittivity
75
3.4 Green's function
79
3.5 Other applications of the effective permittivity
82
Chapter 4 Propagation effects and materials 87
4.1 Diffraction and beam steering
87
4.1.1 Formulation using angular spectrum of plane waves
88
4.1.2 Beam steering in the near field
90
4.1.3 Minimal-diffraction orientations
91
4.1.4 Diffracted field in the parabolic approximation: scaling
92
4.1.5 Two-transducer devices
95
4.2 Propagation loss and non-linear effects
100
4.3 Temperature effects and velocity errors
101
4.4 Materials for surface-wave devices
104
4.4.1 Orientation: Euler angles
104
4.4.2 Single-crystal materials
105
4.4.3 Thin films
108
Chapter 5 Non-reflective transducers 114
5.1 Analysis for a general array of electrodes
115
5.1.1 The quasi-static approximation
115
5.1.2 Electrostatic equations and charge superposition
118
5.1.3 Current entering one electrode
122
5.1.4 Evaluation of the acoustic potential
123
5.2 Quasi-static analysis of transducers
125
5.2.1 Launching transducer
125
5.2.2 Transducer admittance
127
5.2.3 Receiving transducer
128
5.3 Summary and P-matrix formulation
130
5.4 Transducers with regular electrodes: element factor
134
5.5 Admittance of uniform transducers
139
5.5.1 Acoustic conductance and susceptance
140
5.5.2 Capacitance
143
5.5.3 Comparative performance
144
5.6 Two-transducer devices
145
5.6.1 Device using unapodized transducers
146
5.6.2 Device using an apodized transducer
149
5.6.3 Admittance of apodized transducers
152
5.6.4 Two-transducer device using a multistrip coupler
154
Chapter 6 Bandpass filtering using non-reflective transducers 157
6.1 Basic properties of uniform transducers
158
6.2 Apodized transducer as a transversal filter
161
6.3 Design of transversal filters
169
6.3.1 Use of window functions
169
6.3.2 Optimized design: the Remez algorithm
173
6.3.3 Withdrawal weighting
175
6.4 Filter design and performance
177
Chapter 7 Correlators for pulse compression radar and communications 183
7.1 Pulse compression radar
184
7.2 Chirp waveforms
187
7.2.1 Waveform characteristics
187
7.2.2 Weighting of linear-chirp filters
192
7.3 Interdigital chirp transducers and filters
196
7.3.1 Chirp transducer analysis
197
7.3.2 Transducer design
202
7.3.3 Filter design and performance
204
7.4 Reflective array compressors
208
7.5 Doppler effects and spectral analysis
210
7.6 Correlation in spread-spectrum communications
212
7.6.1 Principles of spread-spectrum systems
212
7.6.2 Linear matched filters for PSK
214
7.6.3 Non-linear convolvers
215
Chapter 8 Reflective gratings and transducers 225
8.1 Reflective array method for gratings and transducers
226
8.1.1 Infinite-length grating
226
8.1.2 Finite-length grating
229
8.1.3 Transducer with regular electrodes
231
8.1.4 Reflectivity and velocity for single-electrode transducers
233
8.2 Coupling of Modes (COM) Equations
238
8.2.1 Derivation of equations
238
8.2.2 General solution for a uniform transducer
242
8.2.3 The Natural SPUDT effect in single-electrode transducers
248
8.3 Numerical evaluation of COM parameters
251
8.3.1 Theoretical methods for periodic structures
251
8.3.2 Coupled-mode parameters from band edge frequencies
256
Chapter 9 Unidirectional transducers and their application to bandpass filtering 263
9.1 General considerations
264
9.2 DART mechanism and analysis
266
9.3 Bandpass filtering using DARTs
274
9.4 Other SPUDT structures and analysis for parameters
278
9.5 Other SPUDT filters
282
9.6 Other low-loss techniques
286
Chapter 10 Waveguides and transversely coupled resonator filters 293
10.1 Basic strip waveguides
294
10.2 Waveguide modes in interdigital devices
299
10.3 Analysis for general waveguides
302
10.4 Transversely-Coupled Resonator (TCR) filter
304
10.5 Unbound waveguide modes
309
10.6 Waveguides including electrode reflectivity
312
Chapter 11 Resonators and resonator filters 317
11.1 Resonator types
318
11.1.1 Gratings and cavities
318
11.1.2 Single-port resonator
322
11.1.3 Two-port resonator
326
11.1.4 Single-electrode transducer as resonator
330
11.2 Surface-wave oscillators
332
11.3 Impedance Element Filters
335
11.4 Leaky waves
340
11.4.1 Leaky waves and surface-skimming bulk waves
340
11.4.2 Leaky waves in lithium tantalate
342
11.4.3 Coupled-mode analysis of gratings and transducers
346
11.4.4 Other leaky waves
351
11.5 Longitudinally-Coupled Resonator (LCR) filters
352
Appendix A Fourier transforms and linear filters 359
A.1 Fourier transforms
359
A.2 Linear filters
363
A.3 Matched filtering
366
A.4 Non-uniform sampling
369
A.5 Some properties of bandpass waveforms
371
A.6 Hilbert transforms
376
Appendix B Reciprocity 378
B.1 General relation for a mechanically free surface
378
B.2 Reciprocity for two-terminal transducers
379
B.3 Symmetry of the green's function
383
B.4 Reciprocity for surface excitation of a half-space
384
B.5 Reciprocity for surface-wave transducers
384
B.6 Surface-wave generation
387
Appendix C Elemental charge density for regular electrodes 390
C.1 Some properties of legendre functions
390
C.2 Elemental charge density
393
C.3 Net charges on electrodes
395
Appendix D P-matrix relations 397
D.1 General relations
397
D.2 Cascading formulae
400
Appendix E Electrical loading in an array of regular electrodes 409
E.1 General solution for low frequencies
409
E.2 Propagation outside the stop band
414
E.3 Stop bands
417
E.4 Theory of the multistrip coupler
421
Index 423
David P. Morgan received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from London University, for work on radar pulse compression using Surface Acoustic Waves. Since then he has been involved in research and development in a wide variety of topics, mostly in SAW, working at Nippon Electric Company (Kawasaki) 1970-71, University of Edinburgh 1971-77 and Plessey Research Caswell (Northampton, UK) 1977-86, where he was Group Leader for Surface Acoustic Waves. He is now a Consultant in this area. Dr. Morgan is author of the well-known text Surface Wave Devices for Signal Processing, and has also published over 100 technical papers. His knowledge of the SAW area has led to his being invited to lecture on the subject in the U.S., Russia, Finland, Japan, China and Korea. He is a Life Senior Member of the IEEE.