|
Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts |
|
|
1 | (38) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
|
2 | (5) |
|
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy |
|
|
3 | (2) |
|
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
Adsorption--Desorption and Thermal Techniques |
|
|
7 | (5) |
|
Surface Area and Pore Structure |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
Temperature-Programmed Desorption and Reaction |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Thermogravimetry and Thermal Analysis |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
|
10 | (2) |
|
|
|
12 | (7) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (2) |
|
Ultraviolet--Visible Spectroscopy |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Surface-Sensitive Spectroscopies |
|
|
19 | (3) |
|
X-Ray and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopies |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Auger Electron Spectroscopy |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Low-Energy Ion Scattering |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Secondary-Ion Mass Spectroscopy |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
|
22 | (3) |
|
|
|
25 | (14) |
|
|
|
26 | (6) |
|
|
|
32 | (7) |
|
Catalysis by Metal Oxides |
|
|
39 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Properties of Metal Oxides |
|
|
40 | (4) |
|
The Periodic Table as Metal Oxides |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Insulators (Highly Ionic) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Semiconductors (Ionic--Covalent Bonding) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
|
|
44 | (4) |
|
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
|
48 | (3) |
|
Metal Cations as Lewis Acids |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
Oxygen Anions as Lewis Bases |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
Hydroxyl Groups as Bronsted Acids and Lewis Bases |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Spectroscopic Methods of Detecting Lewis Acidity/Basicity and Bronsted Acidity/Basicity |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
|
51 | (6) |
|
Examples of Solid Acids and Bases |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Hydrogen--Deuterium Exchange Reaction |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Hydrogenation (1,3-Butadiene + D2) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Dehydration and Dehydrogenation |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Claisen--Schmidt Condensation-Asymmetric Epoxidation |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Dehydrogenation --- Vanadia |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Oxidative Coupling of Methane |
|
|
55 | (1) |
|
Chloride--Oxide Exchange Catalysis |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
|
57 | (6) |
|
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
Colloidal Nanoparticles in Catalysis |
|
|
63 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Mechanism of Stable Particle Formation |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
|
|
66 | (8) |
|
Applications in Catalysis |
|
|
74 | (11) |
|
Quasi-Homogeneous Reactions |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Conditioning: A Key Step in Generating Active Catalysts |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Heterogeneous Catalysis in Catalysis |
|
|
76 | (7) |
|
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
|
|
85 | (10) |
|
|
|
86 | (8) |
|
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Microporous and Mesoporous Catalysts |
|
|
95 | (46) |
|
|
|
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Microporous Catalysts: Zeolites |
|
|
97 | (21) |
|
|
|
97 | (4) |
|
Types of Zeolites Used in Catalytic Processes |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
Post-Synthesis Treatment of Zeolites and Modification of Zeolites |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Dealumination of Zeolites |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Metals and Metal Complexes in Zeolites |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Catalytic Application of Zeolites |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
Zeolite Catalysts in Petrochemical Processes |
|
|
109 | (8) |
|
Methanol to Gasoline and Methanol to Olefins |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
|
118 | (8) |
|
Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials |
|
|
118 | (4) |
|
Surface Modifications of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Catalysis with Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Nonsiliceous Ordered Mesoporous Materials |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Characterization of Microporous and Mesoporous Materials |
|
|
126 | (15) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
|
128 | (2) |
|
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy |
|
|
130 | (2) |
|
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
|
|
138 | (3) |
|
|
|
141 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
|
142 | (5) |
|
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
|
154 | (7) |
|
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
|
154 | (5) |
|
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
A Scientific Method to Prepare Supported Metal Catalysts |
|
|
161 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
|
|
162 | (4) |
|
Development of the Revised Physical Adsorption Model |
|
|
166 | (11) |
|
Qualitative Discrimination of Mechanisms |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
|
|
168 | (6) |
|
Metal Adsorption Modeling |
|
|
174 | (3) |
|
Case Study: Pt Tetraammine Adsorption over Silica |
|
|
177 | (8) |
|
Survey of Pt/Silica Preparation Methods |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
Measurement of Oxide Point of Zero Charge |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
Uptake-pH Survey to Identify Optimal pH |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Tuning Finishing Conditions to Retain High Dispersion |
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
The Extension of Strong Electrostatic Adsorption to Alumina and Carbon |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
Further Applications: Other Oxides, Bimetallics |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
|
|
190 | (5) |
|
|
|
190 | (2) |
|
|
|
192 | (3) |
|
Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering |
|
|
195 | (34) |
|
|
|
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Overview of Heterogeneous Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
Hydrogen Production and Cleaning: Catalysis and Reaction Engineering |
|
|
199 | (25) |
|
Conventional Processes and Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation and Their Limitations in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells Technology |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Preferential Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Fuel Cells and Primary Fuel Processing for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Catalytic Processes of Hydrogen Production for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell |
|
|
205 | (19) |
|
|
|
224 | (5) |
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
Structure and Reaction Control at Catalyst Surfaces |
|
|
229 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
229 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Catalysis by Coadsorbed Molecules |
|
|
231 | (13) |
|
Self-Assisted Dehydrogenation of Ethanol on an Nb/SiO2 Catalyst |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
Reactant-Promoted Water-Gas-Shift Reactions |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
Regulation of Selective Oxidation of Methanol on a Modified Mo(112) Surface |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Reaction Aspect of Methanol Oxidation |
|
|
236 | (4) |
|
Reaction Scheme of Methanol Oxidation in TPR |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
Reaction Kinetics of the Steady-State Methanol Oxidation |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Regulation of the Methanol Oxidation by Extra Oxygen Atoms |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Catalysis by Design of Active Structures |
|
|
244 | (4) |
|
Chemical Tuning of Active Sites |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
ReOx Clusters Produced in Situ |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
Design of Reaction Intermediate and Transition-State Analogue for a Target Reaction on Oxide Surfaces |
|
|
248 | (6) |
|
Reaction Regulation by Molecular Imprinting |
|
|
248 | (4) |
|
Design of a Reaction Intermediate on Catalyst Surface |
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
|
|
254 | (3) |
|
|
|
254 | (2) |
|
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
|
257 | (80) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
258 | (3) |
|
Basic Principles of Physical Chemistry of Dispersed Systems |
|
|
261 | (13) |
|
Gibbsian Classical Thermodynamic Theory |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
The Limits of the Classical Thermodynamic Theory |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Typical Mechanisms and Processes of Texture Genesis Derived from the Laws of Surface-Capillary Phenomena |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Fundamental Mechanisms of Texture Genesis |
|
|
267 | (2) |
|
Fundamental Processes of Texture Genesis |
|
|
269 | (5) |
|
Adsorption as a Primary Instrument for Texture Characterization |
|
|
274 | (6) |
|
Morpho-Independent Textural Parameters |
|
|
280 | (10) |
|
|
|
280 | (3) |
|
Experimental Techniques of Measurements of True, Apparent, and Bulk Density |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
The Properties of Porosity |
|
|
284 | (5) |
|
The Specific Surface Area |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
Morpho-Dependent Textural Parameters: Mean Sizes of Particles and Pores |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
General Problems of Porous Solids Texture Modeling |
|
|
293 | (8) |
|
Morphology of Porous Solids and Problems with Modeling |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Classification of Porous Systems and Texture Modeling |
|
|
294 | (5) |
|
Generalized Models and Systematic Sets of Models |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Modeling Particles and Pores in a Local Arrangement |
|
|
301 | (13) |
|
Voronoi--Delaunay Method for Description of Corpuscular and Sponge-Like Porous Solids |
|
|
301 | (5) |
|
|
|
306 | (5) |
|
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
Modeling the Ensembles (Clusters) of Particles and Pores on the Basis of a Fractal Approach |
|
|
314 | (6) |
|
Lateral and Statistical Models of Pores and Particles Arrangement |
|
|
320 | (7) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (2) |
|
The Stochastic and other Statistical Models of Long-Range Order |
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
|
|
327 | (10) |
|
|
|
328 | (7) |
|
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
Understanding Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms: Surface Science Studies of Heterogeneous Catalysts |
|
|
337 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
337 | (7) |
|
Studies of CO Hydrogenation on Single-Crystal Surfaces |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Effects of Poisons and Promoters on CO Methanation |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
CO Oxidation on Single-Crystal Surfaces |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
340 | (4) |
|
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
|
344 | (11) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
|
345 | (3) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Highly Defective TiOx Films |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Supported Metal Clusters (Au as an Example) |
|
|
349 | (6) |
|
|
|
355 | (13) |
|
|
|
355 | (8) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (5) |
|
|
|
368 | (5) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (4) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
High-Throughput Experimentation and Combinatorial Approaches in Catalysis |
|
|
373 | (54) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High-Throughput Experimentation and Combinatorial Catalysis --- Definition and Scope |
|
|
374 | (2) |
|
Experimental Planning and Data Handling |
|
|
376 | (4) |
|
Descriptor-Driven Approaches |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Approaches Based on Classical Statistical Designs |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Other Techniques for Finding Local Optima |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Stage I and Stage II Screening |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Analytical Techniques for Screening |
|
|
382 | (3) |
|
Synthetic Approaches for High-Throughput Experimentation and Combinatorial Chemistry |
|
|
385 | (5) |
|
Synthetic Approaches for Molecular Catalysts |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Synthetic Approaches for Solid-State Inorganic Catalysts |
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Combinatorial Synthetic Approaches for Solid-State Inorganic and Molecular Catalysts |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Testing of Catalysts in Gas-Phase Reactions |
|
|
390 | (21) |
|
Stage I Testing of Catalysts for Gas-Phase Reactions |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Reactant Distribution for Stage Screening Systems |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
|
|
398 | (3) |
|
Optimal Use of Stage I in Screening Programs |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Stage II Testing in Gas-Phase Applications |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
The Epoxidation of 1.3-Butadiene with Ag-Based Catalysts |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
Dynamic Experiments in Stage If Screening for Automotive Applications |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Refinery Catalysis Applications in High-Throughput Experimentation |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
Testing of Catalysts in Liquid--Liquid. Gas--Liquid, and Gas--Liquid--Solid Reactions |
|
|
411 | (9) |
|
Stage I Screening for Liquid-Phase Catalysis |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
Alternative Stage I Screening Concepts |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Stage II Screening for Liquid-Phase Catalysis |
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
|
420 | (7) |
|
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis |
|
|
427 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (16) |
|
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
|
435 | (3) |
|
Modified Titania Photocatalysts |
|
|
438 | (3) |
|
Mixed Oxide and Composites Containing Titania |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Noble Metal Deposited on Titania Surfaces |
|
|
441 | (2) |
|
Monoliths Containing Titania |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Other Oxide Semiconductors |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Calcium Hydroxyapatite Modified with Ti(IV) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Heterogeneous Fenton-Type Catalysts |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Combinatorial Approaches in Preparation and Testing Photocatalysts |
|
|
446 | (2) |
|
Example of Reactions under Photocatalytic Conditions |
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
Photoinduced Deposition of Various Metals onto Semiconductor |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
Photocatalysis Associated to Microwave Radiation |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Photocatalyst Deactivation |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (11) |
|
|
|
453 | (8) |
|
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
Liquid-Phase Oxidations Catalyzed by Polyoxometalates |
|
|
463 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
463 | (2) |
|
Homogeneous Catalysts with Polyoxometalate-Based Compounds |
|
|
465 | (9) |
|
Mixed-Addenda Polyoxometalates |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Transition-Metal-Substituted Polyoxometalates |
|
|
465 | (7) |
|
|
|
472 | (2) |
|
Lacunary Polyoxometalates |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Heterogeneous Catalysts with Polyoxometalate-Based Compounds |
|
|
474 | (11) |
|
Dispersion onto Inert Supports |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Formation of Insoluble Solid Ionic Materials |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Crosslinking of Copolymer with POM |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Intercalation into Anion-Exchange Materials |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
Immobilization on Surface-Modified Supports |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Conclusions and Future Opportunities |
|
|
485 | (8) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
487 | (5) |
|
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Asymmetric Catalysis by Heterogeneous Catalysts |
|
|
493 | (40) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
493 | (3) |
|
Principles of Stereodifferentiation and Asymmetric Catalysis |
|
|
496 | (3) |
|
|
|
499 | (3) |
|
Tartaric Acid-Modified Me/Support Hydrogenation Catalysts and Related Systems |
|
|
502 | (8) |
|
Catalyst Preparation Process |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Substrate and Hydrogenation Parameters |
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
Mechanistic Investigations and Hypotheses for Enantioselection |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
Chiral-Modified Platinum Hydrogenation Catalysts and Related Systems |
|
|
510 | (7) |
|
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Mechanistic Investigations |
|
|
512 | (5) |
|
Heterogeneized Homogeneous Catalysts |
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
Diastereoselective Catalysis |
|
|
519 | (4) |
|
|
|
523 | (10) |
|
|
|
523 | (8) |
|
|
|
531 | (2) |
| Index |
|
533 | |