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E-raamat: Sustainability: Fundamentals and Applications

Edited by (Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India), Edited by (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA), Edited by (University of Quebec, Canada), Edited by (Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, USA), Edited by (York University, Canada)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Mar-2020
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119433897
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Sustainability: Fundamentals and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Mar-2020
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119433897
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"The book provides both fundamentals as well as key concepts of sustainability. The objective is to bring together a broad range of topics including basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and socio-economic aspects of sustainability. In addition, the book also covers applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, carbon cycle, infrastructural aspects. The motivation is to convince the reader about the essentiality of sustainability in ensuring the propitious future of earth systems. The book consists of two parts: Part 1 covers the fundamentals, whereas Part 2 mainly focuses on different applied aspects of sustainability"--

A comprehensive resource to sustainability and its application to the environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security sectors

Sustainability fills a gap in the literature in order to provide an important guide to the fundamental knowledge and practical applications of sustainability in a wide variety of areas. The authors – noted experts who represent a number of sustainability fields – bring together in one comprehensive volume the broad range of topics including basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and the socio-economic aspects of sustainability. In addition, the book covers applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, as well as carbon cycle and infrastructural aspects.

Sustainability addresses the challenges the global community is facing due to population growth, depletion of non-renewable resources of energy, environmental degradation, poverty, excessive generation of wastes and more. Throughout the book the authors discuss the economics, ecological, social, technological and systems perspectives of sustainability. This important resource:

•    Explores the fundamentals as well as the key concepts of sustainability;

•    Covers basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and socio-economic aspects, applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, carbon cycle and infrastructural aspects;

•    Argues the essentiality of sustainability in ensuring the propitious future of earth systems; and  

•    Authored by experts from a range of various fields related to sustainability.

Written for researchers and scientists, students and academics, Sustainability: Fundamentals and Applications is a comprehensive book that covers the basic knowledge of the topic combined with practical applications.

Editor Biographies xxiii
List of Contributors
xxvii
Preface xxxiii
Part I Fundamentals and Framework
1(156)
1 Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development
3(18)
Prangya R. Rout
Akshaya K. Verma
Puspendu Bhunia
Rao Y. Surampalti
Tian C. Zhang
R.D. Tyagi
S.K. Brar
M.K. Goyal
1.1 Background and Definition
3(1)
1.2 Basic Concepts and Issues
4(3)
1.3 Evolution of Sustainability and Sustainable Development
7(1)
1.4 Challenges and Solutions
8(1)
1.5 Adaptation and Resilience
8(5)
1.6 Economic, Ecological, Social, Technological and Systems Perspectives
13(3)
1.6.1 Economic Aspect
13(1)
1.6.2 Ecological Aspect
13(1)
1.6.3 Social Aspect
13(1)
1.6.4 Technological Aspect
14(1)
1.6.5 Systems Aspect
14(1)
1.6.6 Integrated Aspect
14(2)
1.7 Conclusions
16(1)
References
17(4)
2 The Need, Role and Significance of Sustainability
21(22)
Anita Talan
A.N. Pathak
R.D. Tyagi
2.1 Introduction
21(1)
2.2 Three Pillars of Sustainability
21(6)
2.2.1 Economic Development
23(1)
2.2.2 Social Development
24(1)
2.2.3 Environmental Protection
25(2)
2.3 Primary Goals of Sustainability
27(7)
2.3.1 Growth Revival
28(1)
2.3.2 Quality of Growth
29(1)
2.3.3 Essential Needs for Basic Necessities
30(1)
2.3.4 Population Sustainability
30(1)
2.3.5 Conservation and Enhancement of Resources
31(1)
2.3.6 Sustainability of Science and Technology
32(2)
2.3.7 Merging Economics with Environment
34(1)
2.4 Significance of Sustainability
34(1)
2.5 Challenges Toward Sustainability
35(4)
2.5.1 Closing/Bridging Development Gap
36(1)
2.5.2 Forward Steps for the Global World
36(1)
2.5.3 Sustainable Toolkit for Companies
37(2)
2.6 Sustainable Future
39(1)
2.7 Conclusions
39(1)
References
40(3)
3 Sustainable Development: Dimensions, Intersections and Knowledge Platform
43(26)
Pritee Sharma
Kanak Singh
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Understanding Complex Systems
44(3)
3.2.1 The Limits to Growth
45(1)
3.2.2 Global Consumption
46(1)
3.2.3 Population and Environment: The IPAT Equation
46(1)
3.2.4 Notions of Strong and Weak Sustainability
47(1)
3.3 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Economic Dimension
47(6)
3.3.1 Neoclassical Thought
48(2)
3.3.2 Green Economics
50(2)
3.3.3 Resource Efficiency and Policy Pathways
52(1)
3.4 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Environmental Dimension
53(3)
3.4.1 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services
53(1)
3.4.2 Mapping of Ecosystem Services
54(1)
3.4.3 Ecosystem Services Assessment Frameworks and Tools
55(1)
3.4.4 Challenges in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
56(1)
3.5 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Social Dimension
56(2)
3.6 Mapping Social Development Through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
58(2)
3.6.1 Policy Imperatives for "Leaving No One Behind": Social Inclusion
58(1)
3.6.2 Barriers to Social Inclusion and Gender Equality
59(1)
3.7 Sustainable Development Indicators
60(1)
3.8 Exploring Knowledge Systems for Sustainability
61(4)
3.8.1 Multiple Evidence-Based Approach for Creation of Knowledge Systems
63(1)
3.8.2 Knowledge Systems for Sustainability in Future Scenarios
64(1)
3.9 Conclusion
65(1)
References
65(4)
4 Measurement of Sustainability
69(14)
Rajneesh Singh
Akash Kumar Gupta
Puspendu Bhunia
Rao Y. Surampalti
Tian C. Zhang
Pengzhi Lin
Yu Chen
4.1 Introduction
69(1)
4.2 Types and Choice of Indicators
70(2)
4.3 Framework of Lifecycle-Based Sustainability Metrics
72(1)
4.4 Technological Aspects of Supply Chain and Process Sustainability
73(1)
4.5 Sustainable Economy Indices
74(1)
4.5.1 Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare
74(1)
4.5.2 Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
75(1)
4.6 Environmental Indicator for Manufacturing Competitiveness
75(2)
4.6.1 Environmental Stewardship Indicators
76(1)
4.6.2 Economic Growth Indicators
76(1)
4.6.3 Social Wellbeing Indicators
76(1)
4.6.4 Technological Advancement Indicators
76(1)
4.6.5 Performance Management Indicators
76(1)
4.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Processes
77(2)
4.7.1 Assessment of Readiness
77(1)
4.7.2 Agreeing on Outcomes to Monitor and Evaluate
77(1)
4.7.3 Selecting Key Performance Indicators to Monitor Outcomes
77(1)
4.7.4 Baseline Data on Indicators -- Where Are We Today?
78(1)
4.7.5 Planning for Improvement -- Selecting Results Targets
78(1)
4.7.6 Monitoring for Results
78(1)
4.7.7 The Role of Evaluations
78(1)
4.7.8 Reporting Findings
78(1)
4.7.9 Using Findings
79(1)
4.7.10 Sustaining the Monitoring and Evaluation System Within the Organization
79(1)
4.8 Conclusion
79(1)
References
79(4)
5 Sustainable Impact Assessment
83(28)
L.R. Kumar
Anita Talan
R.D. Tyagi
5.1 Introduction
83(1)
5.2 Types of Impact Assessment (IA)
83(3)
5.2.1 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
83(1)
5.2.2 Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA)
84(2)
5.2.3 Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
86(1)
5.2.4 Risk Assessment (RA)
86(1)
5.3 Sustainable Impact Assessment (SIA)
86(3)
5.4 Advantages of Conducting Sustainable Impact Assessment
89(1)
5.5 Recent Evolution of Impact Assessment
90(1)
5.5.1 Integration of Different Impact Assessments for Meaningful Remarks and Conclusions
91(1)
5.6 Different Approaches of SIA
91(2)
5.6.1 EIA-Driven Integrated Assessment
91(1)
5.6.2 Objectives-Led Integrated Assessment
92(1)
5.6.3 New Conception of Sustainability Assessment
92(1)
5.7 Determining Criteria for Sustainability
93(1)
5.8 Procedure to Follow Impact Assessment
94(5)
5.8.1 Statement of Objective
95(1)
5.8.2 Possibilities for Achieving Objectives
96(1)
5.8.3 Proposed Actions and Alternatives
96(1)
5.8.4 Environmental Characterization Report
97(1)
5.8.5 Identification of Impact and Analysis of Magnitude and Importance of Impact
97(1)
5.8.6 Assessment of Impact
98(1)
5.8.7 Different Methodologies for Sustainable Impact Assessment
98(1)
5.9 ToSIA -- Software Tool for Sustainable Impact Assessment
99(4)
5.9.1 Modeling Forest Wood Chains
99(1)
5.9.2 Material Flow Calculations
100(1)
5.9.3 Sustainability Indicator Calculations
100(2)
5.9.4 Other Tools for Evaluating Sustainability
102(1)
5.10 Case Studies for Use of Sustainable Impact Assessment
103(3)
5.10.1 Sustainable Impact Assessment in International Trade Negotiations
103(1)
5.10.2 Watershed Program Case Study
104(2)
5.11 Conclusions
106(1)
References
107(4)
6 Analytical Tools and Methodologies to Evaluate Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations with Special Reference to Asia
111(18)
Gamini Herath
6.1 Introduction
111(1)
6.2 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations
112(1)
6.3 Planning and Decision Making Methodologies for the Sustainable Development Goals
112(1)
6.4 Tools to Tackle Interlinked Goals and Policy Incoherence
113(3)
6.4.1 Network Mapping Technique
113(1)
6.4.2 The Nexus Approach
114(1)
6.4.3 Scoring Approaches
114(1)
6.4.4 Stakeholders Forum Classification of Type and Nature of Sustainable Development Goal Interlinkages
115(1)
6.4.5 Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (iSDGs) Planning Model
116(1)
6.5 Carrying Capacity (CC)
116(1)
6.5.1 Social Carrying Capacity (SCC)
116(1)
6.5.2 Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC)
117(1)
6.6 Evalution Models Under Uncertainty
117(2)
6.6.1 The Precautionary Principle (PP)
117(2)
6.7 Adaptive Management
119(1)
6.8 Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
119(2)
6.8.1 The Analytic Hierarchy Process
119(2)
6.9 Multiattribute Utility Theory
121(3)
6.9.1 Applications of MAUT
121(1)
6.9.2 Multicriteria Decision Analysis and Valuation of Natural Resources
122(1)
6.9.3 Integrating Environmental Values with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
123(1)
6.9.4 Combined Models of Multicriteria Decision Analysis and Geographic Information System
123(1)
6.10 Conclusions
124(1)
References
124(5)
7 Resilience Engineering and Quantification for Sustainable Systems
129(28)
Anita Talan
Bhoomika Yadav
L.R. Kumar
R.D. Tyagi
7.1 Introduction
129(1)
7.2 Resilience and Sustainability: Definitions, Differences and Similarities
130(2)
7.2.1 Definitions
130(1)
1.2.2 Differences Between Sustainability and Resilience
131(1)
7.2.3 Similarities and Association Between Sustainability and Resilience
131(1)
7.3 Technical Purposes of Resilience Engineering
132(1)
7.4 Resilience Assessment Approaches
133(5)
7.4.1 Qualitative Assessment
134(1)
7.4.1.1 Intangible Bases
134(1)
7.4.1.2 Barriers
135(1)
7.4.1.3 Semi-quantitative Indices
136(1)
7.4.2 Quantitative Assessment
136(1)
7.4.2.1 Structure-Based Models
136(2)
7.4.2.2 General Measures
138(1)
7.5 Indicators for Quantifying Successful Resilience and Sustainability
138(2)
7.6 Some Resilient Systems and Associated Codes/Standards
140(4)
7.6.1 Infrastructures and Building Systems
142(1)
7.6.2 Transportation Systems
142(1)
7.6.3 Electrical Systems
143(1)
7.6.4 Water and Wastewater Systems
143(1)
7.6.5 Communication Systems
144(1)
1.1 Communal Resilience and Built Environment Sustainability
144(5)
7.7.1 Characteristics/Elements of Community Resilience
145(2)
1.1.2 Community Resilience as a Strategy for Disaster Readiness
147(1)
7.7.3 Integrating Communal Resilience and Environmental Sustainability
148(1)
7.8 Risk Analysis and Resilience
149(2)
7.9 Integration of Sustainability and Resilience
151(1)
7.9.1 Resilience as Part of Sustainability
151(1)
7.9.2 Sustainability as Part of Resilience
151(1)
7.10 Conclusions
152(2)
References
154(3)
Part II Dimensions and Different Aspects
157(282)
8 Economic Development and Sustainability
159(24)
L.R. Kumar
Anita Talan
R.D. Tyagi
8.1 Introduction
159(1)
8.2 Different Perspectives of Economic Development
159(1)
8.2.1 Micro-perspective
159(1)
8.2.2 Macro-Perspective
160(1)
8.3 Indicators for Economic Development
160(2)
8.3.1 National Output and Per Capita Income
160(1)
8.3.2 Unemployment
161(1)
8.3.3 Inflation and Deflation
161(1)
8.3.4 Gross Value Added (GVA) and Local Value Added (LVA)
162(1)
8.4 Economic Development for Sustainability
162(5)
8.4.1 Elements of Economic Sustainable Development
162(1)
8.4.1.1 Environmental Economics
162(1)
8.4.1.2 Energy
163(1)
8.4.1.3 Technology
163(1)
8.4.1.4 Transportation
164(1)
8.4.1.5 Corporate Field
164(1)
8.4.1.6 Income
165(1)
8.4.1.7 Architecture
165(1)
8.4.2 Economic Growth vs. Economic Development: Fundamental Difference
165(1)
8.4.3 Growth and Sustainability, Mutual Existence and Exclusive
166(1)
8.5 Economic Policies for Sustainable Development
167(3)
8.5.1 Bio-economy and Bio-based Economy
169(1)
8.5.2 Case Studies in Canada
169(1)
8.6 Economic Development and Environment
170(4)
8.6.1 Carbon Mitigation, Transfer and Energy Solutions
170(1)
8.6.1.1 Biological Carbon Mitigation (BCM)
171(1)
8.6.1.2 Terrestrial Carbon Sink
172(1)
8.6.1.3 Biochar
172(1)
8.6.1.4 Oceanic Nourishment
173(1)
8.6.1.5 Natural Oceanic Carbon Sink
173(1)
8.6.2 Climate Mitigation and Economics
173(1)
8.7 Economic Analysis of Sustainable Development
174(3)
8.7.1 Economic Tools for Evaluating Sustainable Development
174(2)
8.7.2 Profitability Indicators for Investing in a Sustainable Project
176(1)
8.8 Future Directions for Achieving Economic Sustainable Development
177(1)
8.8.1 Balance Between Energy Production and Consumption
177(1)
8.8.2 Role of Government
177(1)
8.8.3 Role of Society
178(1)
8.9 Conclusions
178(1)
References
179(4)
9 Social Dimensions of Sustainability
183(24)
Anita Tatan
R.D. Tyagi
Rao Y. Surampalli
9.1 Introduction
183(1)
9.2 Concepts and Definitions of Social Sustainability
184(1)
9.3 Social Sustainability
185(3)
9.3.1 Social Networks
186(1)
9.3.1.1 Contribution in Collective Groups
187(1)
9.3.2 The Corporate System
187(1)
9.3.3 Community Stability
188(1)
9.4 Dimensions of Social Sustainability
188(5)
9.4.1 Social Equity
188(2)
9.4.2 Diversity/Multiplicity
190(1)
9.4.3 Quality of Life
190(1)
9.4.4 Interdependent Social Cohesion
191(1)
9.4.5 Integrated Governance
192(1)
9.4.6 Maturity
193(1)
9.5 Gaps in Dimensions of Social Sustainability
193(2)
9.5.1 Development Versus Bridge Sustainability
194(1)
9.5.2 Development Versus Maintenance Sustainability
194(1)
9.5.3 Maintenance Versus Bridge Sustainability
195(1)
9.6 Research-based Policies and Federal Perspective Toward Social Sustainability
195(5)
9.6.1 Tanzania's Policy and Its Impact
196(1)
9.6.2 Binary Theory
196(1)
9.6.3 Macroeconomic Social Policies in Place
197(2)
9.6.4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
199(1)
9.7 Social Sustainability -- an Integrated Approach
200(2)
9.7.1 National Government
201(1)
9.7.2 State and Regional Government
201(1)
9.7.3 Local Government
202(1)
9.7.4 Communities and Non-Governmental Organizations
202(1)
9.8 Safety and Security
202(1)
9.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions
203(1)
References
204(3)
10 Social Engineering and Sustainability: Revisiting Popper's "Piecemeal Approach"
207(22)
Neeraj Mishra
10.1 Introduction
207(1)
10.2 Emergence of Sustainability on the Global Agenda
208(1)
10.3 Concept of Social Engineering
209(2)
10.4 Karl Popper's Description of Social Engineering
211(3)
10.4.1 Utopian Social Engineering
212(1)
10.4.2 Piecemeal Social Engineering
213(1)
10.5 Social Engineering as a Tool for Sustainable Development
214(3)
10.5.1 Eugenics, Social Engineering and Sustainability
216(1)
10.6 Promoting Sustainable Consumption and Bio-Politics of Sustainability
217(4)
10.6.1 (Bio)politics and Law as Tools of Social Engineering
218(2)
10.6.2 Reorienting Education and Engineering Studies
220(1)
10.7 Social Engineering, Sustainability and Industrial Production
221(3)
10.7.1 Cradle-to-Cradle (C2C) Efforts for Sustainability and Lifecycle Analysis
222(1)
10.7.2 Sustainable and Closed-Loop Supply Chain Management
222(2)
10.8 Conclusions
224(1)
References
225(4)
11 Environment Modeling for Sustainable Development
229(26)
Lalit Borana
Bhaskar Jyoti Deka
Jiaxin Quo
Alicia Kyoungjin An
11.1 Introduction
229(2)
11.1.1 Theoretical Background: Sustainability and Sustainable Development
229(1)
11.1.2 Historical Evolution of Sustainability
230(1)
11.2 Environmental Indicators in the Context of Sustainable Development
231(4)
11.2.1 Planetary Boundaries
232(2)
11.2.2 Lifecycle Assessment (LCA)
234(1)
11.2.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
234(1)
11.3 Overview of Sustainable Development
235(2)
11.4 Role of Sustainability in Environmental Development
237(4)
11.4.1 Sustainable Buildings
239(1)
11.4.2 Principles of Sustainable Buildings and Construction
240(1)
11.5 Case Studies: Sustainability Management
241(5)
11.5.1 Maintenance Planning Project for Residence and Commercial Buildings, Northern Sweden
241(2)
11.5.2 Renewable and Sustainable Approaches for Desalination
243(1)
11.5.3 Reduction in Food Waste in Korea by Smart Bin
244(2)
11.6 Modeling of Sustainability
246(3)
11.6.1 Basic Definitions
247(1)
11.6.2 Description of Environmental System
247(1)
11.6.3 Systems Modeling and Simulation for Sustainability Assessment
247(2)
11.6.4 System Dynamics for Sustainability Assessment: An Overview
249(1)
11.7 Modeling Tools for Sustainable Development Policies: Vision 2030 -- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
249(2)
11.8 Summary
251(1)
References
251(4)
12 Biodiversity and Sustainability
255(22)
Akshaya K. Verma
Prangya R. Rout
Eunseok Lee
Puspendu Bhunia
Jaeho Bae
Rao Y. Surampalli
Tian C. Zhang
Rajeshwar D. Tyagi
Pengzhi Lin
Yu Chen
12.1 Introduction
255(2)
12.2 Threats to Biodiversity
257(11)
12.2.1 Deforestation and Habitat Loss
257(1)
12.2.1.1 Deforestation
257(2)
12.2.1.2 Oceans and Fisheries
259(2)
12.2.1.3 Land and Soil Degradation
261(2)
12.2.2 Climate Change
263(1)
12.2.3 Overexploitation
264(1)
12.2.4 Invasive Species
265(1)
12.2.5 Environmental Pollution
266(2)
12.3 Role of Biodiversity in Sustainable Development
268(1)
12.4 Trends of Biodiversity
269(1)
12.5 Conclusions
270(1)
References
271(6)
13 Sustainability of Ecosystem Services (ESs)
277(18)
Carlos S. Osorio-Gonzalez
Niranjan Suralikerimath
Krishnamoorthy Hegde
Satinder K. Brar
13.1 Introduction
277(1)
13.2 Historical Evolution of Ecosystem Services Definition
278(2)
13.3 Framework for Assessing Ecosystem Services
280(1)
13.4 Utilization of Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Development
281(2)
13.5 Recent Advances in Mapping and Measuring Multiple Services
283(1)
13.6 Possible Approaches for Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services
284(3)
13.6.1 Tools and Frameworks for Decision Support
284(1)
13.6.2 Methods for Data Collection
285(1)
13.6.3 Statistical Approaches
286(1)
13.6.4 Linking Science to Policy
286(1)
13.6.5 Enhancing Interdisciplinary Research
287(1)
13.7 Challenge and Interlinkage Themes for Researchers
287(1)
13.8 Future Directions and Conclusions
288(1)
References
289(6)
14 Sustainable Infrastructure
295(18)
Gilbert Hinge
Rao Y. Surampalli
Manish Kumar Goyal
14.1 Infrastructure -- An Introduction
295(4)
14.1.1 Energy Sector
296(1)
14.1.2 Transportation Work
296(1)
14.1.3 Irrigation Work
296(1)
14.1.4 Sanitation Work
296(1)
14.1.5 Global Warming and Climate Change in a Globalized World
297(1)
14.1.6 Adapting Infrastructure to Climate Change
297(1)
14.1.7 Building Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
298(1)
14.2 Mitigation Policies
299(2)
14.2.1 Project Level
299(1)
14.2.2 National and Sector Level
300(1)
14.2.3 For Long-term and Forward-looking Projects
301(1)
14.3 Strategic Environmental Assessment
301(3)
14.3.1 Steps Involved in SEA
301(1)
14.3.2 Advantages of Strategic Environmental Assessment
302(2)
14.3.3 Limitations of Strategic Environmental Assessment
304(1)
14.4 Recycling Reuse and Reclamation
304(1)
14.5 Reverse Logistics
305(2)
14.5.1 Adaptive Reuse
305(1)
14.5.2 Criteria for Adaptive Reuse
306(1)
14.5.3 Examples of Adaptive Reuse
306(1)
14.6 Deconstruction
307(1)
14.6.1 Design for Deconstruction
307(1)
14.6.2 Design for Manufacture and Assembly
308(1)
14.7 Summary
308(1)
References
309(4)
15 Industrial Practices in Sustainability
313(26)
K.K. Brar
Dalila Larios Martinez
Mitra Naghdi
Satinder K. Brar
Bhupinder Singh Chadha
Preetinder Singh
Rao Y. Surampalli
15.1 Introduction
313(1)
15.2 Causes of Environmental Deterioration
314(1)
15.3 Effects of Environmental Degradation
315(3)
15.4 Human-Induced Eye-Opening Environmental Incidents
318(1)
15.5 Sustainable Development
319(1)
15.6 Benefits of Being a Sustainable Business
320(1)
15.7 How to Achieve Sustainable Development
321(1)
15.8 Commitment Toward the Environment
322(13)
15.8.1 Sustainability Development Goals
322(1)
15.8.2 Climate Protection
322(4)
15.8.3 Water Stewardship
326(1)
15.8.4 Sustainable Packaging and Recycling
327(3)
15.8.5 Sustainable Transportation
330(2)
15.8.6 Sustainable Sourcing
332(2)
15.8.7 Sustainable Building
334(1)
15.9 Future Action Needed
335(1)
References
336(3)
16 Challenges of Sustainability in Agricultural Management
339(18)
Jew Das
Srinidhi Jha
Manish Kumar Goyal
Rao Y. Surampalli
16.1 Introduction
339(2)
16.2 An Overview of Indian Agriculture
341(6)
16.3 Agricultural Sustainability: Environmental, Economic and Social Perspectives
347(1)
16.4 Challenges to Agricultural Sustainability
348(4)
16.4.1 Climate Change
348(1)
16.4.2 Population Dynamics
349(1)
16.4.3 Poor Technology and Lack of Knowledge
350(1)
16.4.4 Policy and Management Issues
350(1)
16.4.5 Fragmented Land Holding
351(1)
16.5 Road to Sustainable Agriculture: Possible Solutions
352(2)
16.6 Conclusions
354(1)
References
355(2)
17 Food Security and Sustainability
357(18)
Preetika Kuknur Pachapur
Vinayak Laxman Pachapur
Satinder K. Brar
Rosa Gatvez
Yann Le Bihan
Rao Y. Surampalli
17.1 Introduction
357(1)
17.2 Food Needs
358(1)
17.3 Population Growth
359(1)
17.4 Impact of Climate Change on Food Security
360(1)
17.5 International Case Studies
361(3)
17.6 Biofuels and Food Security
364(3)
17.7 Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus
367(1)
17.8 Genetically Modified Foods for Food Security
368(1)
17.9 Horizontal Gene Transfer for Food Security
369(1)
17.10 Future Plans for Food Security
369(2)
References
371(4)
18 Sustainable Healthcare Systems
375(22)
Carlos S. Osorio-Gonzalez
Krishnamoorthy Hegde
Satinder K. Brar
Antonio Avalos-Ramirez
Rao Y. Surampalli
18.1 Introduction
375(1)
18.2 Classification of Healthcare Systems
376(1)
18.3 Sustainability and Healthcare Systems
377(2)
18.4 Sustainability Challenges in Healthcare Systems
379(2)
18.4.1 Technology Demand
380(1)
18.4.2 Demographic Demand
380(1)
18.4.3 Workforce Capacity
380(1)
18.4.4 Quality
380(1)
18.4.5 Supply Chain
381(1)
18.5 Categories of Sustainability in Healthcare Systems
381(3)
18.5.1 Patient
382(1)
18.5.2 Provider
382(1)
18.5.3 Resources
382(1)
18.5.4 Environment
382(1)
18.5.5 Economic
382(1)
18.5.6 Quality
383(1)
18.6 Overview of Sustainable Healthcare Systems
384(6)
18.6.1 United States
384(1)
18.6.2 Canada
385(1)
18.6.3 United Kingdom
385(1)
18.6.4 Japan
386(1)
18.6.5 India
386(1)
18.6.6 Latin America
387(1)
18.6.7 Nigeria
387(1)
18.6.8 Other Countries
388(2)
18.7 Conclusion
390(1)
References
391(6)
19 Ethical Aspects of Sustainability
397(16)
Anita Tatan
Rajwinder Kaur
R.D. Tyagi
Tian C. Zhang
19.1 Introduction
397(1)
19.2 Juxtaposing Ethics, Morality and Sustainable Development
398(2)
19.3 Approaches to Ethics
400(2)
19.3.1 Utilitarian Approaches
401(1)
19.3.2 Deontological Approach
401(1)
19.4 The Neoliberal Era and Adaptation into the Sustainability Framework
402(3)
19.4.1 The Role of Government
403(1)
19.4.2 The Role of Individuals
403(1)
19.4.3 Impact Assessment
403(2)
19.5 Global Flora and Sustainability
405(1)
19.6 Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change: Ethical Perspective
405(4)
19.6.1 Fundamentals of Decision Making About Climate Change
406(1)
19.6.2 Climate Change Risks Abridged by Adaptation and Mitigation
407(1)
19.6.3 Adaptation Pathways Characteristics
408(1)
19.6.4 Mitigation Pathway Characteristics
408(1)
19.6.5 Interactions Among Adaptation, Mitigation and Sustainability
409(1)
19.7 Conclusions
409(1)
References
410(3)
20 Education and Human Resource Development for Sustainability
413(26)
Anita Talan
R. D. Tyagi
20.1 Introduction
413(1)
20.2 Education for Sustainability
413(3)
20.3 Objectives of Education for Sustainable Development
416(5)
20.3.1 Disaster Risk Reduction
417(1)
20.3.2 Climate Change Control
418(1)
20.3.3 Increase in Biodiversity
419(1)
20.3.4 Poverty Reduction
419(2)
20.3.5 Sustainable Consumption
421(1)
20.4 Potential Improvements via Education for Sustainable Development
421(3)
20.4.1 Envisioning
421(2)
20.4.2 Critical Thinking
423(1)
20.4.3 Systemic Thinking
424(1)
20.4.4 Building Partnerships/Collaborations
424(1)
20.5 Global Education and Global Actions of ESD
424(5)
20.5.1 Global Education
424(1)
20.5.1.1 Brain Drain
425(1)
20.5.1.2 Service Learning
426(1)
20.5.2 Global Action Programmes on ESD
426(1)
20.5.2.1 Agenda 21
427(1)
20.5.2.2 Global Citizenship Education
428(1)
20.5.2.3 UNESCO Prize
429(1)
20.6 Sustainability as Human Resource Development
429(3)
20.6.1 Eco-Modernism and Strategic HRD
430(1)
20.6.2 Critical HRD
431(1)
20.6.3 Holistic HRD
431(1)
20.7 HRD Indicators
432(1)
20.8 Change in HRD for Sustainability
433(1)
20.8.1 HR Environment
433(1)
20.8.2 Strategy Planning
433(1)
20.8.3 Training Materials
434(1)
20.8.4 Staff Development Programs
434(1)
20.9 HRD Resources for Sustainable Development
434(1)
20.10 Conclusion
435(1)
References
436(3)
Part III Applications
439(212)
21 Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Management of Water in India: Issues and Challenges
441(24)
Adani Azhoni
21.1 Introduction
441(2)
21.2 Climate Change Challenges to India's Water Management
443(1)
21.3 Adaptation Approaches
444(5)
21.3.1 Planned Adaptation and Autonomous Adaptation
444(1)
21.3.2 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Adaptation
445(1)
21.3.3 Direct and Indirect Adaptation
446(1)
21.3.4 Adaptation at Different Scales
447(1)
21.3.5 Multilevel Institutions and Interactions
448(1)
21.4 Water Management Institutions and Their Role in Adaptation
449(1)
21.5 Indian Water Institutions
450(2)
21.6 Recent Initiatives to Address Climate Change in India
452(1)
21.7 Adaptation for Sustainability: Two Examples
452(2)
21.7.1 Investing in Perennial and Larger Sources of Water in Himachal Pradesh
453(1)
21.7.2 Spring Water Rejuvenation in Sikkim
453(1)
21.8 Discussion and Conclusion
454(1)
References
455(10)
22 Sustainability of Carbon Storage and Sequestration
465(18)
Gilbert Hinge
Rao Y. Surampalli
Manish Kumar Goyal
22.1 Introduction
465(1)
22.2 Carbon Sources and Sinks
466(1)
22.3 Types of Carbon Sequestration
466(2)
22.3.1 Geological Sequestration
467(1)
22.3.2 Ocean Sequestration
467(1)
22.3.3 Terrestrial Sequestration
467(1)
22.4 Methods for Quantification of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks
468(7)
22.4.1 Direct Methods
469(1)
22.4.1.1 Analytical Measurement
469(2)
22.4.2 Indirect Methods
471(1)
22.4.2.1 Estimating SOC from Soil Reflectance Through Remote Sensing
471(1)
22.4.2.2 Carbon Modeling
472(3)
22.5 Adaptation and Mitigation Policy for Carbon Management
475(4)
22.5.1 Adaptation
475(1)
22.5.2 Mitigation
476(3)
22.6 Conclusions
479(1)
References
479(4)
23 Environmental Degradation and Sustainability
483(24)
Yong Qi
Puspendu Bhunia
Tian C. Zhang
F. Luo
Pengzhi Lin
Yu Chen
23.1 Introduction
483(1)
23.2 Desertification and Associated Sustainable Strategies
484(2)
23.2.1 Scope and Causes of Desertification
485(1)
23.2.2 Desertification and Sustainability
485(1)
23.2.3 Response to Desertification
486(1)
23.3 Environmental Pollution and Associated Impacts
486(5)
23.3.1 Air Pollution
487(1)
23.3.2 Water Pollution
488(1)
23.3.3 Land Pollution and Degradation
488(1)
23.3.3.1 Land Pollution
488(2)
23.3.3.2 Land Degradation
490(1)
23.4 Snow Ablation and Glacier Retreat
491(1)
23.4.1 Glacier Retreat and Climate Change
491(1)
23.4.2 Impact of Glacier Retreat
491(1)
23.5 Dams and Resettlement
492(2)
23.5.1 Negative Impacts of Dams
492(1)
23.5.2 Sustainability of Dams
493(1)
23.6 Strategies for Sustainable Development While Addressing Environmental Pollution and Degradation
494(7)
23.6.1 Laws/Regulation and Frameworks for Sustainability Decisions
494(2)
23.6.2 Strategies and Platforms for Holistic Planning/Solutions
496(2)
23.6.3 Addressing Cross-Cutting, Complex and Challenging Issues at Different Levels
498(2)
23.6.4 Engaging Publics and Stakeholders
500(1)
23.7 Future Trends
501(1)
23.8 Conclusions
502(1)
References
502(5)
24 Sustainability of River Water Resources Under the Influence of Climate Change
507(20)
Shivam Gupta
Manish Kumar Goyal
24.1 Introduction
507(1)
24.2 Effects of Global Warming on Observed Changes
508(2)
24.2.1 Observed Changes
508(1)
24.2.2 Projected Changes
509(1)
24.3 Water Stress -- the Supply Demand Balance
510(1)
24.3.1 Freshwater Availability and Demand in the Future
510(1)
24.3.2 Water for Hydropower and Irrigation
510(1)
24.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers and Mountainous Water Resources
511(1)
24.4.1 Climate Change and Glaciers
511(1)
24.4.2 Changes in Snowmelt Runoff
511(1)
24.4.3 Floods in Mountainous Region
512(1)
24.5 Sustainable Management of River Water Resources
512(1)
24.6 Case Studies
513(10)
24.6.1 Introduction
513(1)
24.6.2 Study Area
514(1)
24.6.3 Methodology
514(1)
24.6.4 Results and Discussion
515(1)
24.6.4.1 Change in Temperature and Precipitation
515(6)
24.6.4.2 Change in Water Demand
521(1)
24.6.4.3 Proposed Water Management Plan
521(2)
24.7 Conclusions
523(1)
References
523(4)
25 Sustainable Systems for Groundwater Resource Management
527(26)
Manish Kumar Goyal
Srinidhi Jha
Rao Y. Surampalli
25.1 Introduction
527(3)
25.2 Occurrence and Distribution
530(3)
25.3 Groundwater Usage in the World
533(3)
25.4 Two Main Challenges
536(3)
25.4.1 Quantity of Groundwater
536(1)
25.4.2 Quality of Groundwater
537(2)
25.5 Toward Groundwater Sustainability
539(3)
25.5.1 Conserving Groundwater for the Future
540(1)
25.5.2 Preserving Groundwater Quality
541(1)
25.5.3 Environmental Aspects of Groundwater Development
541(1)
25.6 Looking for Possible Solutions: Primary Solutions
542(4)
25.6.1 Role of Technology
543(1)
25.6.2 Transferring and Sharing Surface Water
543(1)
25.6.3 Groundwater Recharge
544(1)
25.6.4 Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water
545(1)
25.6.5 Improving Water Use Efficiencies
545(1)
25.7 Intuitional and Organizational Reforms: Secondary Solutions
546(2)
25.7.1 Utilizing Common Pool Resources
547(1)
25.7.2 Regulating the Use of Groundwater: Rules and Pricing
547(1)
25.7.3 Additional Measures
548(1)
25.8 Conclusions
548(1)
References
549(4)
26 Sustainability and Energy Management in Facilities for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
553(30)
Joseph Sebastian
Pratik Kumar
Krishnamoorthy Hegde
Satinder K. Brar
Mausam Verma
Rao Y. Surampalti
26.1 Introduction
553(1)
26.2 Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
554(3)
26.2.1 Indicators for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Recovery
555(1)
26.2.2 Multiple Indicators for Sustainability Evaluation
556(1)
26.3 Approaches for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
557(7)
26.3.1 Sustainable Wastewater Treatment Technologies
557(1)
26.3.1.1 Lagoons and Wetlands
558(1)
26.3.1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
558(1)
26.3.1.3 Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT)
558(1)
26.3.1.4 Hybrid Systems
559(1)
26.3.2 Valorization of Wastewater
559(5)
26.4 Sustainable Energy Derived from Wastewater
564(11)
26.4.1 Need and Potential of Anaerobic Digesters in Sustainable Treatment of Wastewater
565(4)
26.4.2 Bioelectricity Generation from Microbial Fuel Cells
569(4)
26.4.3 Sustainability Approach in WWTPs Related to Algal Biomass
573(2)
26.5 Conclusions
575(1)
References
576(7)
27 Energy Needs for Sustainable Buildings and Transportation
583(22)
Rehan Khan
Suchit Deshmukh
Ritunesh Kumar
27.1 Introduction
583(1)
27.2 Building and Energy
584(10)
27.2.1 Solar Energy for Buildings
584(1)
27.2.2 Solar Angle to Help Design Overhangs
584(1)
27.2.3 The Use of the Sun Path Chart
585(1)
27.2.4 Solar Radiation
586(1)
27.2.5 Importance of Building Orientation
586(1)
27.2.6 Passive Solar Heating
587(1)
27.2.6.1 Controlling Solar Gains with Better Windows
588(1)
27.2.6.2 Thermal Mass
588(1)
27.2.7 Climate Change and Buildings
589(1)
27.2.7.1 Green Buildings
589(1)
27.2.7.2 Advantages of Green Building
590(1)
27.2.7.3 Building Energy Ratings (BERs)
590(1)
27.2.8 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems
590(1)
27.2.9 Solar Collectors
591(1)
27.2.9.1 Flat-Plate Solar Collectors
591(1)
27.2.9.2 Evacuated-Tube Solar Collector
591(1)
27.2.10 Solar Heat Pump System
591(1)
27.2.11 Solar Domestic Water Heating
592(1)
27.2.12 Geothermal Heating Systems
592(2)
27.3 Energy for Transportation
594(8)
27.3.1 Biodiesel
596(3)
27.3.2 Ethanol
599(2)
27.3.3 Electric Vehicles
601(1)
27.4 Conclusions
602(1)
References
602(3)
28 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Sustainability
605(22)
Manish Kumar Goyal
Ashutosh Sharma
Rao Y. Surampalli
28.1 Introduction
605(4)
28.1.1 Remote Sensing
605(1)
28.1.2 Geographic Information System (GIS)
606(1)
28.1.3 Sustainability
607(1)
28.1.4 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Sustainability
608(1)
28.2 Remote Sensing for Earth Observation (EO) and Data Acquisition
609(3)
28.2.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Mapping
609(1)
28.2.2 Carbon Biomass and Vegetation Productivity Assessment
610(1)
28.2.3 Hydrology and Water Resource Management
610(1)
28.2.4 Agriculture and Food Security
611(1)
28.2.5 Disaster Management
611(1)
28.2.6 Oceans and Atmosphere
612(1)
28.3 Sustainable Resource Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS
612(1)
28.4 Case Study
613(6)
28.4.1 Introduction
613(1)
28.4.2 Study Area and Data
614(1)
28.4.2.1 Study Area
614(2)
28.4.2.2 Data
616(1)
28.4.3 Methods
616(1)
28.4.4 Results and Discussions
616(3)
28.4.5 Summary and Conclusions from Case Study
619(1)
28.5 Future Perspectives
619(1)
28.6 Conclusions
620(1)
References
620(7)
29 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sustainability
627(24)
S.K. Ram
R.D. Tyagi
29.1 Introduction
627(1)
29.2 Basic Elements of AI Implementation
628(1)
29.3 Concept of Computational Sustainability
629(2)
29.3.1 Data Acquisition
630(1)
29.3.2 Data Interpretation
630(1)
29.3.3 Model Fitting
630(1)
29.3.4 Solution Optimization
631(1)
29.3.5 Solution Execution
631(1)
29.4 Computational Sustainability and Ecological Preservation
631(1)
29.5 Potential Applications of AI in Various Sectors
632(6)
29.5.1 Healthcare
633(1)
29.5.2 Food Security and Agriculture
634(1)
29.5.3 Transportation
635(1)
29.5.4 Public Safety and Security
635(1)
29.5.5 Human Resources --- Employment and Workplace
636(1)
29.5.6 Education
637(1)
29.5.7 Home and Services
637(1)
29.6 AI for UN Sustainable Development Goals
638(1)
29.7 Challenges Associated with AI
638(3)
29.8 AI and Its Socio-Economic Impact
641(2)
29.9 AI for Developing Countries: A Case Study of Zimbabwe
643(2)
29.9.1 Food Security
643(1)
29.9.2 Poverty and Social Services
644(1)
29.9.3 Infrastructure and Utilities
644(1)
29.9.4 Tourism
644(1)
29.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects
645(1)
References
645(6)
Index 651
RAO Y. SURAMPALLI, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, Hon D.WRE, F.AAAS, Dist.M.ASCE, is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, USA.

TIAN C. ZHANG, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, D.WRE, F.ASCE, F.AAAS is Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.

MANISH KUMAR GOYAL, Ph.D. is presently working as an Associate Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India.

SATINDER K. BRAR, Ph.D. is Love Chair Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering, York University, Canada.

R. D. TYAGI, Ph.D. is Professor with Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (Eau, Terre, et Environment), University of Quebec, Canada.
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