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E-raamat: Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories: Planning, Design, and Operation

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Architecture, Sustainable Design

A comprehensive book on the sustainable design of research laboratories

Today's research laboratories are complex and difficult building types to design, and making them sustainable adds more obstacles. Written by members of the well-known firm KlingStubbins, under the guidance of its Directors of Laboratory Planning, Engineering, and Sustainability, Sustainable Design of Research Laboratories represents a multidisciplinary approach to addressing these challenges.

With the needs of architects, engineers, construction professionals, and facility owners in mind, this book provides a road map for sustainable planning, design, construction, and operations. The book is valuable both to experienced laboratory designers seeking guidance on sustainable strategies, as well as professionals versed in sustainable design who want insight into laboratory applications. With content rich in guidance on performance strategies, even the most technically oriented reader will find valuable lessons inside. This book:





Focuses on the links between best sustainable practices and the specific needs of research laboratories



Provides a number of case studies of the best contemporary sustainably designed labs, with a focus on architecture and engineering



Explores the challenges in applying rating systems, including LEED, to laboratory buildings



Examines unique considerations of sustainable approaches in leased and renovated laboratories



Includes contributions by experts on approaches to integrated design, site design, programming, and commissioning





This important book shows how theoretical ideas can be applied to real-life laboratory projects to create healthier and more efficient research environments.
Foreword xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(20)
Core Principles
1(12)
Site Impacts
2(1)
Resources
3(3)
Human Factors
6(7)
Metrics/Rating/Scorecards---Why use Them?
13(4)
Breeam
14(1)
Leed
14(1)
Labs21
15(1)
Ashrae Standard 189
16(1)
Focus on Energy and Carbon
17(1)
Laboratory Types
17(1)
Sustainability Categories
18(1)
Summary
19(1)
Key Concepts
19(1)
References
20(1)
Chapter 2 Integrated Design: Working Collaboratively to Achieve Sustainability
21(22)
Introduction to Integrated Design
21(1)
Planning an Integrated Design Process
22(2)
Assembling the Team
23(1)
Communicating Expectations
23(1)
Ongoing Interactions
24(1)
Traditional Sequential Design Versus Integrated Simultaneous Design
24(2)
Project Tasks in an Integrated Design Process
26(6)
Research/Evaluation
26(1)
Criteria/Loads
27(1)
Orientation and Massing
27(1)
Envelope Optimization
27(1)
Glazed Areas
28(1)
External Solar Controls
29(1)
High-Performance Glazing
30(1)
Double-Wall Facades
30(1)
Demand-Responsive Facades
31(1)
Dynamic Glazing
31(1)
Internal Loads
31(1)
Integrated Design and Building Information Modeling
32(10)
Conclusion
42(1)
Key Concepts
42(1)
Chapter 3 Programming: Laying the Groundwork for a Sustainable Project
43(30)
Introduction
43(1)
Macroprogramming
44(13)
The Program
44(2)
Laboratory Module and NSF/Scientist
46(3)
Building Organization
49(2)
Building and Floor Plate Efficiency
51(2)
Equipment Requirements
53(2)
Program Space for Sustainable Operations
55(1)
Reduce the Frequency and Scope of Renovations
55(2)
Microprogramming
57(13)
Temperature and Relative Humidity
63(1)
Air Changes
64(1)
Hours of Operation
64(1)
Redundancy
64(1)
Filtering
65(1)
Plumbing and Process Piping
65(1)
Power
65(1)
Lighting
66(1)
Exhaust Devices
66(2)
Code Classification
68(1)
Structural
69(1)
Equipment
69(1)
Conclusion
70(1)
Key Concepts
70(1)
References
70(3)
Chapter 4 Site Design: Connecting to Local and Regional Communities
73(28)
Introduction
73(1)
General Principals of Sustainable Site Design
74(5)
Choosing an Appropriate Site
75(1)
Site Assessment Study---Part 1
76(2)
Site Assessment Study---Part 2
78(1)
Designing a Project to Fit Sustainably on a Site
78(1)
Lab-Specific Site Design Considerations
79(1)
Stormwater Management Techniques
80(3)
Below Grade Stormwater Storage Chambers
80(1)
Pervious Pavements in Action
81(2)
Landscaping Considerations
83(16)
Conclusion
99(1)
Key Concepts
99(1)
References
100(1)
Chapter 5 Laboratory Performance: Simulation, Measurement, and Operation Characteristics
101(28)
Introduction
101(1)
Energy Modeling
102(10)
Laboratory Energy Estimation Basics
102(3)
Energy Modeling Protocols
105(4)
Energy Analytics
109(3)
Lifecycle Cost Analysis
112(2)
Metering for the Sustainable Laboratory Building
114(4)
Introduction to Metering
114(1)
What to Meter?
114(1)
Components of a Metering System
115(2)
Metering for the Multitenant Laboratory Building
117(1)
Metering in Federal Government Laboratories
117(1)
Advancing Metering
117(1)
The Laboratory Building DashBoard
118(3)
Measurement and Verification
121(4)
Introduction
121(1)
The M&V Plan
122(1)
M&V Analysis Approach
122(1)
Metering to Support M&V
123(1)
Comparison of Measured and Forecasted Loads
124(1)
Dealing with Uncertainty in M&V
124(1)
Preparation of the M&V Report
125(1)
Laboratory Building Commissioning
125(2)
Conclusion
127(1)
Key Concepts
128(1)
References
128(1)
Chapter 6 Engineering Systems: Reducing What Goes in and What Comes Out
129(72)
Introduction
129(1)
Mechanical and Electrical Demand Reduction
130(7)
Heating and Cooling Load Profiling
130(1)
Supply Airflow Required to Offset the Cooling Load
131(1)
Supply Air Required for Lab Dilution
132(1)
Supply Air Needed to Makeup Air to Exhaust Elements
133(1)
Lab Driver Characterization
133(1)
Perimeter Lab Calculation Example (Interior and Envelope Loads)
133(1)
Interior Lab Calculation Example (Internal Heat Gains Only)
133(1)
Reducing Airflow Demand in Load-Driven Labs
134(1)
Reducing Demand with Envelope Improvement
134(1)
Reducing Demand Caused by Equipment Heat Gain
134(1)
Reducing Demand in Hood-Driven Labs
135(2)
Reducing Demand in Air Change-Driven Labs
137(1)
Energy-Efficient Systems to Meet the Demand
137(36)
Variable Air Volume Operation
139(2)
Laboratory Air System Control Technology
141(7)
Air Distribution Efficiency
148(2)
Underfloor Air Distribution
150(1)
Chilled Beams
151(4)
Glycol Runaround Exhaust Air Energy Recovery
155(2)
Heat Pipe Exhaust Air Energy Recovery
157(1)
Exhaust Air Energy Recovery by Energy Wheels
158(1)
Comparison of Energy Recovery Technologies
159(2)
Low Pressure Drop Air Distribution
161(1)
Demand-Controlled Ventilation
162(1)
Increase Return Air from Labs
163(1)
Passive-Evaporative Downdraft Cooling
164(1)
Biowall
164(1)
Radiant Heating Systems
164(9)
Low-Energy Cooling and Heating
173(11)
Heat Pump Systems
173(4)
Chilled Water Distribution
177(1)
Ice Storage and Nonelectric Cooling Technologies
178(2)
Optimum Chiller Configuration
180(2)
Lake Source Cooling Water
182(1)
High-Efficiency Condensing Boilers
183(1)
Heat Recovery from Boilers
183(1)
Active Solar Heating and Cooling
183(1)
Refrigerant Selection
184(1)
Power Generation and Renewable Energy
184(5)
Photovoltaic Arrays
184(1)
Wind Turbines
185(1)
Biomass-Fueled Power Generation
185(1)
Landfill-Derived Methane-Fueled Generation
186(2)
Fuel Cells
188(1)
Co-Generation
188(1)
Carbon Neutral Laboratory Buildings
189(3)
Carbon Footprint Reduction
190(1)
Corporate Carbon Emission Initiatives
190(2)
Laboratory Water Conservation
192(6)
Laboratory Water Demand and Consumption
192(1)
Sustainable Water Systems
192(3)
Water Supply Concepts
195(1)
Waste System Concepts
196(1)
System Cleaning and Testing
197(1)
Conclusion
198(1)
Key Concepts
198(1)
References
198(3)
Chapter 7 Indoor Environment: The Health and Happiness of Building Occupants
201(44)
Introduction
201(1)
Learning From Corporate Workplace Trends
202(3)
Costs and Returns
205(2)
Indoor Air Quality
207(2)
Contaminants During Construction
207(1)
Contaminants from Material Offgassing
208(1)
Contaminants from Occupancy
208(1)
Chemical Safety/Chemical Dispensing
209(1)
Separation/Compartmentalization
209(1)
Limited Quantity Usage---Dispensing/Centralized Storage
209(1)
Thermal Comfort/Occupant Control
210(1)
Access to Exterior Environment/Daylight
211(8)
Daylighting in Buildings
212(1)
Daylighting Process
212(7)
Shaping the Building for Daylighting---Conclusions
219(1)
Lighting Design For Laboratories
219(23)
Luminaire and System Component Selection
221(1)
Integrated Approach to Lighting Design
221(1)
Lighting Levels
221(2)
Lamp Efficeency and Related Selection Considerations
223(3)
Lighting Design Strategies
226(4)
Design Impacts on Lighting
230(1)
Task Lighting
231(1)
Daylighting and Daylight harvesting
232(2)
Laboratory Lighting Controls
234(8)
Conclusion
242(1)
Key Concepts
242(1)
References
243(2)
Chapter 8 Materials: What is the Sustainable Lab Made of?
245(22)
Introduction: What Makes Materials Sustainable?
245(5)
Material Reuse/Refurblshment/Downcycling
247(1)
Recycled Content and Recyclability of Materials
247(2)
Harvesting Practices and Transportation
249(1)
Healthy Materials, VOCs, and Low Toxicity
249(1)
Sustainable Material Sources
249(1)
Certifications
250(1)
What is Different About Laboratory Materials?
251(8)
Casework
252(1)
Work Surfaces
252(2)
Material Selection Metrics
254(1)
Athena Institute
255(1)
Cradle to Cradle
255(1)
Living Building Challenge
256(1)
BRE Green Guide to Specifications
257(1)
Ashrae 189
258(1)
Material Classification
259(4)
Flooring
259(2)
Wall Finishes
261(1)
FRP and PVC Panels
261(1)
Reinforced Epoxy Wall Coatings
261(1)
High-Performance Coatings
261(1)
Wall Paint
261(1)
Casework
262(1)
Ceilings
262(1)
Conclusions
263(1)
Key Concepts
264(2)
References
266(1)
Chapter 9 Renovation and Leasing: Alternative Approaches to New Construction
267(20)
Introduction
267(1)
Converting Existing Buildings to Laboratory Use
268(5)
Benefits of Converting an Existing Building to Laboratory Use Compared to New Construction
268(1)
Conserving Embodied Energy and Reducing Waste
269(1)
Adaptive Reuse and Leed
270(1)
Characteristics of a Suitable Existing Building for Conversion to Laboratory Use
271(2)
Evaluation of an Existing Building for Conversion to Laboratory Use
273(1)
Case Study Examples
273(5)
Leasing Laboratory Space in Multitenant Buildings
278(3)
Sustainability Issues Unique to Multitenant Buildings
279(1)
The Landlord's Motivation
280(1)
The Tenant's Motivation
280(1)
Identifying Grants and Rebates
281(1)
The Leed Green Building Rating System
281(1)
Case Study Examples
281(4)
Renovating Previously Occupied Laboratory Space
285(1)
Conclusion
285(1)
Key Concepts
285(2)
Chapter 10 Conclusion
287(4)
Index 291
KlingStubbins is an internationally recognized architecture and design firm with more than sixty years of experience. Founded on values of design excellence, technological sophistication, and client service, KlingStubbins has designed high-performance research environments since its inception. With offices in Philadelphia, PA; Cambridge, MA; Raleigh, NC; San Francisco, CA; Washington, D.C., and Beijing, China the firm has designed sustainable projects throughout the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

Ellen Sisle, AIA, LEED AP, Director of Laboratory Planning, is leading the firm's laboratory planning and programming practice.

Paul Leonard, PE, LEED AP, Director of Engineering, has focused on high-performance design of many building types.

Jonathan A. Weiss, AIA, LEED AP, Director of Sustainability, is responsible for the firm's focus on green building.
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