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E-raamat: Sustainable Global Value Chains

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Value chains are a vital part of how our world operates, yet we are only beginning to understand how to make them sustainable. This volume addresses the crux of that challenge by presenting a broad array of options for understanding and managing the complexity of sustainability initiatives that affect, and are also influenced by value chains. Its chapters present diverse perspectives on both political and private sector governance, including governmental regulations and private standards, and embrace the emergent and critical value of innovative approaches to monitoring and evaluating progress. Finally, the volume offers a review of concrete examples for transformation and transition towards more sustainable value chains in selected sectors, including, amongst others, agriculture, forestry, mining, and tourism.

1 The Editors Review of Evidence and Perspectives on Sustainable Global Value Chains
1(18)
Daniele Giovannucci
Berthold Hansmann
Dmitry Palekhov
Michael Schmidt
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Political Trends
3(1)
1.3 Private Sector Initiatives
4(3)
1.4 How the Monitoring and Evaluation of Sustainability Has Evolved
7(3)
1.5 Outlook and Emerging Issues: Perspectives from Select Initiatives
10(3)
1.6 Conclusions
13(1)
References
13(6)
Part I New Trends in Sustainability Agenda: Political Arena
2 Rio+20 and Beyond: A New Era of Sustainable Development, Partnership and Interdependence
19(24)
Chantal Line Carpentier
Isabel Garza Rodriguez
2.1 The 2030 Agenda: A New Era of Development
19(2)
2.2 How Did the UN Develop Such an Ambitious Universal Agenda?
21(2)
2.3 Business as Usual Is Not an Option
23(2)
2.4 Implementing the SDGs
25(5)
2.5 Trade as an Enabler of Sustainable Development
30(1)
2.6 Implication for Global Value Chains
31(5)
2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
36(2)
Annex: Agenda 2030: Specific Targets for the Private and Financial Sector
38(2)
References
40(3)
3 The Grand Vision of G7 in Elmau: Quo Vadis, Sustainability?
43(20)
Katharina Serrano
3.1 Introduction
43(2)
3.2 A New Sustainability Tool: Global Value Chains
45(1)
3.3 Collective Sectoral Sustainability Governance: National and Global Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives (MSIs)
46(4)
3.4 Looking Back: G7 Approaches to Sustainability
50(2)
3.5 2015 G7 Summit in Germany: A New Approach to Sustainability
52(6)
3.6 Where to After Elmau?
58(1)
References
59(4)
4 From Stockholm to Paris: Four Decades of Sustainability in International Law
63(22)
Terence Onang Egute
Eike Albrecht
Kelvin Awanaya Egute
4.1 Introduction
63(2)
4.2 From Stockholm to New York: Sustainable Development in International Soft Law
65(4)
4.3 Sustainable Development in International Hard Law
69(7)
4.4 Sustainable Development in Decisions of International Disputes Settlement Bodies
76(4)
4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
80(1)
References
81(4)
5 European Union Policy for Sustainable Development
85(22)
Eva Leptien
Ganna Mochalova
Eike Albrecht
5.1 Introduction
85(2)
5.2 Sustainable Development in the European Union
87(12)
5.3 Contribution to Sustainable Global Value Chains
99(3)
5.4 Conclusions
102(1)
References
103(4)
6 Sustainability in Trade and Investment Agreements
107(16)
Evita Schmieg
6.1 Introduction
107(1)
6.2 The Demands of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals for Changes in Trade Policies
108(3)
6.3 Sustainability Issues in Free Trade Agreements
111(6)
6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
117(3)
References
120(3)
7 Capacity Building to Promote Sustainable Value Chains: The ValueLinks 2.0 Methodology
123(14)
Andreas Springer-Heinze
7.1 Introduction
123(1)
7.2 Significance of the Value Chain Concept for Sustainable Development
124(6)
7.3 ValueLinks 2.0: A Methodology for Sustainable Value Chain Development
130(2)
7.4 Sustainability Standards and Value Chain Development
132(1)
7.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
133(1)
References
134(3)
8 Towards Mandatory Sustainability: Recent Lessons from Germany
137(20)
Robert Atkinson
8.1 Introduction
137(1)
8.2 Clarification of Terms
138(1)
8.3 Non-Mandatory Sustainability: Potential Advantages of Implementation
139(4)
8.4 Legislative and Political Tools for Promoting Sustainability
143(7)
8.5 Outlook
150(2)
8.6 Conclusions
152(1)
References
153(4)
9 An Introduction to Sustainability in Australia's Energy Policies
157(22)
Aleksandar Damjanovski
9.1 Introduction
157(1)
9.2 Energy and Sustainability
158(5)
9.3 Policies Pursuing Sustainable Energy
163(10)
9.4 Key Learnings
173(1)
9.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
174(1)
References
175(4)
10 Governmentally Controlled Supply Chains in Areas Facing Food Security Challenges: The Case of Baladi Bread Supply Chain in Egypt and the Policy Transition After the 2011 Uprising
179(14)
Sarkis Nehme
10.1 Introduction
179(1)
10.2 Policy Backgrounds of Food Security and Food Sustainability
180(2)
10.3 Food Security in the MENA Region and the Importance of Bread Supply Chain
182(1)
10.4 Food Security in Egypt and the Role of Wheat
183(1)
10.5 The Supply Chain of Subsidised Baladi Bread
184(2)
10.6 Challenges Facing the Security of Baladi Bread Supply Chain
186(1)
10.7 Governmental Policy and Interventions
187(2)
10.8 Lessons Learned
189(1)
10.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
190(1)
References
191(2)
11 Tools of Transformation: From Small Scale Progress to Structural Change
193(18)
Guuster Haar
Lucas Simons
11.1 Introduction
193(1)
11.2 Our Global Food System: The Limits to Change
194(1)
11.3 A Logical Outcome of an Unsustainable System
195(1)
11.4 Pyramids and Diamonds: The Shape of a Sector
196(4)
11.5 The Rules of the Game: What Forces Shape a Sector?
200(2)
11.6 The Sustainability of Standards
202(1)
11.7 Unlocking Progress with Six Key Elements
203(1)
11.8 Envisioning a Sustainable Future
204(2)
References
206(5)
Part II New Trends in Sustainability Agenda: Private Sector Initiatives
12 Sustainability Governance of Global Supply Chains: A Systematic Literature Review with Particular Reference to Private Regulation
211(16)
Marina Jentsch
Klaus Fischer
12.1 Introduction
211(1)
12.2 Research Design and Overview of Results
212(5)
12.3 Governance Instrument `Private Regulation'
217(5)
12.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
222(2)
References
224(3)
13 Chain of Custody and Transparency in Global Supply Chains
227(12)
Alexander Ellebrecht
13.1 Introduction
227(1)
13.2 Chain of Custody Models: Successful Traceability Via Adaptability
228(3)
13.3 Transparency: A Core Supply Chain Challenge
231(2)
13.4 Shared Ledger Technologies Drive Change: Private Federated Ledgers (PFL) and Blockchains
233(2)
13.5 How Does Transparency Affect Business: Example of Tony's Chocolonely
235(1)
13.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
236(1)
References
237(2)
14 Clarity in Diversity: How the Sustainability Standards Comparison Tool and the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative Provide Orientation
239(26)
Friederike Sorg
Jens Kahle
Niklas Wehner
Max Mangold
Silke Peters
14.1 Introduction
239(2)
14.2 Sustainability Standards Comparison Tool: Orientation in the Landscape of Social and Environmental Labels
241(11)
14.3 The Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative
252(9)
14.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
261(1)
References
262(3)
15 Future Role of Voluntary Sustainability Standards: Towards Generation 3.0?
265(24)
Mathieu Lamolle
Sandra Cabrera de Leicht
Regina Taimasova
Aimee Russillo
15.1 Introduction
265(2)
15.2 Voluntary Sustainability Standards: Evolution and Recent Trends
267(6)
15.3 What Has Been Achieved So Far by VSS?
273(2)
15.4 Traditional Models for Assurance: An Old Story?
275(3)
15.5 Industry Platforms: Leading the Way on Sectoral Transformation?
278(4)
15.6 Towards the Generation 3.0 of VSS
282(2)
15.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
284(1)
References
284(5)
Part III Monitoring and Evaluating Progress Towards Sustainability
16 Measuring Progress Towards Sustainability: A View of the Main Approaches to Evaluation
289(16)
Keith Child
16.1 Introduction
289(1)
16.2 Establishing the Evaluation Framework
290(2)
16.3 Using Programme Theory for Evaluation
292(1)
16.4 Navigating Different Types of Evaluation Approaches
293(1)
16.5 Rise of Experimental and Quasi Experimental Approaches
293(2)
16.6 Observational Approaches
295(4)
16.7 Limitations and the Need to Innovate
299(3)
16.8 Reducing Evaluation Costs
302(1)
16.9 Concluding Remarks
302(1)
References
303(2)
17 Transformational Change: The Challenge of a Brave New World
305(22)
Jyotsna Puri
17.1 Objective and Introduction
305(6)
17.2 What Are Organisations Doing?
311(1)
17.3 A Discussion of Agency Experiences
312(8)
17.4 Discussion
320(2)
17.5 Conclusions: Implications for Organisations
322(1)
References
323(4)
18 Impact Assessment of Commodity Standards: Pathways for Sustainability and Inclusiveness
327(20)
Ruerd Ruben
18.1 Introduction
327(2)
18.2 Impact of Commodity Standards in Value Chains: Objectives, Pathways and Interfaces
329(6)
18.3 Impact Assessment of Value Chain Performance
335(6)
18.4 Conclusions and Outlook: Beyond Impact
341(1)
References
342(5)
19 Performance Monitoring: An Agile New Tool for Facilitating Sustainability in Value Chains
347(14)
Jessica Mullan
Heather Esper
Daniele Giovannucci
19.1 Introduction
347(1)
19.2 Value and Purpose of Performance Monitoring (PM)
348(1)
19.3 The Tool and How It Works
349(6)
19.4 Case Studies
355(3)
19.5 PM Limitations
358(1)
19.6 Conclusion
358(1)
References
359(2)
20 Evaluating the Potential of a Green Economy in Tunisia: A System Dynamics Modelling Approach for the Solid Waste Management Sector
361(20)
Salma Halioui
Michelle Heese
Michael Schmidt
20.1 Introduction
361(1)
20.2 Green Economy: Concept, Principles and Philosophy
362(1)
20.3 Green Economy in the Tunisian Context
363(1)
20.4 Modelling the Green Economy
364(2)
20.5 The Thresholds 21 Modelling Approach in the Context of Greening the Solid Waste Sector in Tunisia
366(1)
20.6 Solid Waste Management as a Key Sector of the Green Economy in Tunisia
366(1)
20.7 Modelling the Solid Waste Sector in the Context of the Green Economy in Tunisia
367(7)
20.8 Conclusion
374(1)
References
375(6)
Part IV Sector Transformation Towards Sustainability: Selected Initiatives
21 Designing Progress Towards Sustainable Sectors: The Four Phases of Market Transformation
381(16)
Guuster Haar
Lucas Simons
21.1 Introduction: Structural Change in our Food System
381(1)
21.2 The Four Phases of Sustainability
382(4)
21.3 Sustainable Evolution: Mapping the Transitions from One Phase to the Next
386(8)
21.4 Looking Beyond the S-Curve
394(1)
21.5 Conclusion
395(1)
References
395(2)
22 What's Next for Transforming the Palm Oil Sector: More of the Same or Better Embedded?
397(20)
Johan Verburg
22.1 Introduction: "Welcome to the Hotel California"
397(1)
22.2 What Makes Palm Oil Problematic and for Whom?
398(2)
22.3 From Crisis Towards Structural Change
400(3)
22.4 Strengths and Weaknesses of Palm Oil Market Transformations So Far
403(7)
22.5 Where Transformation Should Go for Palm Oil Communities
410(3)
22.6 Call to Action
413(1)
References
414(3)
23 The Global Coffee Platform: An Innovative Approach to the Coffee Sector Transformation
417(18)
Friederike Martin
Lars Kahnert
Annette Pensel
Jishoy Vithayathil
23.1 Introduction
417(1)
23.2 The Coffee Market
418(3)
23.3 The Establishment of the Multi-Stakeholder Platform: 4C Association
421(2)
23.4 Sector Transformation
423(8)
23.5 Conclusion
431(1)
References
431(4)
24 Cocoa Certification in West Africa: The Need for Change
435(28)
Enrique Uribe-Leitz
Francois Ruf
24.1 Introduction
435(1)
24.2 Cocoa Certification Schemes
436(2)
24.3 Challenging Certification Criteria
438(18)
24.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
456(2)
References
458(5)
25 Sustainability in the Banana Sector: Development and Success Factors of the German Action Alliance for Sustainable Bananas
463(18)
Alexandra Kessler
Christoph Hermann
25.1 Introduction
463(1)
25.2 The Global Banana Sector
464(4)
25.3 Existing Initiatives
468(3)
25.4 Multi-Stakeholder-Approach of the Action Alliance for Sustainable Bananas
471(6)
25.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
477(1)
References
477(4)
26 Forest Stewardship Council: Transforming the Global Forestry Sector
481(18)
Amparo Arellano Gil
Thomas Colonna
John Hontelez
Marion Karmann
Anakarina Porez Oropeza
26.1 Introduction
481(1)
26.2 Introduction to FSC Certification
481(5)
26.3 Case Studies from Portugal as Examples of Sector Transformation
486(7)
26.4 Outlook
493(2)
References
495(4)
27 Recent Experiences from the Natural Rubber Industry and Its Movement Towards Sustainability
499(22)
Edward Millard
27.1 Introduction
499(1)
27.2 The Natural Rubber Industry
500(6)
27.3 Social and Environmental Issues
506(5)
27.4 Movement Towards Sector Transformation
511(6)
27.5 Conclusion
517(1)
References
518(3)
28 Responsible Mining: Challenges, Perspectives and Approaches
521(24)
Dmitry Palekhov
Ludmila Palekhova
28.1 Introduction
521(2)
28.2 Understanding the Concept of Responsible Mining
523(5)
28.3 Overview of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
528(8)
28.4 Prospects for the Implementation of the IRMA Standard in Countries with Economies in Transition
536(2)
28.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
538(2)
References
540(5)
29 Responsible Gold Mining at the Artisanal and Small-Scale Level: A Case Study of Ghana
545(20)
Kenneth Bedu-Addo
Dmitry Palekhov
David J. Smyth
Michael Schmidt
29.1 Introduction
545(2)
29.2 Historical Perspective and Current Challenges of Ghana's Mining Industry
547(1)
29.3 Voluntary Standards for Responsible Gold Mining
548(2)
29.4 The AKOBEN Programme as an Initiative Towards Transforming the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Sector in Ghana
550(2)
29.5 Impact Analysis of the Fairtrade Gold Standard Programme in Ghana
552(6)
29.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
558(1)
References
559(6)
30 Industry Initiatives Towards Environmental Sustainability in the Automobile Value Chains
565(20)
Pia Dewitz
30.1 Introduction
565(2)
30.2 Environmental Issues Along Global Supply Chains
567(1)
30.3 Major Industrial Environmental Initiatives
568(7)
30.4 Comparison of Initiatives and Discussion of Drivers
575(3)
30.5 Potential for Value Chain Transformation
578(2)
30.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
580(1)
References
581(4)
31 Tourism and Sustainability: Transforming Global Value Chains to Networks
585(14)
Keith Bosak
Stephen F. McCool
31.1 Introduction
585(1)
31.2 The Tourism System: Not a Chain But a Multi-Dimensional Network
586(5)
31.3 Systems Thinking in Sustainable Tourism
591(2)
31.4 Looking to the Future
593(1)
References
594(5)
Part V Outlook and Emerging Issues
32 localg.a.p.: International Know-How Applied at Regional Level.
599(22)
Enrique Uribe-Leitz
Elme Coetzer-Boersma
Christi Venter
32.1 Introduction
599(2)
32.2 Background on GLOBALG.A.P
601(3)
32.3 localg.a.p
604(2)
32.4 Principles of a localg.a.p. Programme
606(8)
32.5 Once localg.a.p. Is Implemented, What Is Next?
614(1)
32.6 Case Study: Freshmark localg.a.p., South Africa
614(2)
32.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
616(2)
References
618(3)
33 Cui bono: Who Stands to Gain? Certification for Smallholder Tree-Farmers in Southeast Asia
621(18)
Aidan C. Flanagan
Peter R. Stevens
Stephen J. Midgley
33.1 Introduction
621(2)
33.2 The Main Issues with Certification
623(4)
33.3 Benefits, Costs and Risks of Certification for Smallholder Tree-Farmers
627(5)
33.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
632(3)
References
635(4)
34 Group Certification: Market Access for Smallholder Agriculture.
639(18)
Mildred Steidle
Gerald A. Herrmann
34.1 Introduction
639(1)
34.2 Background and Dissemination
640(2)
34.3 Terminologies and Interrelations
642(4)
34.4 Emergence and History
646(2)
34.5 Common Criteria and Implementation
648(3)
34.6 Observations and Challenges
651(1)
34.7 Addressing Concerns and Challenges
652(1)
34.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
653(2)
Annex: Picture Credits for Figs. 34.1 and 34.2
654(1)
References
655(2)
35 Towards a Living Income Within Agricultural Value Chains
657(16)
Sophie Grunze
Kristin Komives
Don Seville
Stephanie Daniels
Eberhard Krain
35.1 Introduction
657(1)
35.2 Towards a Living Income Benchmark
658(3)
35.3 Making Use of the Living Income Concept
661(7)
35.4 What Challenges Remain?
668(1)
35.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
669(1)
References
669(4)
36 Potential for Joint Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate Deforestation from Global Supply Chains
673(16)
Franziska Rau
36.1 Introduction
673(1)
36.2 Drivers of Deforestation and International Trade
674(1)
36.3 International Initiatives to Eliminate Deforestation from Global Supply Chains
675(5)
36.4 Chances and Challenges for the Implementation
680(1)
36.5 Potential for Joint Public and Private Initiatives to Combat Deforestation
681(4)
36.6 Conclusions and Recommendations
685(1)
References
686(3)
37 Planned Obsolescence: A Case Under Torts Law as Intentional Damage Contrary to Public Policy (Art. 826 German Civil Code).
689(20)
Eike Albrecht
37.1 Introduction
689(2)
37.2 Obsolescence
691(3)
37.3 Short Overview on Law Related Activities Against Obsolescence and for the Increase of Resource Efficiency of Products
694(4)
37.4 Damage Claims in Cases of Planned Obsolescence
698(6)
37.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
704(1)
References
705(4)
38 A Paradigm Shift in University Education Towards Sustainable Development
709
Dmitry Palekhov
Ludmila Palekhova
Michael Schmidt
Berthold Hansmann
38.1 Introduction
709(2)
38.2 Historical Evolution of Higher Education for Sustainable Development
711(5)
38.3 Challenges Relating to Education for Sustainable Development in Ukrainian Technical Universities
716(7)
38.4 Conclusions and Recommendations: Leadership Strategy for Sustainability
723(2)
References
725
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