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E-raamat: Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering

(Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan), (Concordia University, Quebec, Canada), (McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
  • Formaat: 562 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Sep-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040073612
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Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 562 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 25-Sep-2014
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781040073612
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Preface to the Second Edition Much has happened in the past 7 years since publication of the first edition of this book (Geoenvironmental Sustainability). Since that time, the combination of population growth and increased exploitation of both renewableand nonrenewable natural resources have added increased stresses on the quality and health of the geoenvironment. This is especially true when viewed in the context of the growing demand for food and shelter, and particularly for energy and mineral resources and their resultant effects on the natural capital of the geoenvironment. There is considerable need for governments, stakeholders, and geoenvironmental scientists and engineers to develop and implement measures needed to manage the natural capital and resources of the geoenvironment to ensure that future generations of humankind are not compromised because of the lack of availability of geoenvironmental resources. As we have pointed out in the preface for the first edition of this book, continued harvesting or exploitation of the nonrenewable geoenvironmental natural resources means that we will never be able to achieve geoenvironment sustainability. We recognize this and acknowledge that the means and measures to diminish the depletion rate of the nonrenewable resources (conservation?) lie with industry. That being said, it is the renewable natural resources and the natural capital of the geoenvironment that need to be managed to ensure their sustainability. This means the development and implementation of technology and practices that seek to protect the quality and health of the natural resources and capital in the face of chemical, mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, and biogeochemical stressors originating from natural and anthropogenic sources-- Yong, Mulligan, and Fukue present readers with a comprehensive exploration of the technologies that surround geoenvironmental engineering from the prespective of sustainability. The text is organized in thirteen sections devoted to such subjects as geoenvironment management and sustainability, stressors and sol contamination, sustainable water management, industrial ecology and the geoenvironment, stressors and impact management in natural resource extraction, agricultural stressors on the geoenvironment, urbanization and the geoenvironment, and several others. Enhanced features of this second edition include new tools and remediation technologies, approaches and techniques for reaching geoenvironmental sustainability, and a developed examination of in situ and ex situ treatment technologies. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com) In the seven years since the publication of the first edition of Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering, the combination of population growth and increased exploitation of renewable and non-renewable natural resources has added increased stresses on the quality and health of the geoenvironment. This is especially true when viewed in the context of the growing demand for food and shelter, energy and mineral resources, and their resultant effects on the natural capital of the geoenvironment. Completely revised and updated, this second edition of a bestseller introduces and discusses the concept of stressors and their impacts on the geoenvironment.See What’s New in the Second Edition:Clear definition of the geoenvironmentNew tools and remediation technologies, new management methods for geohazards, and enhanced coverage of social and economic sustainabilityInnovative approaches and techniques for reaching geoenvironmental sustainabilityMore detail on treatment technologies, both in situ and ex situ Discussion on the mitigation of geodisasters Additional sections to discuss sustainability assessment protocolsUpdated information on models for prediction of contaminant behaviorThe authors explore the technologies that take into account targets, exposure routes (if applicable), future land use, acceptable risks, legislation, and resultant emissions/discharges in establishing the criteria and tools for evaluating technologies and protocols for environmental management of the impacted land. They then discuss how to choose the correct ones to use in different situations to protect the quality and health of natural resource and capital of the geoenvironment and ensure that these geoenvironmental natural resources and capital remain available for future generations and to develop innovative and sustainable techniques to make land more stable and safer.
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xxi
Authors xxiii
1 Geoenvironment Management and Sustainability 1(30)
1.1 Introduction
1(3)
1.1.1 Impacts on the Geoenvironment
2(1)
1.1.2 Geoenvironment Impacts from Natural Events and Disasters
3(1)
1.1.3 Anthropogenic Forces and Impacts on Geoenvironment
3(1)
1.2 Geoenvironment, Ecosystems, and Resources
4(2)
1.2.1 Ecozones and Ecosystems
5(1)
1.2.2 Natural Resources and Biodiversity in the Geoenvironment
6(1)
1.3 Geoenvironment Sustainability
6(12)
1.3.1 Geoenvironment as a Natural Resource Base
7(2)
1.3.2 Impacts on the Geoenvironment
9(4)
1.3.2.1 Impacts due to Population Growth
9(2)
1.3.2.2 Impacts from Natural Resource Exploitation
11(2)
1.3.3 Stressors and Sources
13(5)
1.3.3.1 Natural Stressor Sources and Stressors
15(1)
1.3.3.2 Anthropogenic Stressor Sources and Stressors
15(3)
1.4 Geoenvironment Impacts on Soil and Water Resources
18(6)
1.4.1 Impacts on Land Mass and Soil
19(1)
1.4.1.1 Soil Functionality and Indicators
19(1)
1.4.2 Impacts on Water and Water Resources
20(4)
1.5 Sustainability
24(3)
1.5.1 Renewable and Nonrenewable Geoenvironment Natural Resources
25(1)
1.5.2 4Rs and Beyond
26(1)
1.6 Concluding Remarks
27(2)
References
29(2)
2 Stressors and Soil Contamination 31(42)
2.1 Introduction
31(1)
2.2 Stressors and Impacts
31(6)
2.2.1 Stressor Impacts on Soils
32(3)
2.2.1.1 Hydraulic
32(1)
2.2.1.2 Mechanical
33(1)
2.2.1.3 Thermal
33(1)
2.2.1.4 Chemical
34(1)
2.2.1.5 Geochemical
34(1)
2.2.1.6 Biologically Mediated
34(1)
2.2.2 Soil Contamination from Chemical Stressors
35(2)
2.3 Contamination and Geoenvironmental Impacts
37(8)
2.3.1 Reference Frame
38(1)
2.3.2 Characterization of Geoenvironmental Impacts
39(2)
2.3.3 Identifying and Assessing for Impact on the Geoenvironment
41(2)
2.3.3.1 Stressor Sources
41(1)
2.3.3.2 Nature of Impacts
41(2)
2.3.4 Man-Made and Natural Combinations
43(2)
2.4 Wastes, Contaminants, and Threats
45(7)
2.4.1 Inorganic Contaminants
46(4)
2.4.1.1 Arsenic (As)
46(1)
2.4.1.2 Cadmium (Cd)
47(1)
2.4.1.3 Chromium (Cr)
47(1)
2.4.1.4 Copper (Cu)
48(1)
2.4.1.5 Lead (Pb)
48(1)
2.4.1.6 Nickel (Ni)
49(1)
2.4.1.7 Zinc (Zn)
49(1)
2.4.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants
50(2)
2.4.2.1 Persistent Organic Chemical Pollutants
52(1)
2.5 Surface and Subsurface Soils
52(9)
2.5.1 Soil as a Resource Material
52(1)
2.5.2 Nature of Soils
53(3)
2.5.3 Soil Composition
56(1)
2.5.3.1 Primary Minerals
56(1)
2.5.3.2 Secondary Minerals
56(1)
2.5.3.3 Soil Organic Matter
56(1)
2.5.3.4 Oxides and Hydrous Oxides
56(1)
2.5.3.5 Carbonates and Sulfates
57(1)
2.5.4 Soil Properties Pertinent to Contaminant Transport and Fate
57(3)
2.5.4.1 Specific Surface Area and Cation Exchange Capacity
58(2)
2.5.5 Surface Properties
60(1)
2.6 Contaminant Transport and Land Contamination
61(6)
2.6.1 Mechanisms of Interaction of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Soil
61(2)
2.6.2 Chemically Reactive Groups of Organic Chemical Contaminants
63(2)
2.6.3 Partitioning of Contaminants and Partition Coefficients
65(2)
2.6.4 Predicting Contaminant Transport
67(1)
2.7 Geoenvironmental Land Management
67(2)
2.8 Concluding Remarks
69(1)
References
70(3)
3 Sustainable Water Management 73(36)
3.1 Introduction
73(1)
3.1.1 Geoenvironment Sustainable Water Management
73(1)
3.1.1.1 Water Availability and Quality
74(1)
3.2 Uses of Water and Its Importance
74(5)
3.2.1 Hydrological Cycle
75(2)
3.2.1.1 Human Interference on Infiltration and Runoff
76(1)
3.2.2 Harvesting of Groundwater
77(2)
3.2.2.1 Excessive Groundwater Abstraction and Land Subsidence
78(1)
3.2.2.2 Uses of Water
78(1)
3.3 Water Quality Characterization and Management
79(10)
3.3.1 Classes of Contaminants Characterizing Chemical Stressors
79(4)
3.3.2 Monitoring of Water Quality
83(6)
3.3.2.1 Remote Sensing
86(2)
3.3.2.2 Biomonitoring
88(1)
3.4 Sustainable Water Treatment and Management
89(15)
3.4.1 Techniques for Soil and Groundwater Treatment
90(11)
3.4.1.1 Isolation and Containment
90(1)
3.4.1.2 Extraction Treatment Techniques
91(2)
3.4.1.3 Electrokinetic Applications
93(1)
3.4.1.4 Natural Attenuation
93(2)
3.4.1.5 Biostimulation
95(1)
3.4.1.6 Bioaugmentation
95(1)
3.4.1.7 Enhanced Natural Attenuation
96(1)
3.4.1.8 In Situ Reactive Regions—Treatment Zones
96(1)
3.4.1.9 Permeable Reactive Barriers
97(2)
3.4.1.10 Ex Situ Processes
99(2)
3.4.2 Groundwater and Water Management
101(9)
3.4.2.1 Evaluation of the Sustainability of Remediation Alternatives
102(2)
3.5 Concluding Remarks
104(1)
References
105(4)
4 Industrial Ecology and the Geoenvironment 109(30)
4.1 Introduction
109(1)
4.2 Concept of Industrial Ecology
110(3)
4.2.1 Geoenvironmental Life Cycle Assessment
110(2)
4.2.2 Geoenvironment Impacts and Sustainability
112(1)
4.3 Upstream, Midstream, and Downstream Industries
113(2)
4.4 Mineral Mining and Processing Downstream Industries
115(7)
4.4.1 Metallurgical Industries
115(3)
4.4.1.1 Metal Fabrication and Processing
116(2)
4.4.2 Nonmetal Mineral Resources Processing
118(2)
4.4.3 Land Environment Impacts and Sustainability Indicators
120(2)
4.5 Agroprocessing Industries
122(5)
4.5.1 Leather Tanning Industry
124(1)
4.5.2 Pulp and Paper Industry
125(1)
4.5.3 Palm Oil Industries
126(1)
4.5.4 Land Environment Impact and Sustainability Indicators
127(1)
4.6 Petrochemical and Chemical Industries
127(2)
4.6.1 Petrochemical Industries
127(1)
4.6.2 Chemical Industries
128(1)
4.6.2.1 Stressors and Impacts on Geoenvironment
129(1)
4.6.3 Land Environment Impacts and Sustainability Indicators
129(1)
4.7 Service Industries
129(1)
4.7.1 Hospital Wastes and the Geoenvironment
130(1)
4.8 Energy Production and the Geoenvironment
130(3)
4.8.1 Fossil Fuel Energy Production
130(1)
4.8.1.1 Geoenvironment Stressors
131(1)
4.8.2 Nuclear Energy
131(2)
4.8.3 Alternative Energy Sources and the Geoenvironment
133(1)
4.9 Contaminating Discharges and Wastes
133(3)
4.9.1 Physicochemical Properties and Processes
135(5)
4.9.1.1 Solubility
135(1)
4.9.1.2 Partition Coefficients
135(1)
4.9.1.3 Vapor Pressure
136(1)
4.10 Concluding Remarks
136(2)
References
138(1)
5 Natural Resources Extraction: Stressors and Impact Management 139(38)
5.1 Introduction
139(1)
5.2 Stressors and Impacts
140(9)
5.2.1 Mining-Related Activities
140(1)
5.2.2 Biohydrometallurgical Processes
141(3)
5.2.3 Underground In Situ Hydrocarbon Extraction
144(1)
5.2.4 Sulfide Minerals and Acidic Leachates
145(3)
5.2.4.1 Acid Mine Drainage
145(2)
5.2.4.2 Arsenic Release
147(1)
5.2.5 Sustainability and Resource Exploitation
148(1)
5.3 Resource Extraction and Stressor Impacts
149(7)
5.3.1 Mining-Related Industries
150(5)
5.3.1.1 Pit Mining
150(1)
5.3.1.2 Discharges from Beneficiation and Processing: Stressor Sources
150(2)
5.3.1.3 Solid Waste Materials and Stressors
152(2)
5.3.1.4 Liquid Waste Streams, Discharge, and Stressors
154(1)
5.3.2 Underground In Situ Hydrocarbon Extraction
155(1)
5.3.2.1 Fluid Usage and Stressors
155(1)
5.4 Tailings Discharges
156(6)
5.4.1 Containment of Tailings
156(4)
5.4.2 Nature of Contained Slurry Tailings
160(2)
5.5 Geoenvironment Impacts and Management
162(10)
5.5.1 Geoenvironmental Inventory and Land Use
162(2)
5.5.2 Acid Mine Drainage Impact Mitigation
164(4)
5.5.2.1 Acid Mine Drainage Management
165(1)
5.5.2.2 Wetlands
166(1)
5.5.2.3 Biosorption
167(1)
5.5.3 Slurry Tailings Ponds Impact Management
168(4)
5.6 Concluding Remarks
172(1)
5.6.1 Mining Activities
172(1)
5.6.2 Contaminated Water Management
172(1)
5.6.3 Tailings Discharge and Mine Closure
173(1)
References
173(4)
6 Agricultural-Based Food Production Geoenvironment Stressors 177(42)
6.1 Introduction
177(2)
6.1.1 Food Production
177(1)
6.1.2 Geoenvironment Engineering: Sustainable Issues
178(1)
6.2 Land Use for Food Production
179(2)
6.3 Stressor Impacts on Water and Soil
181(7)
6.3.1 Water Utilization
181(1)
6.3.2 Soil and Water Quality Stressors
182(6)
6.3.2.1 Chemical Soil Nutrients
182(3)
6.3.2.2 Pesticides
185(3)
6.4 Food Production Stressor Impacts
188(3)
6.4.1 Impact on Health
189(1)
6.4.2 Impact on Biodiversity
189(2)
6.5 Managing Geoenvironment Stressor Impacts
191(11)
6.5.1 Examples of Practices to Reduce Stressor Impacts
191(4)
6.5.1.1 Soil Degradation
191(1)
6.5.1.2 Soil Erosion
192(1)
6.5.1.3 Integrated Crop Management
192(1)
6.5.1.4 Water Quality
193(1)
6.5.1.5 Source Control
194(1)
6.5.2 Impact of Soil Additives
195(2)
6.5.3 Mitigating Manure Treatment Stressors' Impacts
197(5)
6.5.3.1 Aerobic Composting
197(1)
6.5.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion
198(1)
6.5.3.3 Wetlands
199(1)
6.5.3.4 Integrated Manure Treatment
199(3)
6.6 Tools for Evaluation of Geoenviroment Impacts from Farming Stressor Sources
202(8)
6.6.1 Agricultural Sustainability
202(2)
6.6.2 Development of Analytical Tools
204(3)
6.6.3 Indicators of Agroecosystem Sustainability
207(3)
6.7 Concluding Remarks
210(1)
References
211(8)
7 Urbanization and the Geoenvironment 219(46)
7.1 Introduction
219(1)
7.2 Land Uses by Urbanization
220(1)
7.3 Impact of Urbanization on WEHAB
221(12)
7.3.1 Impact on Water
221(2)
7.3.2 Effect of Traffic and Energy Use
223(2)
7.3.3 Implications on Health
225(1)
7.3.4 Impact of Land Use
225(1)
7.3.5 Impact of Urban Waste Disposal
226(6)
7.3.6 Greenhouse Gases
232(1)
7.3.7 Impact on Ecosystem Biodiversity
232(1)
7.4 Impact Avoidance and Risk Minimization
233(13)
7.4.1 Waste Management
233(7)
7.4.1.1 Contamination Management and Prevention
233(2)
7.4.1.2 Waste Reduction
235(2)
7.4.1.3 Recycling
237(3)
7.4.2 Water Resources Management
240(1)
7.4.3 Reduction in Energy Usage, Ozone Depletion, and Greenhouse Gases
241(1)
7.4.4 Minimizing Impact on Biodiversity
242(1)
7.4.5 Altering Transportation
242(1)
7.4.6 Brownfield Redevelopment
242(2)
7.4.7 Sustainability Indicators for Urbanization
244(2)
7.5 Mitigation and Remediation of Impacts
246(14)
7.5.1 Mitigation of Impact of Wastes
246(8)
7.5.1.1 Fresh Kills Urban Dump, New York City, New York, USA
247(1)
7.5.1.2 Vertical Barriers and Containment
248(1)
7.5.1.3 Excavation
249(1)
7.5.1.4 Landfill Bioreactor
249(2)
7.5.1.5 Natural Attenuation
251(3)
7.5.2 Remediation of Urban Sites
254(11)
7.5.2.1 Case Study of a Sustainable Urban Area
259(1)
7.6 Concluding Remarks
260(1)
References
260(5)
8 Coastal Marine Environment Sustainability 265(42)
8.1 Introduction
265(1)
8.2 Coastal Marine Environment and Impacts
265(6)
8.2.1 Geosphere and Hydrosphere Coastal Marine Environment
265(1)
8.2.2 Sedimentation
266(1)
8.2.3 Eutrophication
266(1)
8.2.4 Food Chain and Biological Concentration
267(1)
8.2.5 Contamination of Sediments
268(4)
8.2.5.1 Some Case Studies of Sediment Contamination
269(1)
8.2.5.2 Sediment Quality Criteria
270(1)
8.3 London Convention and Protocol
271(1)
8.4 Quality of Marine Sediments
272(15)
8.4.1 Standards and Guidelines
273(1)
8.4.1.1 Guidelines
273(1)
8.4.1.2 Chemicals
273(1)
8.4.2 Background and Bioconcentration
273(3)
8.4.2.1 Background Concentration
273(3)
8.4.3 Sulfide and Its Effects on Marine Life
276(2)
8.4.3.1 Toxic Sulfide
276(2)
8.4.3.2 Guidelines for Sulfide for Surface Water and Sediments
278(1)
8.4.4 Connecting Problems of Geoenvironment and Bioenvironment
278(3)
8.4.5 Heavy Metals
281(5)
8.4.5.1 Profile of Heavy Metal Concentration
282(3)
8.4.5.2 Minamata Disease
285(1)
8.4.6 Organic Chemical Contaminants
286(1)
8.4.6.1 Organotins
286(1)
8.4.6.2 Chlorinated Organic Microcontaminants
286(1)
8.5 Rehabilitation of Coastal Marine Environment
287(10)
8.5.1 Removal of Contaminated Suspended Solids
291(2)
8.5.1.1 Confined Sea Areas
291(1)
8.5.1.2 Large Bodies of Water
292(1)
8.5.1.3 Continuous Removal of Suspended Solids
292(1)
8.5.2 Sand Capping
293(2)
8.5.3 Removal of Contaminated Sediments by Dredging
295(1)
8.5.3.1 Dredging
295(1)
8.5.3.2 Treatment of Dredged Sediments
295(1)
8.5.4 Removal of Contaminated Sediments by Resuspension
296(1)
8.6 Creation of a Natural Purification System
297(2)
8.6.1 Creation of Sand Beaches and Tidal Flats
297(1)
8.6.2 Creation of Seaweed Swards
297(2)
8.7 Sea Disposal of Waste
299(1)
8.8 Coastal Erosion
300(2)
8.9 Concluding Remarks
302(1)
References
303(4)
9 Contaminants and Land Environment Sustainability Indicators 307(46)
9.1 Introduction
307(1)
9.2 Indicators
308(6)
9.2.1 Nature of Indicators
308(3)
9.2.2 Contaminants and Geoenvironment Indicators
311(1)
9.2.3 Prescribing Indicators
311(3)
9.3 Assessment of Interaction Impacts
314(5)
9.3.1 Sustainability Concerns
314(1)
9.3.2 Surface Discharge: Hydrological Drainage, Spills, and Dumping
315(2)
9.3.3 Subsurface Discharges
317(2)
9.4 Contaminant Transport and Fate
319(9)
9.4.1 Analytical and Predictive Tools
319(3)
9.4.2 Basic Elements of Interactions between Dissolved Solutes and Soil Fractions
322(1)
9.4.3 Elements of Abiotic Reactions between Organic Chemicals and Soil Fractions
323(2)
9.4.4 Reactions in Porewater
325(3)
9.5 Surface Complexation and Partitioning
328(7)
9.5.1 Partitioning of Inorganic Contaminants
328(3)
9.5.2 Organic Chemical Contaminants
331(4)
9.6 Persistence and Fate
335(4)
9.6.1 Biotransformation and Degradation of Organic Chemicals and Heavy Metals
336(3)
9.6.1.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, and Cycloalkanes
338(1)
9.6.1.2 Polycyclic, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
338(1)
9.6.1.3 Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene
338(1)
9.6.1.4 Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether
338(1)
9.6.1.5 Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
339(1)
9.6.1.6 Heavy Metals
339(1)
9.7 Prediction of Transport and Fate of Contaminants
339(9)
9.7.1 Mass Transport
340(4)
9.7.2 Transport Prediction
344(2)
9.7.2.1 Chemical Reactions and Transport Predictions
345(1)
9.7.3 Geochemical Speciation and Transport Predictions
346(2)
9.8 Concluding Remarks
348(1)
References
349(4)
10 Geoenvironment Impact Mitigation and Management 353(50)
10.1 Introduction
353(1)
10.1.1 Geoenvironmental Impacts
353(1)
10.1.1.1 Types of Stressors
353(1)
10.1.1.2 Impact Mitigation and Management
353(1)
10.2 Site Functionality and Restoration
354(3)
10.2.1 Site Functionality
355(1)
10.2.1.1 Choice and Use of Attributes
355(1)
10.2.2 Site Restoration
356(1)
10.3 Stressor Impacts and Mitigation
357(3)
10.3.1 Geo-Disaster Mitigation and Protection
357(4)
10.3.1.1 Naturally Occurring Events
358(1)
10.3.1.2 Anthropogenic Actions
359(1)
10.4 Chemical Stressors: Contaminants
360(1)
10.5 Soils for Contaminant Impact Mitigation and Management
361(11)
10.5.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties
362(6)
10.5.1.1 Soil Microstructure Controls on Hydraulic Transmission
363(4)
10.5.1.2 Microstructure, Wetted Surfaces, and Transport Properties
367(1)
10.5.2 Chemical Properties
368(3)
10.5.2.1 Sorption
368(1)
10.5.2.2 Cation Exchange
368(1)
10.5.2.3 Solubility and Precipitation
369(2)
10.5.2.4 Speciation and Complexation
371(1)
10.5.3 Biological Properties
371(1)
10.5.3.1 Protozoa
371(1)
10.5.3.2 Fungi
371(1)
10.5.3.3 Algae
372(1)
10.5.3.4 Viruses
372(1)
10.5.3.5 Bacteria
372(1)
10.6 Natural Attenuation Capability of Soils
372(9)
10.6.1 Natural Attenuation by Dilution and Retention
374(2)
10.6.1.1 Dilution and Retention
374(2)
10.6.2 Biodegradation and Biotransformation
376(5)
10.6.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, and Cycloalkanes
377(1)
10.6.2.2 Gasoline Components BTEX and MTBE
378(1)
10.6.2.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
378(1)
10.6.2.4 Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
378(1)
10.6.2.5 Metals
379(1)
10.6.2.6 Oxidation—Reduction Reactions
380(1)
10.7 Natural Attenuation and Impact Management
381(7)
10.7.1 Enhancement of Natural Attenuation Capability
383(2)
10.7.1.1 Soil Buffering Capacity Manipulation
383(1)
10.7.1.2 Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation
384(1)
10.7.1.3 Biochemical and Biogeochemical Aids
384(1)
10.7.2 NA Treatment Zones for Impact Mitigation
385(3)
10.7.2.1 Permeable Reactive Barriers and NA
386(2)
10.8 Lines of Evidence
388(4)
10.8.1 Organic Chemical Compounds
389(1)
10.8.2 Metals
390(2)
10.9 Evidence of Success
392(2)
10.10 Engineered Mitigation—Control Systems
394(3)
10.10.1 Remediation as Control—Management
396(1)
10.11 Concluding Remarks
397(3)
References
400(3)
11 Remediation and Management of Contaminated Soil 403(38)
11.1 Introduction
403(1)
11.2 Physical Remediation Technologies
404(2)
11.2.1 Isolation
404(1)
11.2.2 Confined Disposal
405(1)
11.3 Extraction Processes
406(5)
11.3.1 Physical Separation
406(1)
11.3.2 Soil Vapor Extraction
406(1)
11.3.3 Fracturing
407(1)
11.3.4 Soil Flushing
408(1)
11.3.5 Soil Washing
409(2)
11.4 Chemical/Thermal Remediation
411(9)
11.4.1 Oxidation
411(1)
11.4.2 Nanoremediation
412(1)
11.4.3 Electrokinetic Remediation
413(1)
11.4.4 Solidification/Stabilization
414(2)
11.4.5 Vitrification
416(2)
11.4.6 Incineration
418(1)
11.4.7 Thermal Extraction
419(1)
11.5 Biological Remediation
420(8)
11.5.1 Slurry Reactors
420(1)
11.5.2 Landfarming
421(2)
11.5.3 Composting
423(1)
11.5.4 Bioleaching
424(1)
11.5.5 Bioconversion Processes
425(1)
11.5.6 Phytoremediation
425(1)
11.5.7 In Situ Bioremediation
426(1)
11.5.8 Bioventing
427(1)
11.6 Comparison between Treatment Technologies
428(9)
11.6.1 Treatment Technologies Overview
428(2)
11.6.2 Design of a Remediation Process
430(3)
11.6.3 Case Study Using a Sustainability Approach
433(8)
11.6.3.1 Case Study for a Benzene-Contaminated Site
434(3)
11.7 Concluding Remarks
437(1)
References
437(4)
12 Sustainable Ground Improvement Technique for Geo-Disaster Mitigation 441(22)
12.1 Introduction
441(1)
12.2 Soil Origin and Stability
441(3)
12.2.1 Soft Soils and Stability
443(1)
12.2.2 Soft Soil Engineering and Ground Improvement
443(1)
12.3 Carbonate Diagenesis: Carbonate as a Cementing Agent
444(7)
12.3.1 Definition of Carbonate Diagenesis
444(1)
12.3.2 Origin and Fate of Carbonates
444(2)
12.3.2.1 Sea Bottoms and Ocean Floors
444(1)
12.3.2.2 Coral Reef and Shells in Coastal Areas
445(1)
12.3.2.3 Microbially Induced Carbonates
445(1)
12.3.3 Formation of Sedimentary Rock due to Carbonate Diagenesis
446(2)
12.3.4 Formations of Carbonate Nodules and Sandstones
448(1)
12.3.5 Calcirudite
449(1)
12.3.6 Carbonate Diagenesis Summary
450(1)
12.3.6.1 The Case for Using Diagenetic Process in Ground Improvement
450(1)
12.4 Artificial Diagenesis
451(2)
12.4.1 Microbes
452(1)
12.4.2 Ureolytic Bacteria
452(1)
12.4.3 Chemical Reactions in Artificial Diagenesis
452(2)
12.4.3.1 Urease Activity
452(1)
12.4.3.2 Carbonate Precipitation
453(1)
12.5 Definition and Measurement of Carbonate Content
453(1)
12.6 Artificial Diagenesis for Geo-Disaster Mitigation
454(5)
12.6.1 Injection of Microbes and Reactive Solution
454(1)
12.6.2 Increased Strength due to Artificial Diagenesis
455(4)
12.6.2.1 Unconfined Compressive Strength
455(1)
12.6.2.2 Triaxial Compressive Strength
456(2)
12.6.2.3 Cone Penetration Resistance
458(1)
12.6.3 Concepts in Design
459(1)
12.7 Concluding Remarks
459(1)
References
460(3)
13 Sustainable Geoenvironmental Engineering Practice 463(44)
13.1 Introduction
463(1)
13.1.1 Undeniable Facts
463(1)
13.1.2 Geotechnical to Geoenvironmental Engineering Practice
464(1)
13.2 Unsustainable Actions and Events
464(4)
13.2.1 Accidents and Unplanned Events
465(1)
13.2.2 Wastes and Discharges
466(2)
13.3 Renewable Geoenvironment Natural Resources
468(7)
13.3.1 Sustainability of Renewable Nonliving Natural Resources
469(1)
13.3.2 Geoenvironmental Management of Soil and Water Resources
470(5)
13.3.2.1 Adverse Stressor Impacts
471(1)
13.3.2.2 Management for Sustainability Goals
472(2)
13.3.2.3 Protection of Soil and Water Resources
474(1)
13.4 Water and Soil Quality Indicators
475(4)
13.4.1 Quality and Index
475(4)
13.4.1.1 Example of SQI Development
476(2)
13.4.1.2 Water Quality Index WQI
478(1)
13.5 Sustainability Practice Examples
479(13)
13.5.1 Rehabilitation of Airport Land
479(2)
13.5.1.1 Sustainability Indicators: Observations and Comments
480(1)
13.5.2 Sustainable Mining Land Conversion
481(2)
13.5.2.1 Sustainability Indicators: Observations and Comments
483(1)
13.5.3 Agriculture Sustainability Study
483(2)
13.5.3.1 Sustainability Indicators: Observations and Comments
485(1)
13.5.4 Petroleum Oil Well Redevelopment
485(2)
13.5.4.1 Sustainability Indicators: Observations and Comments
487(1)
13.5.5 Mining and Geoenvironmental Sustainability
487(3)
13.5.5.1 Sustainability Indicators: Observations and Comments
490(1)
13.5.6 Organic Urban Waste Management in Europe
490(2)
13.5.7 Sediment Reuse: Orion Project, Port of New York and New Jersey
492(1)
13.6 A Case Study Scheme for Sustainable Geoenvironment Practice: Remediation of Cesium-Contaminated Surface Soils
492(9)
13.6.1 Introduction and Problem Setting
492(1)
13.6.2 Rehabilitation Schemes
493(1)
13.6.3 Segregation of Particles in Water
494(3)
13.6.4 Technological Images
497(4)
13.6.4.1 Demonstration Pilot Tests on Contaminated Sediments and Soils
497(3)
13.6.4.2 Full-Scale Application
500(1)
13.6.4.3 Assessment of Sustainable Practice Success
500(1)
13.7 Concluding Remarks: Sensible Practice for a Sustainable Geoenvironment
501(1)
References
502(5)
Index 507
Dr. Raymond N. Yong is the William Scott Professor Emeritus at McGill University, Canada, and Emeritus Professor at the University of Wales Cardiff (Cardiff University), UK. He has authored and co-authored eleven other textbooks, over five hundred refereed papers in the various journals in the disciplines of Geoenvironmental Engineering and Earth Science, and holds 52 patents. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society (Canada), and a Chevalier de lOrdre National du Québec. He and his students were amongst the early researchers in Geoenvironmental Engineering engaged in research on the physico-chemical properties and behaviour of soils, their use in buffer/barriers for HLW (high-level radioactive waste) and HSW (hazardous solid waste) containment and isolation, and restoration/remediation of contaminated sites. He and his colleagues are currently engaged in research on Geoenvironmental sustainability.

Dr. Catherine N. Mulligan holds a Concordia Research Chair in Geoenvironmental Sustainability (Tier I) and is Full Professor and Associate Dean, Research and Graduate Studies of the Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science of Concordia University, Canada. She has authored more than 80 refereed papers in various journals, authored, co-edited or co-authored five other books, holds three patents and has supervised to completion more than 40 graduate students. She is the Director of the new Concordia Institute of Water, Energy and Sustainable Systems. The new Institute trains students in sustainable development practices and performs research into new systems, technologies and solutions for environmental sustainability.

Dr. Masaharu Fukue is a Full Professor at Tokai University, Japan. He has studied and taught geoenvironmental engineering and geotechnical engineering for 36 years, since 1978, in Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University. He has co-authored two other textbooks, over one hundred refereed papers in various journals, and holds 6 patents. He has recently established the Japanese Geotechnical Association for Housing Disaster Prevention to apply the theory and practice of innovative microbial cementing process (one of his patented process). In addition, another of his Japanese patents (re-suspension technique for sediment rehabilitation) is currently being applied in Fukushima, Japan, in the aftermath of the March, 2011 East-Japan great earthquake and accompanying tsunami. Both projects demonstrate the interdependencies between geoenvironmental engineering and geotechnical engineering, and the need to apply sustainability principles in the practice of both disciplines.
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