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E-raamat: Sustainable Solid Waste Management: A Systems Engineering Approach

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"Systems engineering techniques such as optimization tools, simulation model, integrated modeling systems, management information systems, decision support tools, material flow analysis, and life cycle assessment have been developed, yet have not been applied to the waste management industry as practical tools. This book introduces how to apply systems engineering techniques not only by theory, but also through practical case studies. The target applications include urban, industrial, hazardous and non-hazardous waste, waste streams such as waste packaging, end-of-life vehicles, waste batteries, waste of electric and electronic equipment, waste lubricant oils, end of life tires and all waste streams demanding sustainable management via appropriate systems analysis to meet both managerial and technical goals"--

Chang and Pires present students, academics, researchers, and professionals working in a variety of contexts with a comprehensive examination of the use of systems analysis techniques toward the solving of solid waste management application problems. The authors have organized the twenty-four chapters that make up the main body of their text in five parts devoted to the fundamental background, the principles of systems engineering, industrial ecology and integrated solid waste management strategies, integrated systems planning, design, and management, and uncertainty analyses and future perspectives. Ni-Bin Chang is an author and elected fellow of several international science and engineering associations. Ana Pires is a doctoral researcher with Nova University, Portugal. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

The interactions between human activities and the environment are complicated and often difficult to quantify. In many occasions, judging where the optimal balance should lie among environmental protection, social well-being, economic growth, and technological progress is complex. The use of a systems engineering approach will fill in the gap contributing to how we understand the intricacy by a holistic way and how we generate better sustainable soli waste management practices. This book also aims to advance interdisciplinary understanding of intertwined facets between policy and technology relevant to solid waste management issues interrelated to climate change, land use, economic growth, environmental pollution, industrial ecology, and population dynamics.

Preface xix
I Fundamental Background 1(192)
1 Introduction
3(16)
1.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development
3(7)
1.1.1 The Concept Formation
3(3)
1.1.2 The Three Pillars in Sustainable Development
6(2)
1.1.3 Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Sustainability Goal
8(1)
1.1.4 The Possible Actions to Achieve the Sustainability Goal
9(1)
1.2 Sustainability in the Context of SWM
10(2)
1.2.1 The Possible Conflicts in Achieving the Sustainability Objectives
10(1)
1.2.2 The Possible Sustainability Indicators
11(1)
1.3 The Framework for Sustainability Assessment
12(1)
1.4 The Structure of this Book
13(3)
References
16(3)
2 Technology Matrix For Solid Waste Management
19(80)
2.1 Waste Classification and Types of Waste
19(9)
2.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste and Waste Streams
20(3)
2.1.2 Industrial Waste
23(3)
2.1.3 Medical Waste
26(1)
2.1.4 Other Wastes
27(1)
2.2 Waste Management Through Waste Hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, and Disposal
28(6)
2.2.1 Reduction, Prevention, and Reuse
28(4)
2.2.2 Recycle
32(1)
2.2.3 Biological Recovery: Compost and Methane Gas
33(1)
2.2.4 Waste-to-energy
33(1)
2.2.5 Disposal
34(1)
2.3 Waste Operational Units: Real-World Cases
34(8)
2.3.1 Berlin, Germany
34(3)
2.3.2 Lisbon, Portugal
37(1)
2.3.3 Seattle, USA
38(2)
2.3.4 Copenhagen, Denmark
40(1)
2.3.5 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
41(1)
2.4 Waste Operational Units: Equipment and Facilities
42(30)
2.4.1 Collection and Transportation
42(5)
2.4.2 Mechanical Treatment
47(12)
2.4.3 Biological Treatment
59(5)
2.4.4 Thermal Treatment
64(5)
2.4.5 Disposal
69(3)
2.5 Technology Matrix for Multiple Solid Waste Streams
72(18)
2.5.1 Mixed Municipal Solid Waste and Process Residues
75(2)
2.5.2 Biodegradable Waste
77(2)
2.5.3 Packaging Waste
79(6)
2.5.4 End-of-life Vehicles and Scrap Tires
85(2)
2.5.5 Waste Oil
87(1)
2.5.6 Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment
88(1)
2.5.7 Construction and Demolition Wastes
89(1)
2.6 Final Remarks
90(1)
References
90(9)
3 Social And Economic Concerns
99(42)
3.1 Financial Concerns
100(14)
3.1.1 Financial Concepts
100(1)
3.1.2 Waste Management Costs
101(8)
3.1.3 Waste Management Revenues
109(3)
3.1.4 Public Financial Scheme and Private Sector Financing
112(2)
3.2 Economic Incentives and Socioeconomic Concerns
114(9)
3.2.1 Public Goods
115(1)
3.2.2 Monopoly and Oligopoly
115(1)
3.2.3 Externalities
115(8)
3.3 Social Concerns
123(10)
3.3.1 Public Acceptance
124(6)
3.3.2 Public Behavior and Participation
130(3)
3.4 Final Remarks
133(1)
References
134(7)
4 Legal And Institutional Concerns
141(30)
4.1 SWM Legislation
141(10)
4.1.1 International Solid Waste Management
142(5)
4.1.2 National Solid Waste Management
147(4)
4.2 Sustainable Waste Management Principles and Policies
151(4)
4.2.1 Waste Hierarchy Principle
151(1)
4.2.2 Polluter-Pays Principle
152(1)
4.2.3 Extended Producer Responsibility
152(1)
4.2.4 Precautionary Principle: Protection of Human Health and Environment
153(1)
4.2.5 Principles of Self-sufficiency and Proximity
154(1)
4.2.6 Zero Waste Principle
154(1)
4.2.7 Integrated Product Policy
154(1)
4.3 Policy Instruments
155(7)
4.4 ISWM Plans
162(1)
4.5 Final Remarks
163(1)
References
163(8)
5 Risk Assessment And Management Of Risk
171(22)
5.1 Formulate the Problem: Inherent Hazards in Solid Waste Management
171(5)
5.2 Risk Assessment in Solid Waste Management
176(7)
5.2.1 Risk Assessment Steps
178(4)
5.2.2 Risk Assessment Models
182(1)
5.3 Management of Risk
183(1)
5.4 Risk Communication
184(2)
5.5 How to Promote a Sustainable Solid Waste Management with Risk Analysis?
186(2)
5.6 Final Remarks
188(1)
References
188(5)
II Principles Of Systems Engineering 193(108)
6 Global Change, Sustainability, And Adaptive Management Strategies For Solid Waste Management
195(20)
6.1 Global Change Impacts
195(13)
6.1.1 Economic Development and Globalization
196(6)
6.1.2 Population Growth and Migration
202(1)
6.1.3 Resources Overexploitation and Limitations
203(3)
6.1.4 Climate Change and Sustainability
206(2)
6.2 Sustainability Considerations and Criteria
208(1)
6.3 Adaptive Management Strategies for Solid Waste Management Systems
208(2)
6.4 Final Remarks
210(1)
References
210(5)
7 Systems Engineering Principles For Solid Waste Management
215(20)
7.1 Systems Engineering Principles
215(7)
7.1.1 The Definition of a System
215(3)
7.1.2 Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach
218(4)
7.2 System of Systems Engineering Approaches
222(5)
7.3 Centralized Versus Decentralized Approaches
227(3)
7.4 Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification
230(2)
7.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis
230(1)
7.4.2 Uncertainty Quantification
231(1)
7.5 Final Remarks
232(1)
References
233(2)
8 Systems Engineering Tools And Methods For Solid Waste Management
235(66)
8.1 Systems Analysis, Waste Management, and Technology Hub
236(4)
8.2 Cost—Benefit—Risk Trade-Offs and Single-Objective Optimization
240(8)
8.2.1 Basic OMs
240(7)
8.2.2 Trade-offs and Cost—Benefit—Risk Evaluation Matrix
247(1)
8.3 Multicriteria Decision-Making
248(35)
8.3.1 Basic Principles
248(3)
8.3.2 Multiobjective Decision-Making
251(20)
8.3.3 Multiattribute Decision-Making
271(12)
8.4 Game Theory and Conflict Resolution
283(4)
8.5 System Dynamics Modeling
287(3)
8.6 Final Remarks
290(2)
References
292(7)
Appendix Web Site Resources of Software Packages of LINDO and LINGO
299(2)
III Industrial Ecology And Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategies 301(140)
9 Industrial Ecology And Municipal Utility Parks
303(20)
9.1 Industrial Symbiosis and Industrial Ecology
303(6)
9.1.1 The Concept of Industrial Symbiosis
303(2)
9.1.2 The Onset of Industrial Ecology
305(4)
9.2 Creation of Eco-Industrial Parks and Eco-Industrial Clusters
309(5)
9.2.1 The Conceptual Framework
309(1)
9.2.2 The Design Principles of an Eco-industrial Park
309(3)
9.2.3 The Linkages with Solid Waste Management
312(2)
9.3 Municipal Utility Parks in Urban Regions
314(5)
9.4 Final Remarks
319(2)
References
321(2)
10 Life Cycle Assessment And Solid Waste Management
323(64)
10.1 Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management
323(2)
10.2 Phases of Life Cycle Assessment
325(30)
10.2.1 Goal and Scope Definition
327(10)
10.2.2 Life Cycle Inventory
337(9)
10.2.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
346(6)
10.2.4 Interpretation
352(3)
10.3 LCA Waste Management Software
355(6)
10.3.1 Umberto Software
358(1)
10.3.2 SimaPro Software
359(1)
10.3.3 GaBi Software
360(1)
10.4 Putting LCA into Practice
361(13)
10.4.1 Goal and Scope Definition
363(2)
10.4.2 Life Cycle Inventory
365(9)
10.4.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
374(1)
10.4.4 Interpretation of LCA Results
374(1)
10.5 Life Cycle Management
374(2)
10.6 Final Remarks
376(1)
References
376(11)
11 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment For Solid Waste Treatment Options
387(30)
11.1 Application of Life Cycle Assessment for Solid Waste Management
388(2)
11.2 LCA for Screening Technologies of Solid Waste Treatment
390(1)
11.3 LCA Assessment Methodology
391(6)
11.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition
392(1)
11.3.2 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
392(1)
11.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment
393(4)
11.3.4 Interpretation
397(1)
11.3.5 Sensitivity Analysis
397(1)
11.4 Description of the CSLCA
397(3)
11.5 Interpretation of CSLCA Results
400(12)
11.5.1 Life Cycle Inventory
400(1)
11.5.2 Impact Assessment
401(6)
11.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis
407(2)
11.5.4 Improvement Analysis
409(3)
11.6 Final Remarks
412(1)
References
412(5)
12 Carbon-Footprint-Based Solid Waste Management
417(24)
12.1 The Global-Warming Potential Impact
417(1)
12.2 The Quantification Process
418(8)
12.2.1 Functional Unit, Waste Type, and Composition
419(1)
12.2.2 System Boundaries and Allocation
420(2)
12.2.3 GHG Selection
422(1)
12.2.4 GHG Accounting
423(2)
12.2.5 GWP Calculation
425(1)
12.2.6 Interpretation
425(1)
12.3 GWP Assessment for Solid Waste Management
426(3)
12.4 Case Study
429(5)
12.4.1 Structure of the SWM System
429(3)
12.4.2 Planning Background
432(1)
12.4.3 GWP Calculations
433(1)
12.5 Systems Analysis
434(2)
12.6 Final Remarks
436(1)
References
436(5)
IV Integrated Systems Planning, Design, And Management 441(224)
13 Multiobjective Decision-Making For Solid Waste Management In A Carbon-Regulated Environment
443(32)
13.1 Current Gaps of Cost—Benefit Analyses for Solid Waste Management
444(2)
13.2 Background of System Planning
446(5)
13.2.1 Structure of the Proposed Solid Waste Management System
447(1)
13.2.2 GWP Calculations for Different Management Scenarios
448(3)
13.3 Formulation of Systems Engineering Models for Comparative Analysis
451(8)
13.3.1 Scenario-1: Total Cost Minimization
452(2)
13.3.2 Scenario 2: Net Benefit Maximization
454(1)
13.3.3 Scenario-3: GWP Minimization
455(1)
13.3.4 Scenario-4: Net Benefit Maximization and GWP Minimization
456(1)
13.3.5 Scenario-5: Cost—Benefit Analysis Under a Carbon-Regulated Environment
457(2)
13.4 Interpretation of Modeling Output for Decision Analysis
459(5)
13.4.1 Interpretation of Scenario-1: Cost Minimization
459(1)
13.4.2 Interpretation of Scenario-2: Benefit Maximization
459(1)
13.4.3 Interpretation of Scenario-3: GWP Minimization
459(1)
13.4.4 Interpretation of Scenario-4: Benefit Maximization and GWP Minimization
459(5)
13.4.5 Interpretation of Scenario-5: Cost—Benefit Analysis Under a Carbon-Regulated Environment
464(1)
13.5 Comparative Analysis
464(6)
13.6 Final Remarks
470(1)
References
470(5)
14 Planning Regional Material Recovery Facilities In A Fast-Growing Urban Region
475(40)
14.1 Forecasting Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Optimal Siting of MRF in a Fast-growing Urban Region
476(2)
14.2 Modeling Philosophy
478(2)
14.3 Study Region and System Analysis Framework
480(3)
14.4 Prediction of Solid Waste Generation
483(9)
14.4.1 Prediction Analysis
483(2)
14.4.2 Data Collection for Prediction Analysis
485(1)
14.4.3 System Dynamics Modeling
486(3)
14.4.4 Prediction of Solid Waste Generation with System Dynamic Modeling
489(3)
14.5 Regional Planning of Material Recovery Facilities
492(14)
14.5.1 Model Formulation
492(5)
14.5.2 Data Collection for Optimization Analysis
497(2)
14.5.3 Optimal Siting of MRF by Optimization Analysis
499(7)
14.6 Final Remarks
506(2)
References
508(7)
15 Optimal Planning For Solid Waste Collection, Recycling, And Vehicle Routing
515(38)
15.1 Systems Engineering Approaches for Solid Waste Collection
516(4)
15.1.1 Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Programs for Handling Solid Waste Streams
516(2)
15.1.2 Recycling Programs with Optimal Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Approaches
518(2)
15.2 Simulation for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop-Off Stations
520(13)
15.2.1 Planning Philosophy
520(2)
15.2.2 GIS-Based Simulation Analysis for Siting Recycling Drop-Off Stations
522(2)
15.2.3 Results of Practical Implementation
524(9)
15.3 Multiobjective Programming for Planning Solid Waste Recycling Drop-Off Stations
533(10)
15.3.1 Objective Function and Constraints
533(4)
15.3.2 Solution Procedure
537(2)
15.3.3 Planning Scenarios, Assessment Metrics, and Planning Outcome
539(4)
15.4 Final Remarks
543(3)
References
546(7)
16 Multiattribute Decision-Making With Sustainability Considerations
553(32)
16.1 Deterministic Multiple Attribute Decision-Making Process
554(14)
16.1.1 Criteria Selection
555(7)
16.1.2 Criteria Weighting Methods
562(1)
16.1.3 Evaluation
563(2)
16.1.4 Interpretation
565(3)
16.2 MADM for Solid Waste Management
568(11)
16.2.1 Case 1—Selecting Construction and Demolition Waste Management
568(6)
16.2.2 Case 2—Choosing Waste Collection System
574(5)
16.3 Final Remarks
579(1)
References
580(5)
17 Decision Analysis For Optimal Balance Between Solid Waste Incineration And Recycling Programs
585(26)
17.1 Systems Analysis for Integrated Material Recycling and Waste-to-Energy Programs
586(1)
17.2 Refuse-Derived Fuel Process for Solid Waste Management
587(7)
17.2.1 The Refuse-Derived Fuel Process
587(2)
17.2.2 Experimental Results
589(1)
17.2.3 Regression Analysis to Predict Heating Value
590(4)
17.3 Regional Shipping Strategies
594(12)
17.3.1 Formulation of Mathematical Programming Model
594(3)
17.3.2 Application of the Mathematical Programming Model for Decision Analysis
597(9)
17.4 Final Remarks
606(3)
References
609(2)
18 Environmental Informatics For Integrated Solid Waste Management
611(54)
18.1 How Does Environmental Informatics Help Solid Waste Management?
611(1)
18.2 Sensors and Sensor Networks for Solid Waste Management
612(3)
18.3 Database Design for Solid Waste Management
615(1)
18.4 Spatial Analysis with GIS and GPS for Solid Waste Management
616(8)
18.4.1 Data Input
618(1)
18.4.2 Data Management
619(1)
18.4.3 Data Analysis
620(1)
18.4.4 Data Output
621(1)
18.4.5 GIS Software
621(3)
18.5 Expert Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Computational Intelligence Techniques
624(17)
18.5.1 Decision Support System
624(10)
18.5.2 Expert Systems
634(6)
18.5.3 Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms
640(1)
18.6 Integrated Environmental Information Systems
641(3)
18.7 Final Remarks
644(2)
References
646(19)
V Uncertainty Analyses And Future Perspectives 665(230)
19 Stochastic Programming And Game Theory For Solid Waste Management Decision-Making
667(36)
19.1 Background of Stochastic Programming
667(1)
19.2 Model Formulations of Stochastic Programming
668(14)
19.2.1 Stochastic Linear Programming
668(1)
19.2.2 Chance-Constrained Programming Model
669(13)
19.3 Stochastic Programming with Multiple Objective Functions
682(4)
19.4 Stochastic Dynamic Programming
686(3)
19.5 Game Theory
689(9)
19.5.1 Stochastic versus Deterministic Game Theory
692(1)
19.5.2 Case Study
693(5)
19.6 Final Remarks
698(1)
References
699(4)
20 Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making For Solid Waste Management With Societal Complications
703(56)
20.1 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Set Theory
703(10)
20.1.1 Basic Concept of Fuzzy Sets
705(8)
20.2 Siting a Regional Landfill with Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making and GIS Techniques
713(18)
20.2.1 Landfill Siting Strategies
714(3)
20.2.2 The Study Site
717(2)
20.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis
719(1)
20.2.4 Application of GIS in Landfill Candidate Site Selection
719(4)
20.2.5 Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making
723(8)
20.3 Fair Fund Redistribution and Environmental Justice with GIS-based Fuzzy AHP Method
731(20)
20.3.1 Fair Fund Distribution and Environmental Justice
732(1)
20.3.2 The Strategies of Fair Fund Distribution
733(1)
20.3.3 The Study Area
734(1)
20.3.4 The Integrative Approach for EIA and FAHP
734(11)
20.3.5 Decisions for Fair Fund Redistribution
745(6)
20.4 Final Remarks
751(2)
References
753(6)
21 Fuzzy Multiattribute Decision-Making For Solid Waste Management With Technological Complications
759(32)
21.1 Integrated Fuzzy Topsis and AHP Method for Screening Solid Waste Recycling Alternatives
759(6)
21.1.1 System Planning with Uncertainty Concerns
760(5)
21.2 The Algorithm of FIMADM Method
765(6)
21.2.1 The AHP Method
766(1)
21.2.2 IVF TOPSIS Method
766(5)
21.3 The Solid Waste Management System
771(17)
21.3.1 Criteria and Decision Matrix
772(3)
21.3.2 First Stage: The AHP Method
775(5)
21.3.3 Second Stage: The IVF TOPSIS Method
780(4)
21.3.4 Overall Assessment
784(4)
21.4 Final Remarks
788(1)
References
788(3)
22 Fuzzy Multiobjective Decision-Making For Solid Waste Management
791(38)
22.1 Fuzzy Linear Programming
791(5)
22.1.1 Fuzzy Decision and Operators
791(3)
22.1.2 The Formulation of Fuzzy Linear Programming
794(2)
22.2 Fuzzy Multiobjective Programming—Fuzzy Global Criterion Method
796(4)
22.3 Fuzzy Goal Programming
800(2)
22.4 Case Study
802(21)
22.4.1 Background
802(2)
22.4.2 Formulation of a Fuzzy Goal Programming Model
804(10)
22.4.3 Modeling Structures
814(1)
22.4.4 Data Analysis
815(3)
22.4.5 Decision Analysis
818(5)
22.4.6 Sensitivity Analysis
823(1)
22.5 Final Remarks
823(3)
References
826(3)
23 Grey Systems Theory For Solid Waste Management
829(20)
23.1 Grey Systems Theory
829(2)
23.2 Grey Linear Programming
831(9)
23.2.1 Formulation of a GLP Model
832(1)
23.2.2 Solution Procedure of a GLP Model
833(1)
23.2.3 Applications for Solid Waste Management
834(6)
23.3 The Stability Issues of Grey Programming Models
840(3)
23.4 The Hybrid Approach for Various Cases of Uncertainty Quantification
843(1)
23.5 Final Remarks
844(1)
References
845(4)
24 Systems Analysis For The Future Of Solid Waste Management: Challenges And Perspectives
849(46)
24.1 The Evolution of Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management
850(12)
24.1.1 Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 1970's and Before
850(2)
24.1.2 Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 1980's
852(1)
24.1.3 Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 1990's
853(6)
24.1.4 Systems Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 2000's
859(3)
24.2 Trend Analysis
862(7)
24.2.1 Trend Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 1970's and Before
862(1)
24.2.2 Trend Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 1980's
863(1)
24.2.3 Trend Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 1990's
864(3)
24.2.4 Trend Analysis for Solid Waste Management in the 2000's
867(2)
24.3 Technical Barriers and Socioeconomic Challenges
869(3)
24.4 Future Perspectives
872(2)
24.4.1 Systems Engineering Models and System Assessment Tools for SWM
872(1)
24.4.2 Environmental Informatics for SWM
873(1)
24.4.3 High Level System Synthesis and Integration for SWM
874(1)
24.5 Final Remarks
874(1)
References
875(20)
Index 895
Ni-Bin Chang, PhD, is an elected fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Association for the Advancement of Society, as well as a senior member of the IEEE. He has co-authored and authored seven books including Systems Analysis for Sustainable Engineering: Theory and Applications and over 190 peer-reviewed articles.

Ana Pires, PhD, is a member of IMAR-CMA - Marine and Environmental Research Centre, Portugal, and is a research engineer in the Department of Environmenyal Sciences (Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente).
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