Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
Author |
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xxi | |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Medium- and High-Power Switching Converters |
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1 | (22) |
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1.1 Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters |
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1 | (6) |
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1 | (3) |
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1.1.2 Transportation Electrification Systems |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.2.4 Marine Power Systems |
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5 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Traditional Industrial Applications |
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6 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.1.3.2 Grid-Tied Power Supplies |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.3 Adjustable Speed Drives |
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8 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Intermediate Circuit |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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1.3.4 Soft-Charge Circuit |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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1.3.7 Three-Phase Inverter |
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12 | (1) |
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1.3.8 Protection Circuits |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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1.4 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation |
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14 | (4) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4.3 DC Current Injection |
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15 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Inference |
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16 | (1) |
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1.4.5 Frequency and Voltage Variations |
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17 | (1) |
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1.4.6 Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid |
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17 | (1) |
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1.5 Multiconverter Power Electronic Systems |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (4) |
Part I Conventional Power Converters |
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Chapter 2 High-Power Semiconductor Devices |
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23 | (38) |
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2.1 A View on the Power Semiconductor Market |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (8) |
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26 | (6) |
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32 | (2) |
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2.3 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors |
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34 | (12) |
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34 | (5) |
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2.3.2 Control, Gate Drivers |
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39 | (6) |
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39 | (2) |
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2.3.2.2 Optimal Design of the Gate Resistor |
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41 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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2.4 Power Loss Estimation |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (3) |
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2.6 Gate Turn-off Thyristors (GTOs) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.7 Advanced Power Devices |
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51 | (4) |
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51 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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2.7.2 High-Frequency, High-Voltage Devices |
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53 | (1) |
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2.7.3 Using New Substrate Materials (SiC, GaN, and so on) |
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54 | (1) |
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2.8 Datasheet Information |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (4) |
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Chapter 3 Basic Three-Phase Inverters |
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61 | (34) |
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3.1 High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches |
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61 | (1) |
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3.2 Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation |
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62 | (1) |
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3.3 What Is a PWM Algorithm? |
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63 | (5) |
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3.4 Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions |
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68 | (5) |
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3.5 Performance Indices: Definitions and Terms Used in Different Countries |
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73 | (5) |
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74 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Modulation Index for Three-Phase Converters |
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76 | (1) |
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3.5.3 Performance Indices |
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76 | (2) |
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3.5.3.1 Content in Fundamental (z) |
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76 | (1) |
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3.5.3.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Coefficient |
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76 | (1) |
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3.5.3.3 Harmonic Current Factor (HCF) |
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76 | (2) |
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3.5.3.4 Current Distortion Factor |
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78 | (1) |
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3.6 Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms |
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78 | (3) |
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3.6.1 Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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3.7 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters |
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81 | (6) |
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3.7.1 Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter |
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82 | (2) |
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3.7.2 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter |
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84 | (3) |
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3.7.3 Binary-Programmed PWM |
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87 | (1) |
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3.8 Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions |
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87 | (2) |
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3.9 Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives |
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89 | (1) |
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3.10 DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation and Operation Limits |
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95 | (36) |
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4.1 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance |
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95 | (2) |
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4.2 Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference |
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97 | (4) |
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4.3 PWM Used within Volt/Hertz Drives: Choice of Number of Pulses Based on the Desired Current Harmonic Factor |
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101 | (5) |
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4.3.1 Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency) |
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104 | (2) |
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4.3.2 High Frequencies (>60 Hz) |
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106 | (1) |
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4.4 Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM |
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106 | (2) |
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4.5 Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width |
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108 | (12) |
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4.5.1 Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection |
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114 | (6) |
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120 | (7) |
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120 | (4) |
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4.6.2 Zero Current Clamping |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (6) |
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4.6.3.1 Voltage Gain Linearization |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Vectorial PWM for Basic Three-Phase Inverters |
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131 | (48) |
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5.1 Review of Space Vector Theory |
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131 | (6) |
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5.1.1 History and Evolution of the Concept |
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131 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages |
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132 | (4) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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5.1.3 Application to Three-Phase Control Systems |
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136 | (1) |
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5.2 Vectorial Analysis of the Three-Phase Inverter |
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137 | (6) |
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5.2.1 Mathematical Derivation of Current Space Vector Trajectory in Complex Planes for Six-Step Operation (with Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Loads) |
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137 | (5) |
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5.2.2 Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory |
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142 | (1) |
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5.3 SVM Theory: Derivation of Time Intervals Associated to Active and Zero States by Averaging |
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143 | (3) |
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5.4 Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation |
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146 | (1) |
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5.5 Link to Vector Control: Different Forms and Expressions of Time Interval Equations in (d, q) Coordinate System |
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147 | (3) |
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5.6 Definition of Switching Reference Function |
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150 | (2) |
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5.7 Definition of Switching Sequence |
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152 | (10) |
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5.7.1 Continuous Reference Function: Different Methods |
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152 | (5) |
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5.7.2 Discontinuous Reference Function for Reduced Switching Loss |
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157 | (5) |
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5.8 Comparison between Different Vectorial PWM |
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162 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF |
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162 | (2) |
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5.9 Overmodulation for SVM |
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164 | (1) |
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5.10 Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters |
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165 | (3) |
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5.10.1 Low-Frequency Operation Mode |
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165 | (2) |
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5.10.2 High-Frequency Operation Mode |
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167 | (1) |
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5.11 Improving the Transient Response in High-Speed Converters |
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168 | (6) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (3) |
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Chapter 6 Practical Aspects in Building Three-Phase Power Converters |
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179 | (36) |
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6.1 Selection of Power Devices in a Three-Phase Inverter |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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6.1.1.1 Load Characteristics |
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179 | (1) |
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6.1.1.2 Maximum Current Available |
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179 | (1) |
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6.1.1.3 Maximum Apparent Power |
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179 | (1) |
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6.1.1.4 Maximum Active (Load) Power |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (18) |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (9) |
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188 | (4) |
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6.2.5.2 Component Selection |
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192 | (1) |
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6.2.5.3 Undeland Snubber Circuit |
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192 | (1) |
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6.2.5.4 Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power |
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193 | (1) |
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6.2.5.5 Resonant Snubbers |
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193 | (4) |
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6.2.5.6 Active Snubbering |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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6.3 System Protection Management |
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198 | (1) |
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6.4 Reduction of Common Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques |
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198 | (4) |
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6.5 Typical Building Structures of the Conventional Inverter Depending on the Power Level |
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202 | (5) |
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6.5.1 Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices |
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202 | (2) |
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6.5.2 Converter Packaging |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (5) |
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207 | (1) |
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6.6.2 IC for Power Supplies |
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207 | (2) |
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6.6.3 Operation of a Flyback Power Converter |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Thermal Management and Reliability |
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215 | (28) |
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215 | (5) |
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215 | (3) |
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7.1.2 Transient Thermal Impedance |
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218 | (2) |
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7.2 Theory of Reliability and Lifetime-Definitions |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (5) |
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7.3.1 System Failure Rate |
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223 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Component Failure Rate |
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223 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Failure Rate for Diverse Components Used in Power Electronics |
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225 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Failure Modes for a Power Semiconductor Device |
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226 | (1) |
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7.3.5 Wear-Out Mechanisms in Power Semiconductors |
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226 | (2) |
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7.4 Lifetime Calculation and Modeling |
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228 | (6) |
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228 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Accelerated Tests for Electronic Equipment |
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229 | (5) |
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7.4.2.1 Using the Activation Energy Method |
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229 | (2) |
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7.4.2.2 Temperature Cycling |
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231 | (1) |
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7.4.2.3 Accelerated Tests for Power Cycling |
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232 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Modeling with Physics of Failure |
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234 | (1) |
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7.5 Standards and Software Tools |
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234 | (3) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (11) |
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7.5.2.1 Tools Derived from Theory of Reliability |
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235 | (1) |
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7.5.2.2 Tools Derived from Microelectronics |
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236 | (1) |
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7.5.2.3 Power Electronics Specifics |
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236 | (1) |
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7.6 Factory Reliability Testing of Semiconductors |
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237 | (1) |
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7.7 Design for Reliability |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms |
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243 | (36) |
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8.1 Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers |
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243 | (2) |
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8.2 Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs |
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245 | (1) |
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8.3 Digital Structures with Counters: FPGA Implementation |
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246 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Principle of Digital PWM Controllers |
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246 | (3) |
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8.3.2 Bus Compatible Digital PWM Interfaces |
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249 | (1) |
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8.3.3 FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers |
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250 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Deadtime Digital Controllers |
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253 | (1) |
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8.4 Markets for General-Purpose and Dedicated Digital Processors |
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253 | (5) |
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8.4.1 History of Using Microprocessors/ Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control |
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253 | (3) |
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8.4.2 DSPs Used in Power Converter Control |
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256 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Parallel Processing in Multiprocessor Structures |
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257 | (1) |
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8.5 Software Implementation in Low-Cost Microcontrollers |
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258 | (5) |
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8.5.1 Software Manipulation of Counter Timing |
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258 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Calculation of Time Interval Constants |
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259 | (4) |
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8.6 Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces |
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263 | (2) |
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8.7 Motor Control Coprocessors |
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265 | (1) |
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8.8 Using the Event Manager within Texas Instrument's DSPs |
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266 | (4) |
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8.8.1 Event Manager Structure |
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266 | (1) |
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8.8.2 Software Implementation of Carrier- Based PWM |
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267 | (1) |
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8.8.3 Software Implementation of SVM |
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267 | (1) |
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8.8.4 Hardware Implementation of SVM |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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8.8.6 Individual PWM Channels |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (3) |
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8.10 About Resolution and Accuracy of PWM Implementation |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Practical Aspects in Closed-Loop Control |
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279 | (14) |
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279 | (1) |
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9.2 Current Measurement-Synchronization with PWM |
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279 | (5) |
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279 | (3) |
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9.2.2 Hall Effect Sensors |
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282 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Current Sensing Transformer |
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282 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Synchronization with PWM |
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283 | (1) |
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9.3 Current Sampling Rate-Oversampling |
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284 | (1) |
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9.4 Current Control in (a,b,c) Coordinates |
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284 | (2) |
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9.5 Current Transforms (3->2)-Software Calculation of Transforms |
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286 | (1) |
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9.6 Current Control in (d, q)-Models-PI Calibration |
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287 | (2) |
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9.7 Anti-Wind-Up Protection-Output Limitation and Range Definition |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Intelligent Power Modules |
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293 | (16) |
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10.1 Market and Technology Considerations |
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293 | (5) |
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293 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Advantages and Drawbacks |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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10.2 Review of IPM Devices Available |
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298 | (3) |
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301 | (4) |
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10.3.1 Local Power Supplies |
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301 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Clamping the Regenerative Energy |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (4) |
Part II Other Topologies |
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Chapter 11 Resonant Three-Phase Converters |
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309 | (32) |
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11.1 Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance versus Advanced PWM Devices |
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309 | (2) |
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11.2 Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High Power Converters? |
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311 | (4) |
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11.3 Zero Voltage Transition of IGBT Devices |
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315 | (12) |
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11.3.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching |
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315 | (2) |
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11.3.2 Step-Down Conversion |
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317 | (5) |
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11.3.3 Step-Up Power Transfer |
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322 | (3) |
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11.3.4 Bi-Directional Power Transfer |
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325 | (2) |
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11.4 Zero Current Transition of IGBT Devices |
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327 | (8) |
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11.4.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching |
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327 | (2) |
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11.4.2 Step-Down Conversion |
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329 | (3) |
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11.4.3 Step-Up Conversion |
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332 | (3) |
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11.5 Possible Topologies of Quasi-Resonant Converters |
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335 | (2) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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11.6 Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Component-Minimized Three-Phase Power Converters |
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341 | (22) |
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12.1 Solutions for Reduction of Number of Components |
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341 | (5) |
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12.1.1 New Inverter Topologies |
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341 | (4) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (9) |
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12.2.1 Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter |
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346 | (5) |
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12.2.2 Definition of PWM Algorithms for the B4 Inverter |
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351 | (2) |
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12.2.3 Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation |
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353 | (2) |
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12.3 Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase IM |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (4) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 AC/DC Grid Interface Based on the Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter |
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363 | (46) |
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13.1 Particularities-Control Objectives-Active Power Control |
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363 | (5) |
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13.2 Meaning of PWM in the Control System |
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368 | (18) |
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13.2.1 Single-Switch Applications |
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368 | (9) |
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13.2.2 Six-Switch Converters |
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377 | (4) |
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13.2.3 Topologies with Current Injection Devices |
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381 | (5) |
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13.3 Closed-Loop Current Control Methods |
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386 | (17) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Transient Response Times |
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387 | (1) |
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13.3.4 Limitation of the (vd,vq) Voltages |
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388 | (1) |
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13.3.5 Minimum Time Current Control |
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388 | (2) |
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13.3.6 Cross-Coupling Terms |
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390 | (2) |
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13.3.7 Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-Axis |
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392 | (1) |
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13.3.8 Switch Table and Hysteresis Control |
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393 | (2) |
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13.3.9 Phase Current Tracking Methods |
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395 | (21) |
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13.3.9.1 P-I-S controller |
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395 | (4) |
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13.3.9.2 Feed-Forward Controller |
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399 | (4) |
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13.4 Grid Synchronization |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (3) |
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Chapter 14 Parallel and Interleaved Power Converters |
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409 | (24) |
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14.1 Comparison between Converters Built of High-Power Devices and Solutions Based on Multiple Parallel Lower-Power Devices |
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409 | (2) |
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14.2 Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs |
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411 | (4) |
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14.3 Gate Control Designs for Equal Current Sharing |
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415 | (1) |
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14.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paralleling Inverter Legs with Respect to Using Parallel Devices |
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416 | (8) |
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14.4.1 Inter-Phase Reactors |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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14.4.3 Converter Control Solutions |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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14.4.5 Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System |
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421 | (2) |
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14.4.6 (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control |
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423 | (1) |
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14.5 Interleaved Operation of Power Converters |
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424 | (1) |
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14.6 Circulating Currents |
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425 | (2) |
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14.7 Selection of the PWM Algorithm |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 AC/DC and DC/AC Current Source Converters |
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433 | (22) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (2) |
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15.3 Using Switching Functions to Define Operation |
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436 | (5) |
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441 | (5) |
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15.4.1 Trapezoidal Modulation |
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441 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Harmonic Elimination Programmed Modulation |
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441 | (1) |
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15.4.3 Sinusoidal Modulation |
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442 | (2) |
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15.4.4 Space Vector Modulation |
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444 | (2) |
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15.5 Optimization of PWM Algorithms |
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446 | (3) |
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15.5.1 Minimum Squared Error |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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15.5.3 Reducing the Low Harmonics from the Geometrical Locus |
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447 | (1) |
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15.5.4 Comparative Results |
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447 | (2) |
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15.6 Resonance in the AC-Side of the CSI Converter Filter Assembly |
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449 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 AC/AC Matrix Converters as a 9-Switch Topology |
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455 | (30) |
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455 | (3) |
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16.2 Implementation of the Power Switch |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (2) |
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16.4 Clamping the Reactive Energy |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (18) |
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16.5.1 Sinusoidal Carrier-Based PWM |
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461 | (4) |
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16.5.2 Space Vector Modulation Considering All Possible Switching Vectors |
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465 | (5) |
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16.5.2.1 Selection of the Closest Rotating and Stationary Vectors |
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|
467 | (1) |
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16.5.2.2 Definition of Time Intervals |
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467 | (3) |
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16.5.3 Space Vector Modulation Considering Stationary Vectors Only |
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|
470 | (6) |
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16.5.4 Indirect Matrix Converter (Sparse Converter) |
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476 | (1) |
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16.5.5 Implementation of PWM Control |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (3) |
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482 | (3) |
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Chapter 17 Multilevel Converters |
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|
485 | (16) |
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17.1 Principle and Hardware Topologies |
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485 | (6) |
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485 | (2) |
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17.1.2 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter |
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|
487 | (2) |
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17.1.3 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converter |
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|
489 | (1) |
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17.1.4 Combination Converters |
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|
490 | (1) |
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17.2 Design and Rating Considerations |
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|
491 | (1) |
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17.2.1 Semiconductor Ratings |
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|
491 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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492 | (7) |
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|
492 | (1) |
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493 | (4) |
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17.3.3 Space Vector Modulation |
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|
497 | (1) |
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17.3.4 Harmonic Elimination |
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|
498 | (1) |
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17.4 Application Specifics |
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|
499 | (1) |
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|
499 | (1) |
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499 | (1) |
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|
499 | (1) |
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|
500 | (1) |
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Chapter 18 Use of IPM within a "Network of Switches" Concept |
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|
501 | (48) |
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18.1 Grid Interface for Extended Power Range |
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|
501 | (6) |
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18.2 Matrix Converter Made Up of VSI Power Modules |
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|
507 | (4) |
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18.2.1 Conventional Matrix Converter Packaged with VSI Modules |
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|
507 | (1) |
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18.2.2 Dyadic Matrix Converter with VSI Modules |
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|
508 | (3) |
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18.3 Multilevel Converter Made Up of Multiple Power Modules |
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|
511 | (1) |
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18.4 New Topology Built of Power Modules and Its Applications |
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|
511 | (10) |
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511 | (4) |
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515 | (3) |
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|
518 | (3) |
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18.5 Generalized Vector Transform |
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|
521 | (4) |
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18.6 IPM in IGBT-Based AC/AC Direct Converters Built of Current Source Inverter Modules |
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|
525 | (7) |
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18.6.1 Hardware Development |
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|
525 | (3) |
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18.6.2 Product Requirements |
|
|
528 | (1) |
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529 | (3) |
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18.7 Using MATLAB-Based Multimillion FFT for Analysis of Direct AC/AC Converters |
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|
532 | (14) |
|
18.7.1 Introduction to Harmonic Analysis of Direct or Matrix Converters |
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|
532 | (3) |
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18.7.2 Parameter Selection |
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|
535 | (5) |
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|
540 | (1) |
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18.7.4 Analysis of a Direct Converter |
|
|
540 | (3) |
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18.7.5 Automation of Multipoint THD and HCF Analysis |
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
18.7.6 Comments on Computer Performance |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
546 | (3) |
Index |
|
549 | |