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E-raamat: Syntax of Welsh

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(University of Essex), (University of Durham), (University of Cambridge)
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  • Sari: Cambridge Syntax Guides
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511363740
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Syntax of WelshSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Sari: Cambridge Syntax Guides
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Oct-2007
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780511363740
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Outlines the major syntactic characteristics of Welsh, including word order, agreement, tense and clause structure.

Welsh, like the other Celtic languages, is best-known amongst linguists for its verb-initial word order and its use of initial consonant mutations. However it has many more characteristics which are of interest to syntacticians. This is a concise and accessible overview of the major syntactic phenomena of Welsh. A broad variety of topics are covered, including finite and infinitival clauses, noun phrases, agreement and tense, word order, clause structure, dialect variation, and the language's historical Celtic background. Drawing on work carried out in both Principles and Parameters theory and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar, it takes contemporary colloquial Welsh as its starting point and draws contrasts with a range of literary and dialectal forms of the language, as well as earlier forms (Middle Welsh) were appropriate. An engaging guide to all that is interesting about Welsh syntax, this book will be welcomed by syntactic theorists, typologists, historical linguists and Celticists alike.

Arvustused

"This volume is a wonderful addition to linguistic work on Welsh that may serve to draw much-deserved attention to this highly complex and fascinating but little-known language. One of the beauties of the book is that even for readers less interested in the mechanics of syntactic analysis, the descriptive material on the various topics covered lays out interesting and nuanced detail, some of which is rarely or never found elsewhere in print." --Anthropological Linguistics

Muu info

This 2007 book outlines the major syntactic characteristics of Welsh, including word order, agreement, tense and clause structure.
Tables xiii
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction
1
1.1 The Celtic background
1
1.2 The history and current position of Welsh
2
1.3 Dialect variation and the literary language
4
1.4 Some grammatical properties of Welsh
7
1.4.1 Welsh as a head-initial language
7
1.4.2 Clause structure
9
1.4.3 Agreement
17
1.4.4 Mutation
19
1.4.5 Case and pronouns
26
1.5 Research on Welsh syntax
29
1.6 The structure of this book
30
2 Simple finite clauses
32
2.1 Some basic properties
32
2.1.1 Word order and agreement
32
2.1.2 Pre-verbal particles
34
2.1.3 Other Celtic languages
37
2.2 Auxiliary-initial clauses
38
2.2.1 Aspectual clauses
39
2.2.2 Gwneud-clauses
41
2.2.3 Ddaru-clauses
42
2.2.4 Copular clauses
43
2.2.5 Syntactic tests for auxiliaries?
44
2.3 Transformational analyses of verb-initial clauses
48
2.3.1 Preliminaries
48
2.3.2 Possible analyses
48
2.3.3 Further arguments for verb-fronting
51
2.4 Constraint-based analyses of verb-initial clauses
52
2.4.1 Some analyses
52
2.4.2 More on the arguments for verb-fronting
54
2.5 Analyses of auxiliary-initial clauses
56
2.5.1 Aspectual and copular clauses
56
2.5.2 Gwneud-clauses and ddaru-clauses
58
2.6 Further issues
60
2.6.1 Null subjects
60
2.6.2 Expletive subjects
61
2.6.3 Further non-canonical subjects
63
2.6.4 The 'serial construction'
64
2.6.5 Verbless clauses
66
2.7 Conclusions
67
3 Non-finite verbs and infinitival clauses
68
3.1 Non-finite verbs: verbal and nominal properties
68
3.1.1 The non-finite verb form
68
3.1.2 Arguments against the 'verb-noun' categorization
69
3.1.3 Verb-noun phrases as DPs
73
3.2 Tensed complement clauses
75
3.3 Bod-clauses: finite clauses with the infinitive bod
76
3.3.1 The distribution of bod
76
3.3.2 Evidence that bod is finite
78
3.4 Infinitival i-clauses with overt subjects
81
3.4.1 Finite i-clauses
82
3.4.2 Non-finite i-clauses
85
3.5 Control predicates
87
3.6 The syntax of i in infinitival complements
90
3.6.1 An apparent paradox in the distribution of i
90
3.6.2 Evidence that functional i is not a preposition
91
3.6.3 Two distinct i elements in infinitival clauses: complementizer i versus inflectional i
94
3.6.4 Finiteness and clause structure
97
3.7 Raising predicates
99
3.7.1 A class of raising predicates
99
3.7.2 Complementizers in raising clauses
102
4 Wh-constructions
104
4.1 Wh-questions
106
4.1.1 The basic pattern
106
4.1.2 Antiagreement in subject wh-questions
107
4.1.3 Ungrammaticality of resumptive pronouns in subject and object position
108
4.1.4 Verb forms in wh-constructions
109
4.1.5 Object wh-questions in periphrastic clauses
109
4.1.6 Analysing subject and object wh-questions
112
4.1.7 Prepositional wh-questions
114
4.1.8 Possessor wh-questions
116
4.1.9 Adjunct wh-questions
117
4.1.10 Multiple wh-questions and superiority
118
4.2 Relative clauses
118
4.2.1 Subject and object relatives
118
4.2.2 Object of non-finite verbs
120
4.2.3 Object-of-preposition relatives
120
4.2.4 Possessor relatives
121
4.2.5 Adjunct relatives
122
4.3 Focus
123
4.3.1 Propositional adverbs
124
4.3.2 Agreement in focus constructions
125
4.3.3 Fronting of verbal phrases and minor constituent types
126
4.3.4 Embedded focus constructions
128
4.4. Copular constructions
129
4.4.1 Fronting in identity copular constructions
129
4.4.2 Fronting in predicative copular constructions
130
4.4.3 Affinities with wh-constructions
131
4.5 Non-finite wh-constructions
133
4.6 Other wh-constructions: comparatives and correlatives
136
4.7 Particles in literary Welsh
136
4.8 Negative wh-constructions
139
4.9 Long-distance wh-constructions
141
4.9.1 Wh-constructions formed on embedded subject position
141
4.9.2 Wh-constructions formed on embedded object positions
144
4.9.3 Wh-constructions formed on other embedded positions
145
4.9.4 Resumptive embedded wh-constructions
146
4.9.5 Islands and subjacency
146
4.9.6 Successive cyclicity
148
4.10 Conclusion
151
5 Noun phrases
152
5.1 Introduction: major features of the Welsh noun phrase
152
5.2 Determiners and related elements
154
5.2.1 The definite article
155
5.2.2 Possessive clitics
157
5.2.3 Other determiners
161
5.2.4 Early postdeterminers
162
5.3 Numerals
163
5.3.1 Mutations with numerals
163
5.3.2 Agreement patterns with a numeral
165
5.3.3 The syntax of complex numerals
166
5.3.4 Noun phrases headed by numerals
168
5.3.5 Numeral + o 'of' + plural noun
170
5.3.6 Numeral-like quantifiers
171
5.3.7 Late postdeterminers
174
5.3.8 How much structure?
174
5.4 Adjectives and demonstratives
175
5.4.1 Mutations on adjectives
177
5.4.2 Number and gender agreement
178
5.4.3 Position of adjectives relative to the noun
179
5.4.4 Order of postnominal adjectives
180
5.4.5 Noun phrases headed by adjectives
182
5.4.6 The 'genitive of respect'
183
5.5 Possessor noun phrases and related constructions
184
5.5.1 The 'construct-state' effect
184
5.5.2 Possessor noun phrases versus attributive noun phrases
185
5.5.3 The mixed construction
186
5.6 Possible analyses of noun-phrase structure
186
5.6.1 Noun-raising approach
186
5.6.2 Non-movement approaches
188
5.6.3 Adjective mutation: phonology or morphosyntax?
188
5.6.4 Conclusions about possible analyses
194
5.7 Conclusion
194
Appendix: Mutation triggers in the noun phrase
195
6 More on agreement
198
6.1 The basic data
198
6.2 Coordination and focus sentences
205
6.2.1 Coordination
205
6.2.2 Focus sentences
206
6.3 Generalizations
208
6.4 Implications
211
6.5 A Linearization-based HPSG approach
215
6.6 Reflexives
220
6.7 Conclusions
222
7 Syntax and mutation
223
7.1 Mutation environments: some basic data
223
7.2 Phrase-based approaches to syntactic SM
226
7.3 Early case-based approaches to syntactic SM
231
7.4 Roberts' case-linked approach
235
7.5 Problems with the case-linked account
238
7.5.1 Empirical issues
238
7.5.2 The question of head government
243
7.6 Recent work from a phrase-based perspective
244
7.7 Theoretical matters and structural considerations
249
7.7.1 Case and mutation
249
7.7.2 Structure and empty categories
251
7.8 Conclusion: common ground?
253
8 More on verbal syntax
255
8.1 The syntax of bod
255
8.1.1 Third-person forms
256
8.1.2 Omission of finite forms of bod
260
8.1.3 Analyses of bod
261
8.2 Negation
263
8.2.1 Negation in literary Welsh
263
8.2.2 Weak negative verbs and negative dependents
265
8.2.3 Negative quantifiers and pseudo-quantifiers
268
8.2.4 Strong negative verbs
270
8.2.5 The licensing of n-words
271
8.2.6 Analyses
272
8.2.7 Some other negative elements
273
8.3 Valency-changing processes
275
8.3.1 The passive
275
8.3.2 Other valency-changing processes
278
8.3.3 Impersonals
282
8.4 Conclusions
284
9 Historical syntax
286
9.1 Word order in main clauses
287
9.1.1 Verb-second structures
287
9.1.2 Expletive subjects and the emergence of the pre-verbal particle fe
297
9.1.3 Verb-initial order
298
9.2 Periphrastic verbal forms
303
9.2.1 Periphrastic aspectual constructions
303
9.2.2 The periphrastic passive
304
9.3 Agreement patterns and null arguments
305
9.3.1 General principles of agreement
305
9.3.2 Subject–verb agreement in V2-structures and the 'mixed' sentence
306
9.3.3 The decline of null arguments
307
9.4 Morphological case
308
9.5 Negation
309
9.5.1 The shift of negative-polarity indefinite pronouns to negative quantifiers
310
9.5.2 The Welsh Jespersen's Cycle
311
9.5.3 Definite direct objects in negative sentences
312
9.6 Mutations
313
9.6.1 Direct-object mutation in Welsh
313
9.6.2 Mutation of comparative adjectives in negative and interrogative clauses
315
9.7 Copular constructions and inversion structures
316
9.7.1 Delayed subjects and objects in Middle Welsh
316
9.7.2 Copular constructions
317
9.8 Pronouns
319
9.8.1 Loss of accusative clitics
322
9.8.2 Effects of phonological reduction of pronouns
323
9.9 Subordinate clauses
326
9.9.1 Embedded finite clauses
326
9.9.2 Embedded infinitival clauses
327
9.10 Wh-constructions
334
9.11 Noun phrases
336
9.12 Conclusion
337
10 Welsh as a VSO language 338
10.1 Traditional typology: universal ordering principles and VSO languages
338
10.1.1 Welsh and the Greenbergian universals
339
10.1.2 Some extensions and proposed explanations
347
10.2 Approaches to word-order typology in generative grammar
350
10.2.1 Proposals by Ouhalla (1991): are the Celtic languages typologically VSO?
350
10.2.2 Further proposals for correlates of verb-initial order
358
10.3 Conclusion: the derivation of verb-initial word order
365
References 367
Index 382


Robert D. Borsley is Professor in the Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex. Maggie Tallerman is Reader in Linguistics at the University of Newcastle Upon Tyne. David Willis is University Lecturer in the Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Selywn College, University of Cambridge.
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