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E-raamat: Synthetic Natural Gas: From Coal, Dry Biomass, and Power-to-Gas Applications

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119191254
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Synthetic Natural Gas: From Coal, Dry Biomass, and Power-to-Gas ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Jun-2016
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119191254
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Provides an overview of the different pathways to produce Synthetic Natural Gas





Covers technological, and economic aspects of this Synthetic Natural Gas Details the most popular technologies and state-of-the-art of SNG technologies while also covering recent and future research trends Covers the main process steps during conversion of coal and dry biomass to SNG: gasification, gas cleaning, methanation and gas upgrading Describes a number of novel processes for the production of SNG with their specific combination of process steps as well as the boundary conditions Covers important technical aspects of Power-to-Gas processes
List of Contributors
xi
1 Introductory Remarks
1(4)
Tilman J. Schildhauer
1.1 Why Produce Synthetic Natural Gas?
1(2)
1.2 Overview
3(2)
2 Coal and Biomass Gasification for SNG Production
5(36)
Stefan Heyne
Martin Seemann
Tilman J. Schildhauer
2.1 Introduction -- Basic Requirements for Gasification in the Framework of SNG Production
5(1)
2.2 Thermodynamics of Gasification
6(12)
2.2.1 Gasification Reactions
7(1)
2.2.2 Overall Gasification Process -- Equilibrium Based Considerations
7(4)
2.2.3 Gasification -- A Multi-step Process Deviating from Equilibrium
11(2)
2.2.4 Heat Management of the Gasification Process
13(5)
2.2.5 Implication of Thermodynamic Considerations for Technology Choice
18(1)
2.3 Gasification Technologies
18(23)
2.3.1 Entrained Flow
19(1)
2.3.2 Fixed Bed
20(2)
2.3.3 Direct Fluidized Bed
22(5)
2.3.4 Indirect Fluidized Bed Gasification
27(7)
2.3.5 Hydrogasification and Catalytic Gasification
34(3)
References
37(4)
3 Gas Cleaning
41(36)
Urs Rhyner
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 Impurities
42(3)
3.2.1 Particulate Matter
42(1)
3.2.2 Tars
43(1)
3.2.3 Sulfur Compounds
43(1)
3.2.4 Halide Compounds
44(1)
3.2.5 Alkali Compounds
44(1)
3.2.6 Nitrogen Compounds
44(1)
3.2.7 Other Impurities
44(1)
3.3 Cold, Warm and Hot Gas Cleaning
45(2)
3.3.1 Example of B-IGFC Gas Cleaning Process Chains
45(2)
3.4 Gas Cleaning Technologies
47(15)
3.4.1 Particulate Matter
47(5)
3.4.2 Tars
52(5)
3.4.3 Sulfur Compounds
57(2)
3.4.4 Hydrodesulfurization
59(1)
3.4.5 Chlorine (Halides)
60(1)
3.4.6 Alkali
61(1)
3.4.7 Nitrogen-containing Compounds
61(1)
3.4.8 Other Impurities
62(1)
3.5 Reactive Hot Gas Filter
62(15)
References
65(12)
4 Methanation for Synthetic Natural Gas Production -- Chemical Reaction Engineering Aspects
77(84)
Tilman J. Schildhauer
4.1 Methanation -- The Synthesis Step in the Production of Synthetic Natural Gas
77(30)
4.1.1 Feed Gas Mixtures for Methanation Reactors
79(3)
4.1.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
82(6)
4.1.3 Methanation Catalysts: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms
88(9)
4.1.4 Catalyst Deactivation
97(10)
4.2 Methanation Reactor Types
107(25)
4.2.1 Adiabatic Fixed Bed Reactors
109(8)
4.2.2 Cooled Reactors
117(12)
4.2.3 Comparison of Methanation Reactor Concepts
129(3)
4.3 Modeling and Simulation of Methanation Reactors
132(14)
4.3.1 How to Measure (Intrinsic) Kinetics?
133(3)
4.3.2 Modeling of Fixed Bed Reactors
136(3)
4.3.3 Modeling of Isothermal Fluidized Bed Reactors
139(7)
4.4 Conclusions and Open Research Questions
146(2)
4.5 Symbol List
148(13)
References
149(12)
5 SNG Upgrading
161(20)
Renato Baciocchi
Giulia Costa
Lidia Lombardi
5.1 Introduction
161(2)
5.2 Separation Processes for SNG Upgrading
163(11)
5.2.1 Bulk CO2/CH4 Separation
163(6)
5.2.2 Removal of other Compounds and Impurities
169(5)
5.3 Techno-Economical Comparison of Selected Separation Options
174(7)
References
176(5)
6 SNG from Wood -- The GoBiGas Project
181(10)
Jorgen Held
6.1 Biomethane in Sweden
181(3)
6.2 Conditions and Background for the GoBiGas Project in Gothenburg
184(1)
6.3 Technical Description
185(3)
6.4 Technical Issues and Lessons Learned
188(1)
6.5 Status
188(1)
6.6 Efficiency
188(1)
6.7 Economics
188(1)
6.8 Outlook
189(2)
Acknowledgements
189(1)
References
189(2)
7 The Power to Gas Process: Storage of Renewable Energy in the Natural Gas Grid via Fixed Bed Methanation of CO2/H2
191(30)
Michael Specht
Jochen Brellochs
Volkmar Frick
Bernd Sturmer
Ulrich Zuberbuhler
7.1 Motivation
191(2)
7.1.1 History "Renewable Fuel Paths at ZSW"
191(1)
7.1.2 Goal "Energiewende"
192(1)
7.1.3 Goal "Power Based, Carbon Based Fuels"
192(1)
7.1.4 Goal "P2G®"
192(1)
7.1.5 Goal "Methanation"
193(1)
7.2 The Power to Fuel Concept: Co-utilization of (Biogenic) Carbon and Hydrogen
193(3)
7.3 P2G® Technology
196(10)
7.3.1 Methanation Characteristics for CO2 Based Syngas
197(5)
7.3.2 P2G® Plant Layout of 25 kWel, 250 kWel, and 6000 kWel Plants
202(4)
7.4 Experimental Results
206(8)
7.4.1 Methanation Catalysts: Screening, Cycle Resistance, Contamination by Sulfur Components
206(3)
7.4.2 Results with the 25 kWel P2G® Plant
209(1)
7.4.3 Results with the 250 kWel P2G® Plant
210(3)
7.4.4 Results with the 250 kWel P2G® Plant in Combination with Membrane Gas Upgrade
213(1)
7.5 P2G® Process Efficiency
214(3)
7.6 Conclusion and Outlook
217(4)
Acknowledgements
219(1)
References
219(2)
8 Fluidized Bed Methanation for SNG Production -- Process Development at the Paul-Scherrer Institut
221(10)
Tilman J. Schildhauer
Serge M.A. Biollaz
8.1 Introduction to Process Development
221(2)
8.2 Methane from Wood -- Process Development at PSI
223(8)
References
229(2)
9 MILENA Indirect Gasification, OLGA Tar Removal, and ECN Process for Methanation
231(18)
Luc P.L.M. Rabou
Bram Van der Drift
Eric H.A.J. Van Dijk
Christiaan M. Van der Meijden
Berend J. Vreugdenhil
9.1 Introduction
231(2)
9.2 Main Process Steps
233(7)
9.2.1 MILENA Indirect Gasification
233(3)
9.2.2 OLGA Tar Removal
236(1)
9.2.3 HDS and Deep S Removal
237(1)
9.2.4 Reformer
238(1)
9.2.5 CO2 Removal
239(1)
9.2.6 Methanation and Upgrading
239(1)
9.3 Process Efficiency and Economy
240(1)
9.4 Results and Status
241(4)
9.4.1 MILENA
241(1)
9.4.2 OLGA
242(1)
9.4.3 HDS, Reformer, and Methanation
243(2)
9.5 Outlook
245(4)
9.5.1 Pressure
245(1)
9.5.2 Co-production
245(1)
9.5.3 Bio Carbon Capture and Storage
246(1)
9.5.4 Power to Gas
246(1)
Acknowledgements
246(1)
References
247(2)
10 Hydrothermal Production of SNG from Wet Biomass
249(30)
Frederic Vogel
10.1 Introduction
249(3)
10.2 Historical Development
252(1)
10.3 Physical and Chemical Bases
253(13)
10.3.1 Catalysis
254(5)
10.3.2 Phase Behavior and Salt Separation
259(4)
10.3.3 Liquefaction of the Solid Biomass, Tar, and Coke Formation
263(3)
10.4 PSFs Catalytic SNG Process
266(7)
10.4.1 Process Description and Layout
266(2)
10.4.2 Mass Balance
268(1)
10.4.3 Energy Balance
269(1)
10.4.4 Status of Process Development at PSI
269(2)
10.4.5 Comparison to other SNG Processes
271(2)
10.5 Open Questions and Outlook
273(6)
References
274(5)
11 Agnion's Small Scale SNG Concept
279(14)
Thomas Kienberger
Christian Zuber
References
291(2)
12 Integrated Desulfurization and Methanation Concepts for SNG Production
293(14)
Christian F.J. Konig
Maarten Nachtegaal
Tilman J. Schildhauer
12.1 Introduction
293(2)
12.2 Concepts for Integrated Desulfurization and Methanation
295(6)
12.2.1 Sulfur-Resistant Methanation
295(2)
12.2.2 Regeneration of Methanation Catalysts
297(3)
12.2.3 Discussion of the Concepts
300(1)
12.3 Required Future Research
301(6)
12.3.1 Sulfur Resistant Methanation
301(1)
12.3.2 Periodic Regeneration
302(1)
References
303(4)
Index 307
Tilman J. Schildhauer is a Senior Scientist at Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland since 2005, working mainly in the field of converting dry biomass to Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) and electricity. These activities aim at developing sustainable and (energetically and economically) efficient processes based on the analysis of the complete process chain on the one hand and investigation of the fundamentals of the crucial process steps on the other hand. Since 2014, he is also Scientific Coordinator of the Energy Systems Integration platform at Paul Scherrer Institut. Dr. Schildhauer has authored over 60 scientific papers and two book chapters.

Serge Biollaz is the Head of the Thermal Process Engineering group at Paul Scherrer Institut since 2000. In 2006/2007 he spent a sabbatical leave at Gas Technology Institute (GTI), Chicago, USA, working on catalytic biomass gasification, hot gas cleaning and integration of biomass/coal gasification with high temperature fuel cells (SOFC). Serge Biollaz co-authored more than 50 scientific papers and is national expert in the IEA Bioenergy, Task 33 Thermal gasification of biomass (since 2003), as well as expert on SNG in the European Biofuels Technology Platform (EBTP), WG2 "Conversion" (since 2009).
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