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E-raamat: Systems, Cybernetics, Control, and Automation

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(National Technical University of Athens, Greece)
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Systems, Cybernetics, Control, and AutomationSuurem pilt
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Systems, cybernetics, control, and automation (SCCA) are four interrelated and overlapping scientific and technological fields that have contributed substantially to the development, growth, and progress of human society. A large number of models, methods, and tools were developed that assure high efficiency of SCCA applied to practical situations. The real-life applications of SCCA encompass a wide range of man-made or biological systems, including transportation, power generation, chemical industry, robotics, manufacturing, cybernetics organisms (cyborgs), aviation, economic systems, enterprise, systems, medical/health systems, environmental applications, and so on. The SCCA fields exhibit strong influences on society and raise, during their use and application, many ethical concerns and dilemmas.

This book provides a consolidated and concise overview of SCCA in a single volume for the first time, focusing on ontological, epistemological, social impact, ethical, and general philosophical issues. It is appropriate for use as independent reading by students and scientists or in engineering courses as a convenient tutorial source providing fundamental conceptual and educational material on these issues.

Included in the book are:
- Background material on philosophy and systems theory
- Major ontological, epistemological, societal, and ethical/philosophical aspects of the four fields considered in the book
- Over 400 references and a list of 130 additional books in the relevant fields
- Over 100 color photos and 70 line figures that illustrate the text.
Preface xiii
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxvii
List of Abbreviations xxix
Names and Achievements of SCCA Pioneers xxxiii
Abstracts xxxv
1 Introductory Concepts and Outline of the Book 1(28)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Systems Theory, System Dynamics, and Cybernetics: A Preliminary Look
2(8)
1.2.1 Systems Theory and System Dynamics
2(5)
1.2.2 Cybernetics
7(3)
1.3 Control and Automation: A Preliminary Look
10(10)
1.3.1 Control
10(4)
1.3.2 Automation
14(6)
1.4 Societal and Ethical Issues
20(2)
1.5 Systems Philosophy
22(1)
1.6 Control and Cybernetics Philosophy
23(1)
1.7 Outline of the Book
23(3)
References
26(3)
2 Basics of Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, and Philosophy of Technology 29(26)
2.1 Introduction
29(1)
2.2 What is Philosophy?
30(5)
2.3 Principal Branches of Philosophy
35(4)
2.4 Further Branches of Philosophy
39(2)
2.5 Philosophy of Science
41(4)
2.5.1 General Issues
41(1)
2.5.2 What is Science?
42(3)
2.6 Philosophy of Technology
45(2)
2.6.1 Historical Note
45(1)
2.6.2 What is Technology?
46(1)
2.7 Fundamental Questions in Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Technology
47(5)
2.7.1 Philosophy of Science
47(4)
2.7.2 Philosophy of Technology
51(1)
2.8 Conclusions
52(1)
References
53(2)
3 Background Concepts: Systems Ontology, History and Taxonomy 55(32)
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 What is a System?
56(2)
3.3 Systems' Ontological Elements
58(10)
3.4 Brief Historical Review of Systems
68(6)
3.4.1 Precursors' Period
68(2)
3.4.2 Pioneer's Period
70(2)
3.4.3 Innovators' Period
72(2)
3.5 Systems Taxonomy
74(7)
3.6 A Comprehensive List of System Categories
81(2)
3.7 Conclusions
83(1)
References
84(3)
4 General Systems Theory and System Dynamics 87(34)
4.1 Introduction
87(1)
4.2 What is the General Systems Theory?
88(5)
4.3 What is Isomorphism in GST?
93(2)
4.4 What is System Dynamics?
95(9)
4.5 What is Systems Thinking?
104(9)
4.6 Axioms of General Systems Theory
113(3)
4.7 Conclusions
116(1)
References
117(4)
5 Cybernetics 121(34)
5.1 Introduction
121(1)
5.2 What is Cybernetics?
122(3)
5.3 Brief Historical Review of Cybernetics
125(6)
5.4 First-and Second-Order Cybernetics
131(8)
5.4.1 First-Order Cybernetics
131(4)
5.4.2 Second-Order Cybernetics
135(4)
5.5 Social Systems and Sociocybernetics
139(8)
5.5.1 Social Systems
139(4)
5.5.2 Sociocybernetics
143(4)
5.5.3 Organizational Cybernetics
147(1)
5.6 Conclusions
147(2)
References
149(6)
6 Control 155(76)
6.1 Introduction
155(1)
6.2 Feedback and Control
156(5)
6.2.1 What is Feedback?
156(2)
6.2.2 What is Control?
158(3)
6.3 Brief Historical Review of Feedback Control
161(6)
6.3.1 Prehistoric and Early Control Period
161(1)
6.3.2 Pre-Classical Control Period
162(1)
6.3.3 Classical Control Period
163(1)
6.3.4 Modern Control Period
164(3)
6.4 Classical Control Epistemology
167(22)
6.4.1 Transfer Functions and Stability
167(3)
6.4.2 Closed-Loop Controlled Systems and Performance Specifications
170(5)
6.4.3 Root-Locus and Frequency Response Methods
175(8)
6.4.4 Compensators
183(5)
6.4.5 Discrete-Time Control Systems
188(1)
6.5 Modern Control Epistemology
189(27)
6.5.1 State Space Modeling, Controllability, and Observability
189(4)
6.5.2 Lyapunov Stability
193(3)
6.5.3 State Feedback Control
196(3)
6.5.4 Optimal and Stochastic Control
199(5)
6.5.5 Model-Free Control
204(12)
6.6 Networked Control Systems
216(8)
6.7 Conclusions
224(1)
References
224(7)
7 Complex and Nonlinear Systems 231(58)
7.1 Introduction
231(1)
7.2 What is a Complex System?
232(1)
7.3 What is Complexity?
233(2)
7.4 Opinions about Complex Systems
235(1)
7.5 Measurement of Complexity
236(3)
7.6 Nonlinear Systems: Bifurcations, Chaos, Strange Attractors, and Fractals
239(14)
7.6.1 General Issues
239(1)
7.6.2 Bifurcations
240(4)
7.6.3 Chaos and Strange Attractors
244(4)
7.6.4 Fractals
248(5)
7.7 Emergence
253(6)
7.8 Complex Adaptive Systems
259(5)
7.9 Adaptation
264(8)
7.9.1 What is Adaptation?
264(2)
7.9.2 Historical Note
266(3)
7.9.3 Adaptation Mechanisms
269(3)
7.10 Self-Organization
272(10)
7.10.1 What is self-organization?
272(3)
7.10.2 Mechanisms of Self-Organization
275(2)
7.10.3 Examples of self-organization
277(5)
7.11 Conclusions
282(1)
References
283(6)
8 Automation 289(80)
8.1 Introduction
289(1)
8.2 What is Automation?
290(3)
8.3 Industrial versus Office Automation
293(15)
8.3.1 Industrial Automation
293(6)
8.3.2 Office Automation Systems
299(9)
8.4 Further Examples of Industrial Automation
308(28)
8.4.1 Robotic Automation
308(6)
8.4.2 Aircraft Automation
314(9)
8.4.3 Air Traffic Control
323(5)
8.4.4 Automated Driving Vehicles
328(8)
8.5 Human-Machine Interfaces and Virtual Reality in Automation
336(14)
8.5.1 Human-Machine Interfaces
336(10)
8.5.2 Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Mixed Reality (MR) Systems
346(3)
8.5.3 VR-based Medical Systems and Simulators
349(1)
8.6 Human Factors in Automation
350(12)
8.7 Conclusions
362(2)
References
364(5)
9 Societal Issues 369(42)
9.1 Introduction
369(1)
9.2 What is Society?
370(6)
9.3 Systems Theory in Society Development
376(3)
9.4 Cybernetics and Society
379(3)
9.5 The Impact of Control
382(14)
9.6 The Impact of Automation on Society
396(11)
9.7 Conclusions
407(1)
References
407(4)
10 Ethical and Philosophical Issues 411(48)
10.1 Introduction
411(1)
10.2 What is Ethics?
412(4)
10.3 Ethics of Systems Engineering
416(5)
10.3.1 What is Systems Engineering?
416(1)
10.3.2 Ethics of Systems Engineering
417(4)
10.4 Ethics of Systems Thinking
421(2)
10.5 Ethics of Cybernetics
423(7)
10.6 Ethics of Control and Automation
430(7)
10.6.1 General Issues
430(1)
10.6.2 Roboethics
431(5)
10.6.3 Professional Codes of Ethics
436(1)
10.7 Ethics of Management Control
437(10)
10.8 Systems Philosophy
447(4)
10.8.1 What is Systems Philosophy?
447(2)
10.8.2 A Look at the Evolution of Systems Philosophy
449(2)
10.9 Control and Cybernetics Philosophy
451(3)
10.10 Conclusions
454(1)
References
455(4)
A Selection of Books on Systems, Cybernetics, Control, and Automation 459(10)
Index 469(8)
About the Author 477
Spyros G. Tzafestas
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta
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