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E-raamat: Tale of Seven Elements

  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-May-2013
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780199910748
  • Formaat - EPUB+DRM
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  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-May-2013
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780199910748

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In 1913, English physicist Henry Moseley established an elegant method for "counting" the elements based on atomic number, ranging them from hydrogen (#1) to uranium (#92). It soon became clear, however, that seven elements were mysteriously missing from the lineup--seven elements unknown to science.

In his well researched and engaging narrative, Eric Scerri presents the intriguing stories of these seven elements--protactinium, hafnium, rhenium, technetium, francium, astatine and promethium. The book follows the historical order of discovery, roughly spanning the two world wars, beginning with the isolation of protactinium in 1917 and ending with that of promethium in 1945. For each element, Scerri traces the research that preceded the discovery, the pivotal experiments, the personalities of the chemists involved, the chemical nature of the new element, and its applications in science and technology. We learn for instance that alloys of hafnium--whose name derives from the Latin name for Copenhagen (hafnia)--have some of the highest boiling points on record and are used for the nozzles in rocket thrusters such as the Apollo Lunar Modules. Scerri also tells the personal tales of researchers overcoming great obstacles. We see how Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn--the pair who later proposed the theory of atomic fission--were struggling to isolate element 91 when World War I intervened, Hahn was drafted into the German army's poison gas unit, and Meitner was forced to press on alone against daunting odds. The book concludes by examining how and where the twenty-five new elements have taken their places in the periodic table in the last half century.

A Tale of Seven Elements paints a fascinating picture of chemical research--the wrong turns, missed opportunities, bitterly disputed claims, serendipitous findings, accusations of dishonesty--all leading finally to the thrill of discovery.

Arvustused

A Tale of Seven Scientists is a well-written, provocative and stimulating book, a bold attempt to base an evolutionary view of science on fragments of the modern history of chemistry and physics. * Helge Kragh, Bulletin for the History of Chemistry * it is an excellent read, and it is warmly recommended to all students and practitioners of chemistry and related fields, and to all those who are interested in the history and the culture of science. * Istvan Hargittai, Journal of Structural Chemistry * Eric Scerri offers us a fascinating account of the discovery of these seven elements. Author of The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance (2007), Scerri is superbly qualified for this task: chemist, philosopher of science and historian, he is the foremost contemporary analyst of the periodic table. * Alan Rocke, THE * As a professional historian of chemistry who thought that he already knew these stories, I was surprised by how much novel and interesting material Scerri has unearthed in this admirable book. He offers corrections to many long-standing textbook errors, both historical and scientific, and presents a fresh, thoroughly researched understanding of a complex web of interacting research during a period of about 30 years... chemists, historians and philosophers of science, as well as educated laypeople, will unquestionably find this book an entertaining and highly instructive read. * Alan Rocke, THE * fascinating stories, full of priority disputes, nationalistic squabbles, firm announcements of non-existent elements, and flashes of comedy and tragedy. * Virginia Trimble, The Observatory * It's an extraordinary rich and complete book, not only regarding the chemistry of each of the studied elements, but also on the nature of science [ translation] * Revista Eureka sobre Ensenanza y Divulgacion de las Ciencias * You could say the periodic table is elementary, but Eric Scerri shows that the stories behind the key discoveries in chemistry were dramatic, political and full of blind alleys. * New Scientist * compulsory reading for those who wish to inject some life into the story of the elements and the periodic table. * Kevin de Berg, Science and Education *

Preface: What constitutes the discovery of an element?

Chapter
1.
Dalton, to the Discovery of the Periodic System

Chapter 2.
van den Broek, Moseley and the missing seven elements.

Chapter 3.
Element 91, protactinium

Chapter 4.
Element 72, hafnium

Chapter 5.
Element 75, rhenium

Chapter 6.
Element 43, technetium

Chapter 7.
Element 87, francium

Element 8.
Element 85, astatine

Chapter 9.
Element 61, promethium
Dr. Eric Scerri is a leading philosopher of science specializing in the history and philosophy of the periodic table. He is also the founder and editor in chief of the international journal Foundations of Chemistry and has been a full-time lecturer at UCLA for the past ten years where he regularly teaches classes of 350 chemistry students as well as classes in history and philosophy of science. He is the author of The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance.