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E-raamat: Tamil Padam: A Dance Music Genre of South India

  • Formaat: 448 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Mar-2023
  • Kirjastus: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000779349
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  • Formaat: 448 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Mar-2023
  • Kirjastus: Jenny Stanford Publishing
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000779349
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This book is a study of the Bharata Natyam dance genre "padam" and focuses on its patrons and composers and its formal structure, texts, and music. It examines the "rewriting" of South Indian dance and the decades-long debates over the classicization and ownership of South Indian music.



This book is a study of the Bharata Natyam dance genre "padam" focusing on its patrons and composers and its formal structure, texts, and music. It examines the "rewriting" of South Indian dance and the decades-long debates over the classicization and ownership of South Indian music. The control over the representation of the arts is a subject that should resonate with scholars working in a wide variety of genres and across many countries. The study is diachronic (historical) and also synchronic (examining padams’ organizational structure as a system). Importantly, the text includes 30 Tamil language songs, minutely translated and annotated together with a documentation of their performance history in the 20th century. Classical and modern music composers and performers, ethnomusicologists, librettists, singers, choreographers, art historians, dancers, dance scholars, and dance teachers will find them useful in giving students a deep contextual understanding of Bharata Natyam. The book will find an enthusiastic readership with dance teachers who are actively training Bharata Natyam students. It will also attract a scholarly audience as an anthropological and historical study of an artistic form which has a high profile in South Asia and has become prominent in the growing fields of ethnomusicology, dance ethnography and "world dance."

List of Figures
xi
List of Plates
xiii
Maps
xv
Preface xxi
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Hinduism
2(4)
1.1.1 Devi-The Goddess
3(2)
1.1.2 Saivism
5(1)
1.1.3 Murugan
5(1)
1.1.4 Vaishnavism
6(1)
1.2 The Two "Love Rajas" and Two Languages
6(1)
1.3 Padams and Dance
7(3)
1.4 Padams and Gender
10(3)
1.5 Padams and Family
13(1)
1.6 Previous Scholarship
14(2)
1.7 Goals, Methods, Limitations
16(3)
1.7.1 A Living Repertoire
18(1)
1.8 Selection of Core Group
19(1)
1.9 Synopsis
19(2)
2 Kings, Devotion, Patronage, and Padams
21(46)
2.1 Emergence of Tanjavur as a Center for the Arts
21(1)
2.2 The Colas
22(4)
2.2.1 King Raja Raja Cola, Nambi Andar Nambi, et al.
24(2)
2.3 The Nayak Period in Tanjavur
26(1)
2.4 Shift to Vaishnavite Patronage
27(2)
2.5 Nayaks of Tanjavur
29(10)
2.5.1 Sevappa
29(1)
2.5.2 Achyutappa
30(1)
2.5.3 Raghunatha
31(1)
2.5.4 Sringara Padams: Early References
32(2)
2.5.5 Vijayaraghava
34(2)
2.5.6 Padams at Court
36(2)
2.5.7 Denouement of the Telugu Nayak Line
38(1)
2.6 The Maratha Rajas of Tanjavur
39(8)
2.6.1 Venkoji/Ekoji I
40(2)
2.6.2 Sahaji I
42(2)
2.6.3 The 18th Century: A Word about Padams
44(1)
2.6.4 Serfoji I
44(1)
2.6.5 Tulaja I
45(2)
2.7 The Period of Anarchy
47(20)
2.7.1 Pratap Singh
48(1)
2.7.2 Tulaja II
49(4)
2.7.3 Reverend Schwartz
53(3)
2.7.4 Amar Singh at Tiruvidaimarudur
56(5)
2.7.5 Serfoji II
61(2)
2.7.6 Sivaji II
63(4)
3 Composers of Tamil Padams
67(128)
3.1 To Compose
67(3)
3.1.1 Changes Over Time in Melody and Text
68(2)
3.2 Biographies of Composers
70(2)
3.3 Composer: Muttuttandavar
72(14)
3.3.1 Dating His Life
72(2)
3.3.2 His Life Story
74(3)
3.3.3 Transmission of Muttuttandavar's Songs
77(2)
3.3.4 Publication of Muttuttandavar's Songs
79(1)
3.3.5 Early Tamil Kritis and Padams
80(2)
3.3.6 Rhythmic Aspects of His Kirttanams
82(1)
3.3.7 Without Understanding
83(2)
3.3.8 God Coming in Procession
85(1)
3.4 Composer: Papavinasa Mudaliar
86(12)
3.4.1 His Life
87(2)
3.4.2 Transmission of His Compositions
89(1)
3.4.3 Papavinasa Mudaliar and Tiruvarur
90(2)
3.4.4 His Oeuvre
92(1)
3.4.5 Flowering of Ninda Stuti
93(5)
3.5 Composer: Marimutta Pillai
98(8)
3.5.1 The Central Narrative
99(1)
3.5.2 His Work
100(3)
3.5.3 Ninda Stuti
103(3)
3.6 Composer: Uttukkadu Venkatasubba Ayyar
106(9)
3.6.1 The Village of Uttukkadu
106(3)
3.6.2 Transmission of His Songs
109(2)
3.6.3 Revival of His Compositions
111(1)
3.6.4 The Dancing Krishna
112(3)
3.7 Composer: Arunacala Kavirayar, Sirgari
115(11)
3.7.1 Story of His Life
116(1)
3.7.2 The Poet and the Musicians
117(1)
3.7.3 Arankerram (Premiere)
118(2)
3.7.4 Caveat
120(1)
3.7.5 His Work and Its Popularity
120(2)
3.7.6 The Musical Settings of His Songs
122(1)
3.7.7 Discovery of Five Additional Songs
123(2)
3.7.8 Padams and the 19th Century
125(1)
3.8 Composer: Ghanam Krishna Ayyar
126(29)
3.8.1 Kumbakonam and its Surroundings
127(4)
3.8.2 A Mid-Point Between Worlds
131(1)
3.8.3 His Youth
132(2)
3.8.4 The Ghanam Style
134(3)
3.8.5 Three Patrons and Three Songs
137(1)
3.8.5.1 Patron 1: The Moopanars at Kapistalam
137(2)
3.8.5.2 Patron 2: Raja Amara Simha at Tiruvidaimarudur
139(5)
3.8.5.3 Patron 3: Kaccirangan of Udaiyarpalaiyam
144(6)
3.8.6 Kacciranka's Nod of Assent
150(2)
3.8.7 Padams on Vishnu and Murugan
152(1)
3.8.8 On Ranganatha of Srirangam
152(1)
3.8.9 Third Caranam of Engumayamana
153(1)
3.8.10 Murugan at Palani
154(1)
3.8.11 Murugan as the Holder of the Spear
155(1)
3.9 Composer: Kavikunjara Bharati
155(19)
3.9.1 Family and Early Life
156(2)
3.9.2 Madura Kavi Bharati
158(1)
3.9.3 The Composer at Court
159(1)
3.9.4 An Elephant Among Poets
160(1)
3.9.5 The Aragar Kuravanji
161(2)
3.9.6 His Padams: Tone, Tune And Tamil
163(1)
3.9.7 Geography and Repertoire
163(3)
3.9.8 Two Padams and Two Legends at Kunrakkudi
166(1)
3.9.8.1 Cur, the "Mango Demon"
166(2)
3.9.8.2 Valli and Devayanai, Murugan's southern and northern wives
168(4)
3.9.9 The Kuravanji Dance Drama
172(2)
3.10 Composer: Vaidisvarankoil Subbarama Ayyar
174(15)
3.10.1 Sources
175(1)
3.10.2 "The Book"
175(3)
3.10.3 Subbarama Ayyar's Possible Guru
178(1)
3.10.4 Subbarama Ayyar's Possible Patrons
179(1)
3.10.5 Velur: The Place of Subbarama Ayyar's Padams
180(1)
3.10.6 Authorship
181(6)
3.10.7 On Murugan as Muttukkumaraswami of Velur
187(1)
3.10.8 On Murugan as Kumaresar of Parani
188(1)
3.11 Composer: Gopalakrishna Bharati
189(4)
3.12 Other Songs in the Study
193(2)
4 Texts, a Quiet, Private Corner
195(50)
4.1 A System of Texts
195(1)
4.2 The Ashta Nayakis (Eight Heroines)
196(2)
4.3 Classical Tamil Poetry: Akam and Puram
198(2)
4.4 Bhakti Poetry
200(1)
4.5 An "Export and Reimport" of Erotic Bhakti?
201(3)
4.6 A Triad of Characters
204(1)
4.7 Directions of Address
205(1)
4.8 Evolution of Three-Part Structure from Two-Part Structure
206(1)
4.9 The Number of Caranams
206(1)
4.10 Progression Through the Form in Performance
207(2)
4.11 Pallavi, the Sprout: Throwing the Idea
209(1)
4.12 Anupallavi, "The Lord Whose Fame Ever Grows"
210(2)
4.13 Murugan Atop His Mountains
212(1)
4.14 Caranam: "In My Tender Youth"
212(1)
4.15 Presentation of Compositions by Group
213(22)
4.16 Discussion: A Corpus with Fuzzy Edges
235(4)
4.17 Organization of the Repertoire: The Indirect Stance
239(2)
4.18 Weaving of Akam and Puram Elements
241(1)
4.19 Conclusion
242(3)
5 The Musical Organization of Tamil Padams
245(50)
5.1 Principle of Selection of Material
245(2)
5.2 Qualities of Raga
247(5)
5.2.1 "Major" Ragas
247(1)
5.2.2 Rakti Ragas
248(1)
5.2.3 Ghana Ragas
249(3)
5.3 Varnamettu: Setting a Tune
252(1)
5.4 Autobiographical
253(1)
5.5 Astonishment at Recognizing a Phrase
254(2)
5.6 The "Border Lines"
256(1)
5.7 Product and Process in Genre
257(2)
5.7.1 Opening up the Notion of Genre
259(1)
5.8 Three Ragas
259(17)
5.8.1 Bhairavi
259(2)
5.8.1.1 The music academy of Madras
261(2)
5.8.1.2 Raga classification as a living process
263(2)
5.8.2 Kambhoji
265(3)
5.8.2.1 Yadukula Kambhoji: A fellow janya
268(1)
5.8.3 Todi
269(3)
5.8.3.1 Conservative usage
272(1)
5.8.3.2 Expanded usage
273(3)
5.9 Varnamettu in the Literature and Musicians' Conversation
276(19)
5.9.1 Composer or Artisan
278(1)
5.9.2 Varnamettu Vis a Vis Phrase and Alapana
279(1)
5.9.3 Varnamettu and Hindustani Chalan
280(1)
5.9.4 Varnamettu and the Folk
281(3)
5.9.5 Varnamettu: A Snap Shot of Raga
284(1)
5.9.6 Varnamettu in Terukkuttu
284(2)
5.9.7 Melody and Meter in Mettu
286(2)
5.9.8 Tala in the Padams
288(2)
5.9.9 Padams Set to Multiple Talas
290(1)
5.9.10 Varnamettu Across Four Tala Cycles
290(3)
5.9.11 Music
293(2)
6 Conclusion
295(18)
6.1 Epilogue
297(6)
6.2 The Hindu of Madras
303(4)
6.3 Dance Programs
307(3)
6.4 Old and New Worlds
310(3)
Bibliography 313(14)
Appendices 327(92)
Index 419
Matthew Harp Allen is Professor Emeritus of Music and Asian Studies at Wheaton College (Massachusetts, USA). He was a long-time student of South Indian vocal music with T. Viswanathan, with whom he co-authored Music in South India (Oxford University Press). He has written several articles on the social history of Bharata Natyam dance and the classicization of music in South India in the 20th century.