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E-raamat: Taxation of Capital Gains under the OECD Model Convention: with special regard to immovable property

  • Formaat: 436 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-May-2007
  • Kirjastus: Kluwer Law International
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789041155801
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  • Formaat: 436 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-May-2007
  • Kirjastus: Kluwer Law International
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9789041155801
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Capital resources have become increasingly mobile as globalization continues, resulting in significant questions about the taxation of transnational capital gains, particularly in cases of investment in immovable property. This has led to strong interest in the implications of Article 13 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Model Convention. Simontacchi traces the background of the OECD approach from its deepest roots, the model conventions drafted under the auspices of the League of Nations in the 1920s and 1940s. Simontacchi provides a very close reading of Article 13 and commentary on Article 13 (1) through (4), describing the OECD's approach to capital gains, its definitions, coverage and edicts on the appreciation of the value of property, the gains derived from the alienation of immovable property, and the gains derived from the alienation of shares in immovable property. The next edition will doubtless include an index. Distributed in North America by Aspen Publishers, Inc. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Preface xiii
Introduction xv
The Capital Gains Article in the Model Conventions Drafted Under the Auspices of the League of Nations
1(120)
International Double Taxation after World War I
1(3)
1923 Report
4(19)
Economic Consequences of International Double Taxation
6(1)
Basis of Taxation and the Elements of Economic Allegiance
6(3)
Economic Allegiance and Classification of Wealth for Tax Purposes
9(13)
General Methods of Avoiding Double Taxation
22(1)
1925 Report
23(2)
1927 Draft
25(3)
1928 Drafts
28(19)
1928 Report
28(3)
1928 Drafts No. la and Ic
31(1)
Article 2 - Income from Immovable Property
32(6)
Article 3 - Income from Bonds, Loans and Deposits and Article 4 - Income from Shares
38(1)
Article 5 - Business Income
39(1)
Article 9 - Annuities
40(4)
Article 10 - Personal Taxes
44(1)
Article 12 - Property Taxes
45(2)
1928 Draft No. Ib
47(1)
Non-Inclusion of Capital Gains in the 1927 and 1928 Drafts
47(9)
Work of the Fiscal Committee 1929-1939
56(9)
1929 Report and 1930 Report
56(2)
1931 Plurilateral Drafts
58(1)
1933 Draft and 1935 Draft
59(3)
1936-1939 Reports
62(3)
1940 Drafts
65(27)
Work of the Fiscal Committee in 1940
65(1)
Carroll's 1940 Draft
65(1)
Carroll's 1940 Study
65(2)
Article VIII - Gains Derived from the Sale of Immovable Property
67(3)
Article XII - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Capital Assets Other than Immovable Property
70(5)
1940 Hague Draft
75(1)
1940 Hague Report
75(2)
Article 12 - Capital Gains
77(2)
Article 12(1) - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Real Property
79(1)
Article 12(2) - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Business Property
80(2)
Article 12(3) - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Other Capital Assets
82(1)
1940 Mexico Draft
83(1)
1940 Mexico Report
83(3)
Article 12 - Capital Gains
86(4)
First Step in the Revision of the 1928 Drafts
90(2)
1943 Mexico Draft
92(22)
Work Accomplished Between First and Second Regional Tax Conferences
92(7)
1943 Mexico Report
99(1)
Article XII - Capital Gains
100(1)
Limited Scope
100(13)
Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Real Property
113(1)
1946 London Draft
114(7)
Reconsideration of 1943 Mexico Draft
114(1)
1946 London Report
115(2)
Article XII - Capital Gains
117(1)
Scope
117(1)
Article XII(1) - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Real Property
118(1)
Article XII(2) - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Business Assets
118(1)
Article XII(3) - Gains Derived from the Sale or Exchange of Other Capital Assets
119(2)
Definition of Capital Gains in Article 13 of the OECD Model
121(76)
Definition of Capital Gains in Domestic Systems
121(16)
Conceptual Problems in Defining Capital Gains for Tax Purposes
121(2)
Historical Development of Capital Gains Taxation
123(3)
Lack of an International Common Definition of Capital Gains
126(1)
No Generally Accepted Approach to Capital Gains Taxation
127(1)
Capital Gains Taxation: Main Issues
128(1)
Criteria for Type of Tax Regime
129(2)
Definition of Capital Asset
131(1)
Realization Requirement
131(1)
Definition of Alienation
132(1)
Bunching
133(1)
Calculation
133(1)
Anti-Abuse
134(3)
Nature Of Capital Gains Under the OECD Model
137(5)
Gains Covered by Article 13
142(33)
The Term `Capital Gains'
142(1)
Use of the Term in Article 13
142(1)
Relevance of Headings of Treaty Articles
143(2)
Use of the Term in the OECD Commentary
145(1)
Terms Affecting the Scope of the Article
146(1)
Definition of Property
147(3)
Definition of Gains
150(1)
History of Gains Covered by Article 13
151(9)
Other Model Conventions and Treaties
160(4)
Preliminary Comments
164(5)
Article 7 and Article 13: Interaction
169(1)
Scope of Article 7
169(1)
Article 7 and Article 13: Attribution of Taxation Rights
170(3)
Final Remarks
173(2)
Definition of Alienation
175(22)
Independent Treaty Meaning vs. Domestic Law Definition
175(1)
History of Terms Used in the Model Conventions for the Event Giving Rise to Capital Gains
176(6)
OECD Commentary Position
182(3)
Appreciation in Value of Property
185(1)
Taxation of Unrealized Gains
185(2)
Applicability of Article 22
187(1)
Consistency of Article 7-Article 21 Treaty Regime with Article 13 Regime
188(3)
Remarks
191(1)
Change in the Use of a Capital Asset
191(4)
Final Remarks
195(2)
Gains Derived from the Alienation of Immovable Property (Article 13(1)
197(110)
OECD Model and Other Model Conventions
197(4)
OECD Model
197(1)
Other Model Conventions
198(3)
Purpose of Article 13(1)
201(1)
Geographical Scope of Article 13(1)
202(4)
Bilateral Reach
202(1)
Versions in 1963 OECD Model and 1977-2005 OECD Models
203(3)
Cases outside the Bilateral Reach of Article 13(1)
206(40)
Applicability of Article 13(5)
206(1)
Scope
206(1)
Two Relevant Factors
207(2)
OECD Commentary Position
209(3)
Historical Analysis
212(1)
Remarks
213(2)
Alternatives to Article 13(5)
215(1)
Article 7 and Article 21
215(4)
Scope and Purpose of Article 7
219(1)
Scope and Purpose of Article 21
220(3)
Interaction of the Two Articles
223(3)
Applicability of Article 21 to Capital Gains
226(1)
Remarks
227(1)
Article 13(1) and Article 13(2): Interaction
227(1)
Situs Rule vs. Permanent Establishment Rule
227(2)
Immovable Property in Permanent Establishment State
229(1)
Capital Gains
229(1)
Income from Immovable Property
230(1)
Taxation of Capital
231(1)
Immovable Property in Residence State
231(1)
Capital Gains
232(1)
Income from Immovable Property
233(1)
Taxation of Capital
234(1)
Immovable Property in a Third State
234(1)
Capital Gains
235(2)
Income from Immovable Property
237(1)
Taxation of Capital
238(1)
Cases: Summary
239(2)
Situs Rule in the OECD Model
241(5)
Definition of Derived
246(29)
Domestic Law Definition vs. Autonomous Definition
246(1)
History
247(1)
`Derived' in the League Model Conventions
247(6)
Alternative Terms in the League Model Conventions
253(2)
Use of `Derived' in Article 13
255(1)
OECD Model
255(2)
From 1946 London Draft to 1977 OECD Model
257(2)
Use of `Derived' in the Other OECD Model Articles
259(1)
Article 6
259(1)
Article 10(5)
259(1)
Article 15
260(1)
Article 16
261(1)
Article 17
262(1)
Article 23
263(2)
French Version
265(1)
Remarks
266(1)
Alternatives to `Derived' in the OECD Model
266(2)
Income or Gains from Something
268(1)
Profits of Something Carried on by a Person
268(2)
Income of a Person
270(1)
Income Paid
270(1)
Income Received
271(1)
Income Beneficially Owned by a Person
271(1)
Income Arising in a State
272(1)
Income Accrued to a Person
273(1)
Final Remarks
273(2)
Definition of Immovable Property in Article 13(1)
275(32)
Cross Reference to Article 6
275(1)
Scope of Article 6(2)
275(2)
History
277(3)
`As Defined in Paragraph 2 of Article 6' vs. `Referred to in Article 6'
280(6)
Article 6(2): Definition of Immovable Property
286(1)
History
286(2)
Structure
288(1)
Article 6(2) and Article 3(2)
289(2)
Definition of Law
291(7)
Definition of Situated
298(4)
Definition of Terms in Positive and Negative List
302(1)
Consistency for Purposes of Applying Article 13(1)
303(1)
Consistency for Purposes of Applying Article 13(5) and Article 21
304(3)
Gains Derived from the Alienation of Shares in Immovable Property Companies (Article 13(4))
307(88)
OECD Model AND Other Model Conventions
307(6)
OECD Model
307(1)
Other Model Conventions
307(6)
Indirect Alienation of Immovable Property and Tax Treaties
313(5)
Domestic Sourcing Provisions
313(2)
Domestic Sourcing Provisions and Tax Treaties: Interaction
315(3)
Inclusion of Article 13(4) in OECD Model
318(6)
Purpose and Nature of Article 13(4)
318(2)
Article 13(4) and the Improper Use of Tax Treaties
320(4)
Geographical Scope of Article 13(4)
324(6)
Bilateral Reach
324(1)
Cases within the Bilateral Reach of Article 13(4)
325(1)
Immovable Property Company Resident in the Situs State
325(1)
Immovable Property Company Resident in the Residence State
326(1)
Immovable Property Company Resident in a Third State
327(1)
Cases Outside the Bilateral Reach of Article 13(4)
328(1)
Relevant Immovable Property in the Residence State
328(1)
Relevant Immovable Property in a Third State
329(1)
Article 13(4) and Article 13(2): Interaction
330(11)
Shares of an Immovable Property Company Forming Part of the Business Property of a Permanent Establishment
330(1)
Immovable Property in the Permanent Establishment State
331(2)
Immovable Property in the Residence State
333(2)
Immovable Property in a Third State
335(3)
Inconsistency
338(2)
Possible Solutions
340(1)
Scope: Gains Derived From Alienation of Shares
341(12)
Definition of Shares
341(2)
Exclusion of Interests in Other Entities
343(2)
Exclusion of Other Interests in Joint-Stock Companies
345(2)
Alienation of Shares
347(1)
Non-Substantial Shareholdings
348(1)
Listed Shares
348(2)
Corporate Reorganizations
350(2)
Shares Held by Pension Funds
352(1)
Definition of Immovable Property Company
353(28)
Value Test
353(1)
Definition of Immovable Property
354(1)
Applicability of Article 6 Definition
354(3)
Immovable Property in which a Business is Carried on
357(2)
Sources from which the Shares Derive Their Value
359(1)
Relevant Property
359(4)
Definition of Value
363(2)
When the Value Test Must Be Met
365(2)
Direct or Indirect Derivation of Value
367(6)
Indirect Derivation of Value: Multi-Tier Chains of Companies
373(2)
Compatibility of the Value Test with the Purpose of the Provision
375(1)
Application Requirements
376(1)
Attribution of Taxation Rights
377(3)
Proposed Solution
380(1)
Obtaining Information and Collecting Taxes
381(3)
Double Exemption
384(1)
Effects of Introduction of Article 13(4) on the Attribution of Taxation Rights
385(5)
Indirect Ownership Structure and Related Attribution of Taxation Rights
385(1)
Attribution of Taxation Rights Before the Introduction of Article 13(4)
385(1)
Attribution of Taxation Rights after the Introduction of Article 13(4)
386(3)
Points for Further Discussion
389(1)
Article 13(4) And Substantial Interest Provisions: Interaction
390(5)
Substantial Interest Provisions
390(2)
Interaction when Contained in the Same Treaty
392(1)
Interaction when Contained in Different Treaties Applicable to the Same Alienation Of Shares
392(3)
Bibliography 395