Foreword |
|
vii | |
|
Foreword |
|
ix | |
|
Preface |
|
xix | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxvii | |
About the Author |
|
xxix | |
|
Chapter 1 Prelude: Computing from Ancient Times to the Modern Era |
|
|
1 | (36) |
|
The Human Need to Compute |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
Early Sequence of Numerical Knowledge |
|
|
3 | (5) |
|
Inventions for Improved Mathematics |
|
|
8 | (13) |
|
Mathematics and Calculating |
|
|
10 | (4) |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
Communicating Information |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Enabling Computers and Software |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
Key Inventions Relevant to Software |
|
|
21 | (2) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
Binary and Decimal Numbers and Zero |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Higher-Level Programming Languages |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Software on People and Society |
|
|
23 | (12) |
|
Beneficial Tools and Applications |
|
|
23 | (9) |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
Chapter 2 1930 to 1939: The Foundations of Digital Computing |
|
|
37 | (6) |
|
The First Innovators of Modern Computing |
|
|
37 | (3) |
|
Small Mathematical Applications |
|
|
40 | (2) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Chapter 3 1940 to 1949: Computing During World War II and the Postwar Era |
|
|
43 | (34) |
|
Global Conflict and Computing |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (23) |
|
Analog Computers During World War II |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Computers in Germany During World War II |
|
|
47 | (3) |
|
Computers in Japan During World War II |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Computers in Poland During World War II |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Computers in France During World War II |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Computers in Australia During World War II |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Computers in Russia During World War II |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
Computers in Great Britain During World War II |
|
|
54 | (5) |
|
Computers in the United States During World War II |
|
|
59 | (9) |
|
Computers in the Postwar Era |
|
|
68 | (5) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
Postwar Computer Development |
|
|
69 | (4) |
|
Historical Contributions of the Decade |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
Building Software in 1945 |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
Chapter 4 1950 to 1959: Starting the Ascent of Digital Computers and Software |
|
|
77 | (16) |
|
Military and Defense Computers in the 1950s |
|
|
77 | (4) |
|
|
78 | (2) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (3) |
|
Programming Languages of the 1950s |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
The First Commercial Computers |
|
|
85 | (4) |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
Other Computer Business Implementations |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
Software Applications in the 1950s |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
91 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 1960 to 1969: The Rise of Business Computers and Business Software |
|
|
93 | (32) |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
Early Specialized Outsourcing |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
Computer Programmers in the 1960s |
|
|
96 | (8) |
|
|
96 | (4) |
|
A High Demand for Programmers |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
Emergence of the Software Engineer |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (2) |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
The Invention of the Credit Card |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Automation and New Professions |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Programming Languages of the 1960s |
|
|
112 | (3) |
|
The Computer Business of the 1960s |
|
|
115 | (3) |
|
Litigation Changes the Computer World Forever |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
Computers and Software in Space |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Computer and Software Growth in the 1960s |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
Function Points Backfired for 1965 |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
Chapter 6 1970 to 1979: Computers and Software Begin Creating Wealth |
|
|
125 | (40) |
|
Software Evolution in the 1970s |
|
|
125 | (4) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Rapid Rise of Computer Companies |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Major Companies Formed During the 1970s |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
129 | (1) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
Computer and Software Companies Formed During the 1970s |
|
|
130 | (15) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
Systems Applications Programs (SAP) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (2) |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Companies Founded During the 1970s |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
The Troublesome Growth of Software Applications |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
Numerous Fragmented Software Subcategories |
|
|
147 | (11) |
|
Advanced and Experimental Software |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Cybercrime and Hacking Software |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
Gaming and Entertainment Software |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Programming Tool Software |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Project Management Software |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Scientific and Mathematical Software |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Security and Protective Software |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
A Lawsuit That Changed Computer History |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Background Enabling Inventions |
|
|
159 | (3) |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
Chapter 7 1980 to 1989: The Rise of Personal Computers and Personal Software |
|
|
165 | (42) |
|
Rapid Changes in Computing |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
Companies Formed During the 1980s |
|
|
168 | (36) |
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
BlackBerry (Research in Motion, or RIM) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
Digital Consulting Institute (DCI) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
Software Productivity Research (SPR) |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
|
200 | (2) |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
The Growth of Software During the 1980s |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 1985 |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Chapter 8 1990 to 1999: Expansion of the World Wide Web and the Rise of Dot-Coms |
|
|
207 | (40) |
|
Emergence of the World Wide Web |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
Other Innovations of the 1990s |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
Companies Formed During the 1990s |
|
|
212 | (25) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (2) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
216 | (1) |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
Heartland Payment Systems |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
Mass Updates and Aging Legacy Software |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
Incompatibilities of International Date Formats |
|
|
239 | (4) |
|
The Expansion of Outsourcing |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Growth of Software Applications During the 1990s |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 1995 |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Chapter 9 2000 to 2009: The Rise of Social Networks and Economic Crises |
|
|
247 | (40) |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
|
250 | (4) |
|
|
254 | (3) |
|
Companies Formed During the 2000s |
|
|
257 | (26) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Archon Information Systems |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (2) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
Internet Marketing Association (IMA) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Open Source Development Labs (OSDL) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Growth of Software from 2000 to 2010 |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 2005 |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
Chapter 10 2010 to 2019: Clouds, Crowds, Blogs, Big Data, and Predictive Analytics |
|
|
287 | (44) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Professional Status for Software Engineering |
|
|
289 | (4) |
|
Possible Software Engineering Improvements in the 2010s |
|
|
293 | (3) |
|
Companies Formed During the Early 2010s |
|
|
296 | (15) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (4) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Predicting New Companies and Products from 2013 to 2019 |
|
|
311 | (16) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Crowd Intelligence and Crowdfunding |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Cybercrime and Cybersecurity |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (7) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
Projected Growth of Software from 2010 to 2019 |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Results for 1,000 Function Points Circa 2015 |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
Chapter 11 Modern Software Problems |
|
|
331 | (20) |
|
Analysis of Major Software Failures |
|
|
331 | (18) |
|
1962: Failure of the Mariner 1 Navigation Software |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
1978: Hartford Coliseum Collapse |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
1983: Soviet Early Warning System |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
1986: Therac 25 Radiation Poisoning |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
1990: AT&T Telephone Lines Shutdown |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
1991: Patriot Missile Target Error |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
1993: Intel Pentium Chip Division Problem |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
1993: Denver Airport Delays |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
1996: Ariane 5 Rocket Explosion |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
1998: Mars Climate Orbiter Crash |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
1999: Failure of the British Passport System |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
2004: Shutdown of Los Angeles Airport (LAX) Air-Traffic Controls |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
2005: Failure to Complete the FBI Trilogy Project |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
2005: Secret Sony Copy Protection Software |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
2006: Airbus A380 Wiring Problem |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
2010: McAfee Antivirus Bug Shuts Down Computers |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
2011: Failed Investment in Studio 38 in Rhode Island |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
2012: Knight Capital Stock-Trading Software Problems |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
2012: Automotive Safety Recalls Due to Software |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 A Brief History of Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare |
|
|
351 | (56) |
|
|
351 | (11) |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
|
354 | (2) |
|
Increasing Seriousness of Cyberattacks |
|
|
356 | (2) |
|
A Growing Number of Victims |
|
|
358 | (4) |
|
|
362 | (30) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (5) |
|
Cyberwarfare Against Civilian Targets |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Data Theft from Corporations |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Data Theft from Unsecured Networks |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Denial of Service Attacks |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Electromagnetic Pulses (EMPs) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Java Vulnerability Attacks |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Macro Attacks in Word and Excel Documents |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Zero-Day Security Attacks |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
The Odds of Being Attacked |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Improving Defenses Against Cyberattacks |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Raising Our Immunity to Cyberattacks |
|
|
396 | (8) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Estimating Cyberattack Recovery Costs |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Insurance Against Cybertheft and Cyberattack Damages |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Secure Programming Languages |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
The Increasing Frequency and Costs of Cyberattacks in the United States |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
Appendix A Annotated Bibliography and References |
|
407 | (16) |
Index |
|
423 | |