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E-raamat: Technologies for RF Systems

  • Formaat: 330 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jan-2018
  • Kirjastus: Artech House Publishers
  • ISBN-13: 9781630814526
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Technologies for RF SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 330 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jan-2018
  • Kirjastus: Artech House Publishers
  • ISBN-13: 9781630814526
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Edwards comprehensively summarizes the main concepts, technologies, and components of microwave and radio frequency engineering. He covers 21st-century radio frequency systems and electronics; radio frequency semiconductors; passive radio frequency components and circuit elements; switches, attenutators, and digital circuits; radio-frequency filters; antennas; small-signal radio-frequency amplifiers; noise and low-noise amplifiers, radio-frequency amplifiers; radio-frequency-oriented analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, radio frequency sources, frequency-band conversion, and modulation techniques and technologies. Annotation ©2018 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)
Acknowledgments xv
Chapter 1 Twenty-First Century RF Systems and Electronics 1(22)
1.1 Introduction
1(2)
1.2 Abbreviations Relating to Symbols Used in this Book
3(1)
1.3 Antennas
3(3)
1.4 The Challenge of Frequency Bands and Wavelengths
6(3)
1.5 Software-Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio
9(1)
1.6 The Challenge of Noise
10(1)
1.7 RF Receivers
11(1)
1.8 RF Filters
12(2)
1.9 ADCs and DACs
14(1)
1.10 Oscillators, Mixers, and Frequency Converters
14(3)
1.11 Semiconductor Device Requirements
17(1)
1.12 Semiconductor Manufacturing
17(1)
1.13 Diodes and Transistors
18(1)
1.14 Hybrid Circuits and MMICs
19(1)
1.15 The Challenge of RF Power Amplification
20(1)
1.16 Electronic Design Automation
21(1)
References
22(1)
Chapter 2 RF Semiconductors 23(20)
2.1 Introduction
23(1)
2.2 Semiconductor Materials
23(5)
2.2.1 Bandgap
24(1)
2.2.2 Drift Velocity
25(1)
2.2.3 Resistors Made from Semiconductors
26(1)
2.2.4 Electron Speed and Transit Time
27(1)
2.2.5 Some Further Important Properties of Semiconductors
27(1)
2.2.6 Semiconductor Manufacturing
28(1)
2.3 Semiconductor Diodes (RF-Oriented)
28(5)
2.3.1 Some Semiconductor Junction Diode Fundamentals
28(2)
2.3.2 P-I-N Diodes
30(1)
2.3.3 Varactor Diodes
31(1)
2.3.4 Noise in RF Diodes
32(1)
2.4 Transistors
33(8)
2.4.1 Introductory Remarks
33(1)
2.4.2 High Frequency Circuit Models for Transistors
34(1)
2.4.3 CMOS and Related Transistor Technologies
35(1)
2.4.4 GaAs and GaN Field-Effect Transistors
36(1)
2.4.5 The GaAs HEMT and pHEMT
37(1)
2.4.6 The GaN HEMT
38(1)
2.4.7 Bipolar RF Transistors
39(2)
2.5 MMICs and RFICs
41(1)
References
42(1)
Chapter 3 Passive RF Components 43(20)
3.1 Introduction
43(1)
3.2 Discrete Passive RF Components
43(5)
3.2.1 Capacitors
43(2)
3.2.2 Inductors
45(2)
3.2.3 Resistors
47(1)
3.3 RF Transmission Lines
48(12)
3.3.1 Coaxial Lines
49(1)
3.3.2 Microstrip
50(10)
3.4 Coplanar Waveguide
60(1)
3.5 Substrate Integrated Waveguide
61(1)
References
62(1)
Chapter 4 Passive RF Circuit Elements 63(12)
4.1 Introduction
63(1)
4.2 Fundamentals of Directional Couplers
63(1)
4.3 The Lange Coupler
64(3)
4.3.1 EM Structure
66(1)
4.4 Wilkinson Power Dividers
67(5)
4.4.1 Introduction to Wilkinson Dividers
67(1)
4.4.2 Equal-Split Wilkinson Dividers
67(1)
4.4.3 Unequal-Split Wilkinson Dividers
68(2)
4.4.4 Multiport Equal-Split Wilkinson Dividers
70(2)
4.5 Baluns
72(2)
References
74(1)
Chapter 5 Switches, Attenuators, and Digital Circuits 75(12)
5.1 Introduction
75(1)
5.2 Solid State RF Switches
75(3)
5.2.1 Some Overall Aspects
75(1)
5.2.2 Reflective and Nonreflective SPDT GaAs FET Switches
76(2)
5.3 Attenuators
78(2)
5.4 Digital Circuits
80(5)
5.4.1 Selected Examples of Logic Gates
80(1)
5.4.2 Digital Signal Processors
81(1)
5.4.3 Electronically Programmable Read-Only Memories
82(1)
5.4.4 Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
83(1)
5.4.5 Provision for Built-In Test and Related Requirements
84(1)
5.4.6 Technology Utilized for Digital Circuit Elements
84(1)
References
85(2)
Chapter 6 Radio-Frequency Filters 87(18)
6.1 Introduction
87(1)
6.2 Review of Basic Concepts and Fundamentals
87(2)
6.3 Technology Options
89(1)
6.4 LPFs Formed with Cascaded Microstrips
90(2)
6.5 Microwave BPFs
92(4)
6.6 Suspended Substrate Stripline Filters
96(1)
6.7 Inline Microstrip Filter Structures
97(1)
6.8 Filters Using Defected Ground Plane Technology
98(1)
6.9 Dielectric Resonators and Filters Implementing Them
98(2)
6.10 SIW-Based BPFs
100(1)
6.11 Millimeter-Wave BPFs
101(1)
6.12 Tunable BPFs
102(1)
References
102(3)
Chapter 7 Antennas 105(18)
7.1 Introduction
105(1)
7.2 Antenna Fundamentals
106(10)
7.2.1 Near-Field and Far-Field Conditions
107(1)
7.2.2 Radiation Patterns and Beamwidth
108(1)
7.2.3 Directivity
109(1)
7.2.4 Radiation Efficiency
109(1)
7.2.5 Aperture Efficiency
110(1)
7.2.6 Effective Area
111(1)
7.2.7 Gain
111(1)
7.2.8 Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
112(1)
7.2.9 Friis' Equation
112(1)
7.2.10 Impedance Matching
113(1)
7.2.11 Polarization
113(1)
7.2.12 Antenna Noise Temperature
114(1)
7.2.13 Gain-Temperature Ratio
115(1)
7.3 Dish Reflector Antennas
116(1)
7.4 Flat-Panel or Patch Antennas
117(1)
7.5 Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Beamforming
118(1)
7.6 Active Electronically-Scanned Arrays
119(2)
References
121(2)
Chapter 8 Small-Signal RF Amplifiers 123(18)
8.1 Review of Amplifier Fundamentals
123(2)
8.2 Basic RF Amplifiers
125(2)
8.2.1 Practical RF Amplifier Realization
125(1)
8.2.2 Interstage or Inner Matching Networks
126(1)
8.3 The Vital Issue of Stability
127(2)
8.4 Fundamental Receiver Characteristics Leading to the Need for AGC
129(2)
8.4.1 Toward an Effective AGC Circuit Design
129(2)
8.5 High-Gain RF Amplifiers
131(3)
8.6 Broadband Amplifiers
134(4)
8.6.1 Basic Requirements
134(1)
8.6.2 Balanced Amplifiers
135(1)
8.6.3 Distributed Amplifiers
136(2)
References
138(3)
Chapter 9 Noise and LNAs 141(20)
9.1 Introduction
141(1)
9.2 Noise Factor, Noise Figure, and Equivalent Noise Temperature
142(2)
9.3 Noise Figure for an Attenuating Element
144(1)
9.4 Minimum Detectable Signal
145(1)
9.5 Noise in Transistors
146(5)
9.5.1 Thermal Noise, Particularly Thermal Diffusion Noise
147(1)
9.5.2 Shot Noise
148(1)
9.5.3 Flicker Noise
148(1)
9.5.4 Phase Noise
149(1)
9.5.5 Variation of Noise Figure with Frequency
150(1)
9.6 Overall Noise Figure for Cascaded Blocks
151(5)
9.7 Noise-Matching and Narrowband LNA Design
156(3)
References
159(2)
Chapter 10 RF Power Amplifiers 161(28)
10.1 Introduction
161(1)
10.2 Some Basic Aspects of RFPAs
161(1)
10.3 Transistor Choices, Hybrid Circuits, and MMICs
162(1)
10.4 Power Levels, Power Gains, and Efficiency
163(3)
10.4.1 Internal Transistor Output Characteristics
163(1)
10.4.2 RFPA Output-Input Power Transfer Characteristics
164(1)
10.4.3 Amplifier Efficiency
164(2)
10.5 Compression and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
166(1)
10.5.1 Compression and a Summary of Main Parameters
166(1)
10.5.2 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
167(1)
10.6 Error Vector Magnitude
167(1)
10.7 Classifications of Power Amplifiers
168(3)
10.7.1 Class A Amplifiers
168(2)
10.7.2 Class B and AB Amplifiers
170(1)
10.7.3 Class C Amplifiers
171(1)
10.8 Harmonically Matched Power Amplifiers
171(7)
10.8.1 Switched-Mode RFPAs
171(4)
10.8.2 Class F Power Amplifiers
175(3)
10.9 The Doherty Power Amplifier Configuration
178(2)
10.10 The Envelope-Tracking Amplifier
180(1)
10.11 High Power Push-Pull Amplifiers
181(1)
10.12 Other Practical RFPA Circuits
181(2)
10.12.1 Ka-Band PA MMIC Examples
182(1)
10.13 The Distortion Issue and Linearization Techniques
183(3)
10.13.1 Linearity and Intermodulation Distortion
183(2)
10.13.2 Linearization Techniques
185(1)
10.14 Some Final Overall Comments Regarding RFPAs
186(1)
References
187(2)
Chapter 11 RF-Oriented ADCs and DACs 189(20)
11.1 Introduction
189(1)
11.2 ADCs
189(11)
11.2.1 Quantization and Sampling
189(2)
11.2.2 Sampling in Practical ADCs
191(1)
11.2.3 Effective Number of Bits
191(2)
11.2.4 Quantization Error and Quantization Noise
193(1)
11.2.5 Quantization Static Error and Sampling Distortion
194(1)
11.2.6 Sampling Jitter
195(2)
11.2.7 Aliasing and Antialiasing
197(2)
11.2.8 Adjacent Channel Power Ratio
199(1)
11.3 ADC Architectures
200(4)
11.3.1 The Flash ADC Architecture
200(1)
11.3.2 The Folding ADC Architecture
201(1)
11.3.3 Pipelined ADC Architecture
201(1)
11.3.4 Time-Interleaved ADCs
202(2)
11.4 Digital-to-Analog Converters
204(3)
11.4.1 Basic Structure and Functionality of a DAC
204(1)
11.4.2 DAC Resolution, Speed, and Figures of Merit
204(3)
11.4.3 Some Practical Aspects of High-Speed DACs
207(1)
References
207(2)
Chapter 12 Radio Frequency Sources 209(16)
12.1 Some Fundamental Aspects of RF Oscillators
209(1)
12.2 Quartz Crystal Oscillators
210(2)
12.2.1 The Quartz Crystal
210(1)
12.2.2 Quartz Crystal-Based Oscillators
211(1)
12.3 Oscillators Controlled by Dielectric Resonators
212(2)
12.4 VCOs
214(1)
12.5 Importance and Impact of Phase Noise
215(5)
12.6 Frequency Multipliers
220(1)
12.7 Frequency Dividers
221(1)
12.8 Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Frequency Synthesizers
222(2)
12.8.1 Basic Configuration
222(1)
12.8.2 The Fractional-N Frequency Synthesiser
222(2)
References
224(1)
Chapter 13 Frequency-Band Conversion 225(16)
13.1 Introduction
225(1)
13.2 Fundamentals of Mixers
226(2)
13.2.1 Basic Features
226(1)
13.2.2 Image Frequency
227(1)
13.3 Diode-Based Mixers
228(5)
13.3.1 The Single-Ended Diode Mixer
228(2)
13.3.2 The Double-Diode Mixer
230(1)
13.3.3 The Image-Reject Mixer
231(1)
13.3.4 Upconverters
232(1)
13.4 Transistor-Based Mixers
233(6)
13.4.1 The Single-Ended FET Mixer
233(1)
13.4.2 Differential FET Mixer
234(1)
13.4.3 CMOS-Based Mixers
235(1)
13.4.4 Mixer Implementing a Cascode Circuit
236(1)
13.4.5 The Gilbert Cell Mixer
236(3)
References
239(2)
Chapter 14 Modulation Techniques and Technologies 241(24)
14.1 Introduction
241(1)
14.2 Amplitude Modulation
242(3)
14.3 Frequency Modulation
245(2)
14.4 Digital Modulation
247(15)
14.4.1 Specific Aspects Relating to Digitally Modulated Systems
247(3)
14.4.2 ASK, OOK, and FSK
250(1)
14.4.3 BPSK and QPSK
251(4)
14.4.4 M-PSK, QAM, and APSK
255(2)
14.4.5 Spectral Efficiency of the Various Digital Systems
257(1)
14.4.6 Probability of Bit Error or Bit Error Rates
257(2)
14.4.7 Closed-Form Expressions for the Complementary Error Function
259(1)
14.4.8 BER Data Compared
259(1)
14.4.9 Spread-Spectrum Modulation
260(2)
14.4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
262(1)
14.5 Transceivers
262(2)
14.5.1 Basic Concept of a Transceiver
262(1)
14.5.2 Software-Defined Radio
263(1)
14.5.3 Full-Duplex Radios
263(1)
14.5.4 Transceiver Modules for Short-Range Radio
263(1)
References
264(1)
Appendix A Logarithmic Units 265(4)
Appendix B S-Parameters and X-Parameters 269(3)
B.1 Scattering (S)-Parameters
269(1)
B.2 X-Parameters
270(2)
References 272(1)
Acronyms and Abbreviations 273(4)
About the Author 277(2)
Index 279
Terry Edwards is an executive director at Engalco Research. He received his BSc. in electrical and electronics engineering from London South Bank University.
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