This book explores major similarities and differences in the structure, conduct, and performance of the national technology transfer systems of Germany and the United States. It maps the technology transfer landscape in each country in detail, uses case studies to examine the dynamics of technology transfer in four major technology areas, and identifies areas and opportunities for further mutual learning between the two national systems.
Table of Contents
Front Matter Part I: Overview and Comparison Introduction The German and U.S. R&D Systems Comparison of Major Technology Transfer Institutions Selected Technology Transfer Issues in a Comparative Context Conclusions and Recommendations Annex I: Suggestions for Transatlantic/International Collaborative Projects Part II: Technology Transfer in the United States Introduction The R&D Enterprise Technology Transfer from Higher Education to Industry U.S. Federal Laboratories and Technology Transfer to Industry Technology Transfer by Privately Held, Nonacademic Organizations Annex II: Case Studies in Technology Transfer Part III: Technology Transfer in Germany Executive Summary Introduction The German R&D Enterprise Technology Transfer from Universities Technology Transfer from Public Intermediate R&D Insitutions Technology Transfer by Industrial R&D Consortia Technology Transfer in Selected Areas Conclusion: An Assessment of Technology Transfer in Germany Annex III: Examples of Technology Transfer in Germany Appendixes Notes References Biographical Information for the Binational Panel Index
PART I: OVERVIEW AND COMPARISON 1(60) INTRODUCTION 2(1) Understanding Technology Transfer 2(1) Factors Shaping National Technology Transfer Systems 3(1) THE GERMAN AND U.S. R&D SYSTEMS 3(6) Major Similarities 4(1) Major Differences 5(4) COMPARISON OF MAJOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INSTITUTIONS 9(20) Functional Similarities: An Overview 9(2) Technology Transfer from Higher Education Institutions 11(9) Technology Transfer from Government Laboratories 20(5) Technology Transfer from Contract Research Institutes 25(2) Technology Transfer by Industrial R&D Consortia 27(2) SELECTED TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ISSUES IN A COMPARATIVE CONTEXT 29(6) Role of Start-Up Companies in Technology Transfer 29(1) Technology Transfer to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Technologically Mature Industries 30(2) Intellectual Property Rights and Technology Transfer to Industry 32(2) International R&D Collaboration and Technology Transfer 34(1) CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35(18) General Conclusions and Challenges 35(6) Recommendations 41(7) Joint German-U.S. Recommendations for Fostering Transatlantic Collaboration in R & D and Technology Transfer 48(5) Annex I: Suggestions for Transatlantic/International Collaborative Projects 53(8) TRANSATLANTIC COOPERATIVE COMPUTER APPLICATIONS OVER GLOBAL NETWORKS 53(1) SUGGESTED DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSATLANTIC NETWORK OF INFORMATION ANALYSIS CENTERS 54(1) COLLABORATION AMONG GERMAN AND U.S. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONS 55(6) PART II: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN THE UNITED STATES 61(180) INTRODUCTION 62(1) THE R&D ENTERPRISE 62(29) R&D Funders and Performers 63(7) Distribution of Publicly Funded R&D 70(9) The Industrial R&D Enterprise 79(11) Technology Transfer to U.S. Industry in Context 90(1) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM HIGHER EDUCATION TO INDUSTRY 91(33) Distinguishing Characteristics of the Enterprise 91(5) History of University-Industry Relations 96(3) Technology Transfer by Research Universities and Colleges 99(25) U.S. FEDERAL LABORATORIES AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO INDUSTRY 124(27) Overview 124(2) Federal Laboratories by Major Mission Area 126(7) Federal Laboratories and Technology Transfer: History and Legislation 133(2) The Federal Laboratories and Technology Transfer: Mechanisms 135(9) Measuring the Performance of Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer 144(3) The Future of Federal Laboratory Technology Transfer 147(2) Conclusions 149(2) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BY PRIVATELY HELD, NONACADEMIC ORGANIZATIONS 151(26) Overview 151(1) Organizations That Create and Transfer Technology 152(10) Organizations That Transfer or Facilitate the Transfer of Technology Created by Others 162(12) Conclusion 174(3) Annex II: Case Studies in Technology Transfer 177(64) BIOTECHNOLOGY 177(16) Simon Glynn Arthur E. Humphrey THE DEVELOPMENT AND TRANSFER OF MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES TO U.S. COMPANIES 193(20) Robert K. Carr MICROELECTRONICS 213(11) Simon Glynn William J. Spencer SOFTWARE 224(13) Simon Glynn ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE: THE BOILER TUBE FAILURE REDUCTION PROGRAM 237(4) Jim Oggerino PART III: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN GERMANY 241(120) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 242(3) INTRODUCTION 245(1) THE GERMAN R&D ENTERPRISE 246(26) General Structures 246(4) Industrial R&D Structures 250(13) Impact of European Research 263(9) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM UNIVERSITIES 272(30) Universities 272(30) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM PUBLIC INTERMEDIATE R&D INSTITUTIONS 302(30) Max Planck Society 302(10) Helmholtz Centers 312(7) Blue List Institutes and Departmental Research Institutes 319(1) Fraunhofer Society 320(12) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER BY INDUSTRIAL R&D CONSORTIA 332(9) Federation of Industrial Research Associations 332(9) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN SELECTED AREAS 341(5) Technology Transfer in Information Technology 341(1) Technology Transfer in Microelectronics 342(1) Technology Transfer in Biotechnology 343(2) Technology Transfer in Production Technology 345(1) CONCLUSION: AN ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN GERMANY 346(3) Annex III: Examples of Technology Transfer in Germany 349(12) GTS-GRAL: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FROM UNIVERSITY TO A NEW TECHNOLOGY-BASED FIRM 349(2) G. E. Pfaff CO(2) DYEING PROCESS: INDUSTRIAL COOPERATIVE RESEARCH 351(1) Eckhard Schollmeyer PRODUCTION AUTOMATION: TRANSFER FROM A FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE TO INDUSTRY 352(1) M. Hagele MEDIGENE: ESTABLISHMENT OF A START-UP COMPANY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 353(1) Peter Heinrich TECHNOLOGY LICENSING BUREAU (TLB) OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN BADEN-WURTTEMBERG 354(7) Thomas Gering APPENDIXES 361(2) Notes 363(18) References 381(19) Biographical Information for the Binational Panel 400(9) Index 409
H. Norman Abramson, Jose Encarnacao, Proctor P. Reid, and Ulrich Schmoch, Editors, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, National Academy of Engineering
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