Preface |
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xvi | |
Contributors |
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xvii | |
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2 | (4) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.1 Routinely Collected, Real-World Data |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 The Value of Epidemiological Studies in Hand Surgery |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.4 International Collaboration and Federated Network Analyses |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Flexor Tendon Injury in the National Health Service in England |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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2 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Extensor Tendon System |
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6 | (13) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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2.2.1 Group A1: The Mobile Wad |
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6 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Group A2: EDC, EIP, EDM, ECU |
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7 | (1) |
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2.2.3 The Oblique Group: APL, EPB, EPL |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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23.1 The Extensor Compartments |
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8 | (2) |
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2.4 Other Biomechanical Issues at the Wrist |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (1) |
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2.6 The Extensor Apparatus in the Digits |
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13 | (4) |
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2.6.1 The Dynamic Element |
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15 | (1) |
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2.6.2 The Static Elements |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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3 The Flexor System Anatomy and Biomechanics |
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19 | (15) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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3.3 The Flexor Digitorum Sublimis (Superficialis) (FDS) |
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19 | (1) |
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3.4 Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) |
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20 | (1) |
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3.5 The Wrist Flexor Tendons |
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21 | (1) |
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3.6 The Carpal Canal and the Synovial Sheaths |
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21 | (1) |
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3.7 Lumbrical and Interossei Muscles |
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22 | (1) |
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3.8 Palmar and Digital Areas--Do Zones Exist? |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (5) |
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3.9.1 Flexor Tendon Dynamics: Internal Fascicular Spiraling of FDS |
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25 | (1) |
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3.9.2 Flexor Tendon Dynamics: Internal Fascicular Spiraling of FDP |
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25 | (3) |
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3.10 Proximal to the A1 pulley |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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3.12 Automatic Mechanisms of the Hand |
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31 | (1) |
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3.13 Tenodesis at the Wrist |
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32 | (1) |
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3.14 Tenodesis of MP and PIP |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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4 Basic Science of Tendon Healing |
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34 | (10) |
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4.1 Why Does Tendon Healing Create Such a Problem for Hand Surgeons? |
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34 | (1) |
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4.2 Why Are Tendons Hard to Heal? |
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34 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Anatomical Considerations |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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4.23 Concepts in Tendon Healing |
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35 | (9) |
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35 | (4) |
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4.2.5 The "Future" of Tendon Healing |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (4) |
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Part II Traumatic Injuries to the Extensor Tendons |
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5 Injuries at the Distal Interphalangeal Joint |
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44 | (8) |
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5.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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44 | (1) |
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5.2 Diagnosis, Pitfalls, and Investigations |
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45 | (1) |
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5.3 Options for Management |
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46 | (1) |
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5.4 Indications for Surgery |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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5.5.1 Closed Bony, Incongruent Joint |
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47 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Open Tendinous Injuries |
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48 | (1) |
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5.53 Open Bony Mallet Injury |
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48 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Chronic Neglected Injuries |
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48 | (1) |
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5.6 Author's Preferred Technique |
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49 | (1) |
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5.7 Essential Rehab Points |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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50 | (2) |
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6 Injuries at the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint |
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52 | (10) |
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6.1 Traumatic Extensor Tendon Injuries at the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint |
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52 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Anatomic and Biologic Considerations |
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52 | (1) |
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6.1.2 The Relative Motion Concept: The "Quadriga Effect" for Early Active Motion |
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53 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Acute Boutonniere Deformity |
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53 | (2) |
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6.1.4 Chronic Boutonniere Deformity |
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55 | (2) |
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6.1.5 Chronic Pseudoboutonniere Deformity |
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57 | (1) |
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6.2 Traumatic Extensor Tendon Injuries Associated with PIP Dislocations |
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58 | (3) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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6.2.3 General Considerations |
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59 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Dorsal Dislocations of the PIP joint |
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60 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Volar Dislocations of the PIP joint |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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7 Injuries to the Sagittal Bands |
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62 | (4) |
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62 | (1) |
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7.2 Diagnosis/Pitfalls/Investigations |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Author's Preferred Technique: Tips and Tricks |
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64 | (1) |
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7.4 Essential Rehabilitation Points |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (2) |
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65 | (1) |
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8 Injuries at the Metacarpophalangeal Joint and "Fight-Bites" |
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66 | (4) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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8.3 Surgical Approach: Author's Preferred Techniques |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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8.4 Fight-Bite Injuries to the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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8.6 Further Surgical Procedures |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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68 | (2) |
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9 Helpful Details of Extensor Tendon Injury and Repair |
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70 | (4) |
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9.1 Ultrasound Diagnosis by the Surgeon and Therapist in the Hand Surgery Clinic |
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70 | (1) |
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9.2 Extensor Tendons Can Heal and Function Well with a Small Cap |
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70 | (1) |
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9.3 Dermatotenodesis Is Helpful, Especially with Jagged Injuries such as with Table Saws or Grinders |
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70 | (1) |
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9.4 Relative Motion Flexion Splinting of the MP Joint Is Very Important in Boutonniere Injuries |
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70 | (1) |
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9.5 Relative Motion Extension Splinting of the MP Joint and Early Protected True Active Movement Is Good in Zones 5 and 6 Extensor Tendon Injuries |
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71 | (1) |
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9.6 Wide-Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT) Surgery for Extensor Tendon Repair |
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71 | (1) |
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9.7 How to Inject Minimally Painful Local Anesthesia for Wide-Awake Extensor Tendon Repair |
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71 | (1) |
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9.8 Identifying the Correct Anatomy of Proximal Tendon Ends In Saw-Induced Spaghetti Wrists or Forearms in Awake Patients |
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72 | (1) |
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9.9 Suture Technique for Extensor Tendon Repair |
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72 | (1) |
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9.10 You Do Not Need to Use Permanent Sutures in Extensor Tendons |
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72 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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10 Dorsal Hand Injury: Composite Loss |
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74 | (6) |
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10.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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74 | (1) |
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10.2 Planning of Reconstruction |
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74 | (1) |
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10.3 Specific Surgical Techniques |
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75 | (2) |
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10.3.1 Cutaneotendinous Flaps |
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75 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Fasciocutaneous Flap Combined with Nonvascularized Tendon Grafts |
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75 | (2) |
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10.4 Authors' Preferred Technique/Tips and Tricks |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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78 | (2) |
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11 Rehabilitation Following Extensor Tendon Injury |
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80 | (10) |
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80 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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11.1.2 Surgically Repaired Injuries |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (4) |
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86 | (4) |
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Part III Traumatic Injuries to the Flexor Tendons |
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12 Zone 1 Flexor Tendon Injury |
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90 | (12) |
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12.1 Epidemiology and Etiology |
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90 | (1) |
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12.2 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis |
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90 | (1) |
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12.3 Types and Classifications |
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90 | (2) |
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12.4 Overview of Treatment Options for Zone 1 FDP Tendon Injuries |
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92 | (3) |
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12.4.1 Management of Open Zone 1 Flexor Tendon Injuries |
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92 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Management of Closed Zone 1 Flexor Avulsion Injuries |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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12.6 Predictors of Outcome |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (1) |
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12.8 Author's Preferred Method of Repairing Zone 1 Flexor Tendon Avulsion Injury |
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98 | (4) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (28) |
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13.1 The History of Flexor Tendon Injuries in Zone 2:100 Years of Knowledge, Understanding, and Practice |
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102 | (4) |
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13.1.1 Repair Principles in 1922 |
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102 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Early Knowledge of Tendon Health, Healing, and Repair |
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102 | (1) |
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13.1.3 No-Man's Land and the Tendon Graft 1930-1970 |
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102 | (1) |
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13.1.4 Changes in Surgical Suture Materials |
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103 | (1) |
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13.1.5 Resurgence of Primary Tendon Repair |
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103 | (1) |
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13.1.6 Revelations of the Effects of Surgical Treatment on Tendon Healing and Adhesion |
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103 | (1) |
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13.1.7 Strategies for Managing Adhesion |
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103 | (1) |
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13.1.8 Building Effective Tendon Repairs to Allow Active Movement |
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104 | (1) |
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13.1.9 Challenging the Dogma of Absolute Sheath Closure |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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13.1.11 Current Clinical Trends and Conclusion |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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13.2 Approaches, Treatment of the Sheath and Tendon Retrieval |
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106 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Treatment of the Sheath |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (5) |
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108 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Flexor Tenorrhaphy Principles |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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13.3.5 Causes of Failure-What It Tells Us |
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111 | (1) |
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13.3.6 Summary and Optimum Combination of Factors |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (7) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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13.4.3 How I Do It-Adelaide Flexor Tenorrhaphy |
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116 | (4) |
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13.5 Postoperative Management Regimes |
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120 | (4) |
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120 | (1) |
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13.5.2 Work of Flexion and Rehabilitation |
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120 | (1) |
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13.5.3 Wrist Position and Flexor Tendon Glide |
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120 | (1) |
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13.5.4 Progression of Flexor Tendon Regimes |
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120 | (1) |
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13.5.5 Flexor Pollicis Longus Repair and Rehabilitation |
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121 | (1) |
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13.5.6 Flexor Tendon Repairs in Children |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (6) |
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13.6.1 Selection of Outcome Measure |
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124 | (3) |
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13.6.2 Implementation of Outcome Measures |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (3) |
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14 Traumatic Injuries to the Flexor Tendons in Zones 3,4, and 5 |
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130 | (8) |
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14.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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130 | (1) |
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14.2 Diagnosis and Investigations |
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130 | (1) |
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14.3 Options for Management |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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14.4 Indications for Surgery |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (4) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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14.6 Author's Preferred Technique: Tips and Tricks |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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15 Injuries to the Flexor Pollicis Longus |
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138 | (5) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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15.3 Author's Preferred Technique |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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141 | (2) |
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16 Traumatic Pulley Problems |
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143 | (7) |
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16.1 Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Pulleys |
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143 | (1) |
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16.2 Pathophysiology of Closed Flexor Pulley Lesions |
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143 | (1) |
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16.3 Diagnosis of Closed Pulley Injuries |
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144 | (1) |
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16.4 Conservative Treatment of Closed Pulley Disruption |
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145 | (1) |
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16.5 Pulley Reconstruction |
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145 | (3) |
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16.6 Iatrogenic Pulley Lesions and Pulley Venting for Flexor Tendon Suture |
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148 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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17 Closed Ruptures of Flexor and Extensor Tendons of the Wrist and Hand |
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150 | (6) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (3) |
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17.2.1 Acute Spontaneous Rupture |
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150 | (1) |
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17.2.2 Infiltrative-Secondary to Inflammatory Processes, as in Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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151 | (1) |
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17.2.3 Attritional-Secondary to Mechanical Processes, in Arthritis and Similar Conditions |
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151 | (1) |
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17.2.4 Posttraumatic-Secondary to Previous Trauma, Specifically Distal Radius Fracture |
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152 | (1) |
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17.2.5 Iatrogenic-Secondary to Orthopaedic Implants |
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152 | (1) |
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17.3 Diagnosis and Investigations |
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153 | (1) |
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17.3.1 Presentation and Diagnosis |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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17.4 Options for Management |
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153 | (1) |
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17.4.1 Nonoperative Management |
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153 | (1) |
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17.4.2 Indications for Surgery |
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154 | (1) |
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17.4.3 Surgical Techniques |
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154 | (1) |
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17.4.4 Rehabilitation Following Closed Tendon Rupture |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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154 | (2) |
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18 Flexor Tendon: Late Reconstruction and Salvage Options |
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156 | (6) |
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156 | (1) |
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18.2 Delayed Primary Repair |
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156 | (1) |
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18.3 Primary Tendon Crafting (Single-Stage Reconstruction) |
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157 | (1) |
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18.4 Two-Stage Flexor Tendon Crafting |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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18.5 Vascularized Flexor Tendon Transfer |
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158 | (1) |
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18.6 Outcomes, Complications, and Treatment Options |
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159 | (1) |
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18.7 Wide-Awake Local Anesthetic No Tourniquet (WALANT): A Technique for Improving Outcomes |
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160 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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Part IV Enthesopathies, Infection, and Inflammatory Problems |
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162 | (8) |
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19.1 Historical Perspective |
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162 | (1) |
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19.2 Diagnosis/Pitfalls/Investigations |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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19.4 Indications for Surgery |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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19.5.2 Special Considerations |
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167 | (1) |
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19.6 Technique of Percutaneous Needle Release |
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167 | (2) |
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19.7 Discussion/Conclusion |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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20 The "Swan-Neck" Deformity |
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170 | (9) |
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170 | (1) |
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20.2 Diagnosis/Pitfalls/Investigations |
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171 | (1) |
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20.3 Options for Management |
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172 | (1) |
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20.3.1 Nonoperative Management |
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172 | (1) |
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20.3.2 Surgical Management |
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172 | (1) |
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20.4 Indications for Surgery |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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20.6 Authors' Preferred Technique: Tips and Tricks |
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176 | (1) |
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20.7 Essential Rehabilitation Points |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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178 | (1) |
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21 De Quervain's and Intersection Syndrome |
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179 | (5) |
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21.1 De Quervain's Syndrome |
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179 | (2) |
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21.1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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179 | (1) |
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21.1.2 Diagnosis and Pitfalls |
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179 | (1) |
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21.1.3 Nonoperative Treatment |
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180 | (1) |
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21.1.4 Surgical Intervention |
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180 | (1) |
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21.2 Intersection Syndrome |
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181 | (1) |
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21.2.1 Introduction and Historical Prospective |
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181 | (1) |
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21.2.2 Diagnosis and Pitfalls |
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181 | (1) |
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21.2.3 Nonoperative Treatment |
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182 | (1) |
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21.2.4 Surgical Intervention |
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182 | (1) |
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21.3 Discussion and Conclusion |
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182 | (2) |
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182 | (2) |
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22 Rheumatoid Problems at the Metacarpophalangeal Joints |
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184 | (7) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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22.3 Principles of Management |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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22.4 Nonoperative Treatment |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (2) |
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22.5.1 Preoperative Management |
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186 | (1) |
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22.5.2 MCP Synovectomy and Realignment |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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22.5.5 Cross Intrinsic Release |
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187 | (1) |
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22.5.6 Crossed Intrinsic Transfer |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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22.6.1 Posture, Function, and Quality of Life |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (5) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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23.2.1 Flexor Synovitis/Triggering |
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191 | (1) |
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23.2.2 Flexor Tendon Rupture |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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23.3.1 Swan-Neck Deformity |
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193 | (1) |
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23.3.2 Boutonniere Deformity |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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24 The Elderly "Clasped Hand" |
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196 | (9) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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24.3.1 Physical Examination |
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196 | (1) |
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24.3.2 Diagnostic Studies |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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24.5 Author's Preferred Technique |
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198 | (5) |
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24.5.1 Clasped Hand with Volitional Motor Control |
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198 | (2) |
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24.5.2 Clasped Hand without Volitional Motor Control |
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200 | (1) |
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24.5.3 Joint Contractures in Clasped Hands with or without Volitional Motor Control |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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204 | (1) |
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25 Infection of the Flexor Tendon Sheaths: Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis |
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205 | (11) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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25.3 Pathophysiology and Microbiology -- |
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206 | (1) |
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25.4 Presentation and Diagnosis |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (3) |
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25.5.1 Historical Perspective |
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207 | (1) |
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25.5.2 Antibiotic Selection |
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208 | (1) |
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25.5.3 Definitive Nonoperative Treatment |
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208 | (1) |
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25.5.4 Open versus Closed Tendon Sheath Irrigation |
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209 | (1) |
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25.5.5 Continuous Postoperative Irrigation |
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210 | (1) |
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25.5.6 Irrigant Solutions |
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210 | (1) |
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25.6 Authors Recommended Treatment |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (5) |
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211 | (5) |
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Part V Pediatric Problems |
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26 Trigger Thumb and Finger |
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216 | (7) |
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26.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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216 | (1) |
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26.2 Diagnosis/Pitfalls/Investigations |
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216 | (1) |
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26.3 Options for Management |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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26.4 Indications for Surgery |
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217 | (1) |
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26.5 Surgical Techniques including Author's Preferred Technique/Tips and Tricks |
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217 | (5) |
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26.5.1 Trigger Thumb Release |
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218 | (1) |
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26.5.2 Trigger Finger Release |
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219 | (3) |
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26.6 Essential Rehabilitation Points |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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27 Tendon Injuries in Children |
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223 | (15) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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27.3 Initial Assessment of Injuries |
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223 | (1) |
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27.4 General Principles for Tendon Repair |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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27.5 Rehabilitation in Children |
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224 | (3) |
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27.6 Flexor Tendon Injuries |
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227 | (5) |
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27.6.1 Primary Surgical Repair |
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227 | (2) |
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27.6.2 Rehabilitation in Flexor Tendon Injuries |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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27.6.4 Secondary Reconstructions after Flexor Tendon Injuries |
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231 | (1) |
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27.7 Extensor Tendon Injuries |
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232 | (2) |
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27.7.1 Open Injuries with Tendon Lacerations |
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232 | (1) |
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27.7.2 Closed Tendon Injuries |
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233 | (1) |
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27.8 Complex Hand Injuries Including Tendons |
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234 | (4) |
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234 | (4) |
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Part VI Tendon and Nerve Transfer |
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28 Principles of Tendon Transfers |
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238 | (14) |
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238 | (1) |
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28.2 General Principles of Tendon Transfers |
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238 | (1) |
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282.1 Bone and Soft Tissue Healing |
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|
238 | (1) |
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28.3 Selection of the Donor Muscle-Tendon |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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28.3.4 Direction of Transfer |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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28.5 Timing of Tendon Transfers |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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28.7 Tendon Transfers for Radial Nerve Palsy |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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28.8 Tendon Transfers for "Low" Median Nerve Palsy |
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242 | (2) |
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28.8.1 Anatomical Considerations |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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28.9 Tendon Transfers for "High" Median Nerve Palsy |
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|
244 | (1) |
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28.9.1 Anatomical Considerations |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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28.10 Tendon Transfers for "Low" Ulnar Nerve Palsy |
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|
244 | (3) |
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28.10.1 Anatomical Considerations |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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28.11 Tendon Transfers for "High" Ulnar Nerve Palsy |
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247 | (1) |
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28.12 Tendon Transfers for Combined Nerve Injuries |
|
|
248 | (1) |
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28.13 Tendon Transfers for "Low" Median-"Low" Ulnar Nerve Palsy |
|
|
248 | (1) |
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28.14 Tendon Transfers for "High" Median-"High" Ulnar Nerve Palsy |
|
|
248 | (1) |
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28.15 Tendon Transfers for Reconstruction after Trauma |
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249 | (3) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (6) |
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|
29.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective |
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|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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29.3 Etiology of Radial Nerve and PIN Palsy |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
29.4 Diagnosis/Pitfalls/Investigations |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
29.5 Options for Management |
|
|
254 | (1) |
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29.6 Nonoperative Management |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
29.7 Indications for Surgery |
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|
255 | (1) |
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|
255 | (1) |
|
29.9 Author's Preferred Technique/Tips and Tricks |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
29.10 Essential Rehabilitation Points |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
29.11 Discussion and Conclusions |
|
|
256 | (2) |
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|
256 | (2) |
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258 | (13) |
|
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|
|
258 | (1) |
|
30.2 Role of Nerve Transfers |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
30.3 Role of Tendon Transfers |
|
|
258 | (11) |
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|
258 | (10) |
|
30.3.2 Restoration of the Thumb Pinch |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
269 | (2) |
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|
271 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (2) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
271 | (1) |
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|
272 | (1) |
|
31.2.4 Points of Compression |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
31.4 Clinical Examination |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (7) |
|
31.6.1 Restoration of Thumb Opposition |
|
|
278 | (4) |
|
31.6.2 Restoration of Thumb and Index Finger Flexion |
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
31.6.3 Restoration of Sensation |
|
|
284 | (1) |
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|
284 | (3) |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
32 Nerve versus Tendon Transfers |
|
|
287 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
32.1 Benefits of Nerve versus Tendon Transfers |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
32.2 Our Approach: Early Nerve Reconstruction and Distal Nerve Transfers |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
32.3 Median Nerve Reconstruction |
|
|
287 | (3) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
32.3.2 Nerve Transfers for Reconstruction of Median Nerve Function |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
32.3.3 Tendon Transfers for Reconstruction of Median Nerve Function |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
32.4 Radial Nerve Reconstruction |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
32.4.2 Our Preferred Strategy for Reconstruction of Radial Nerve Function |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
32.4.3 Triple Nerve Transfer for Reconstruction of Motor Radial Nerve Function |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
32.4.4 Our Preferred Tendon Transfers for Reconstruction of Radial Nerve Function |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
32.5 Ulnar Nerve Reconstruction |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
32.5.2 Our Preferred Strategy for Reconstruction of Ulnar Nerve Function |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
32.5.3 Our Preferred Nerve Transfers for Reconstruction of Motor and Sensory Ulnar Nerve Function |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
32.5.4 Our Preferred Tendon Transfers for Reconstruction of Ulnar Nerve Function |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
33 Targeted Reconstructive Tendon Surgeries to Augment Key Hand Functions in Tetraplegia |
|
|
296 | (6) |
|
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
33.2 Nonoperative Treatment |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
|
297 | (5) |
|
33.3.1 Tendon Transfer of BR to ECRB |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
33.3.3 Intrinsic Muscle Reconstructions |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
33.3.4 Thumb Palmar Abduction by Transfer of EDM to APB |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
35.3.5 Kestoranon oi Active intrinsic iviuscie Function (Fingers)-FDS of the Ring Finger to Lumbrical Muscles 1-4 or FDS of the Middle Finger to the Lumbrical Muscles 1-2 and FDS4 of the Ring Finger to Lumbrical Muscles 3-4 |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
33.3.6 Thumb Positioning by EPL-EPB Tenorrhaphy and APL Tendon Shortening |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
302 | (1) |
References |
|
302 | (2) |
Index |
|
304 | |