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E-raamat: Terrorism Within Comparative International Context: The Counter-Terrorism Response and Preparedness

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  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780387888613
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Sep-2009
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780387888613

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Throughout the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century the legitimacy of law enforcement practices has been cited as a major concern for international criminal justice. As policing practitioners and scholars throughout the world shifted focus from a traditional reactive, crime control stance, to the need for accountability mechanisms to ensure the support of citizenry in combating crime and terrorism, the democratization of policing was seen as the best mechanism for achieving long-term gains in public order at the same time as protecting human rights.As policing moves away from its traditional responsibilities related to the control of local disorder, it will become increasingly less effective in meeting its objectives. Although local law enforcement has changed its practices, in response to viewing itself as the front-lines and first responders in the "war on terror", the dangers of further building a military ethos for policing challenges the very legitimacy that makes it effective. Many law enforcement agencies struggle to find effective ways to mobilize diverse communities and generate their support and elicit information to assist the agency in international crime control and counter-terrorism. In a quest to provide for some baseline understanding of the underlying queries, the authors conducted extensive research in a number of countries and held a series of interviews and focus groups to find answers to the following questions:What policies and practices have proven to be effective in combating terrorism in countries that have had many years of experience coping with the issue What have been the positive and negative consequences of different strategies and approaches Under what political and/or social contexts have specific strategies proven to be effective How do training practices vary internationally related to counter-terrorism, human rights, community mobilization, and other related areas? To what extent do law enforcement agencies mobilize the community and other sectors of society in crime control efforts generally, and homeland security specifically This book attempts to identify the necessary components to the creation of effective law enforcement training that would be beneficial for the local police and at the same time fully accepted and supported by the community they serve.
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Questions
1
1.2 Research Methods
2
References
9
2 The Comparative Approach to Counterterrorism 11
2.1 Countering Terrorism with Community-Oriented Policing'?
11
References
20
3 Methodology 23
3.1 Qualitative Versus Quantitative Data Collection
24
3.2 Focus Groups
29
3.2.1 Focus Group Advantages
34
3.2.2 Focus Group Disadvantages
34
3.2.3 Institutional Review Board
36
References
36
4 The United Kingdom and Ireland 39
4.1 History
39
4.2 Terrorism
41
4.3 United Kingdom Law Enforcement
46
4.3.1 Ireland Law Enforcement
52
4.4 United Kingdom Field Research
54
4.4.1 Ireland Field Research
58
References
59
5 The Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden) 61
5.1 History
61
5.2 Terrorism
63
5.3 Law Enforcement
65
5.4 Field Research
68
References
70
6 The Kingdom of Spain (Rieno de Espalia) 71
6.1 History
71
6.2 Terrorism
72
6.3 Law Enforcement
75
6.4 Field Research
77
References
79
7 The Kingdom of Sweden (Konungariket Sverige) 81
7.1 History
81
7.2 Terrorism
83
7.3 Law Enforcement
85
7.4 Field Research
88
References
89
8 Republic of Turkey (Turkiye Cumhuriyeti) 91
8.1 History
91
8.2 Terrorist Groups
93
8.3 Law Enforcement
95
8.4 Field Research
96
8.4.1 The Center for Human Rights
98
8.4.2 Bar Association
98
8.4.3 Turkish National Police Graduate Students
99
8.4.4 The Media and Film Producer
99
8.4.5 The Minority Leaders
99
References
100
9 Germany 101
9.1 History
101
9.1.1 The Federal Republic of Germany
101
9.1.2 Three Branches of the Federal Republic of Germany
102
9.1.3 Schengen Agreement
103
9.2 Terrorism
103
9.2.1 The Red Army Faction
103
9.2.2 "Landshut" Kidnapping
106
9.2.3 Continuous RAF Terrorism
107
9.2.4 Munich Massacre
108
9.2.5 Contemporary Terrorism
110
9.3 Law Enforcement
111
9.3.1 Federal German Police
111
9.3.2 The Federal Criminal Police Office (Bundeskriminalamt–BKA)
113
9.3.3 State Police of North-Rhine Westphalia
116
9.4 Field Research
117
9.4.1 Federal Criminal Police Office
119
9.4.2 State Police of North-Rhine Westphalia
119
References
121
10 United States 123
10.1 History
123
10.2 Terrorism
126
10.3 Law Enforcement
133
10.3.1 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
134
10.3.2 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
134
10.4 Field Research
136
References
146
11 Best Practices – Lessons We Learned 149
11.1 Intelligence File
149
11.1.1 Security Considerations
150
11.2 Investigative Techniques and Intelligence Gathering
155
References
158
12 Best Practices – Lessons to be Learned 159
12.1 Outline of a C-T Training Module
162
12.2 Required Texts
165
Appendix A IRB-Approved Consent Form 167
Appendix B IRB Review Form 169
Index 171
M.R. Haberfeld is a Professor of Police Science in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. She was born in Poland and immigrated to Israel as a teenager. Prior to coming to John Jay, she served in Israeli Defense Forces, in a counter-terrorist unit and left the army at the rank of a Sergeant; she then joined the Israel National Police, and left the force at the rank of Lieutenant. She also worked for the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, in the New York Field Office, as a special consultant. She holds two Bachelor of Art degrees, two Master degrees, and a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice. Her main interests and expertise are in the area of police training and professional development, with particular emphasis on: police ethics, integrity, leadership, counter-terrorism and use of force in multicultural environments. Her recent publications include a book on police training, titled Critical Issues in Police Training (2002), a co-edited book titled Contours of Police Integrity (2004) Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, the International Volume (2005) Police Leadership (2005), a co-authored book titled Enhancing Police Integrity (2006) and a co-edited book on Comparative Policing: The Struggle for Democratization (2007). She is currently completing a co-edited book, A New Understanding of Terrorism: Case Studies and Analysis (forthcoming fall, 2008). She also recently co-authored two articles on counter-terrorist response: "Proper Proactive Training to Terrorist Presence and Operations in Friendly Urban Environments", in Understanding and Responding to the Terrorism Phenomenon A Multi-Dimensional Perspective (2007) and "Police Activities to Counter Terrorism: What We Know and What We Need to Know" (forthcoming Fall, 2008). For the past seven years (2001-2008), she has been involved in developing,coordinating and teaching in a special training program for the New York City Police Department, where she teaches courses in police ethics, leadership and counter-terrorism. Currently, she is also an Academic Coordinator of the Law Enforcement Executive Police Institute for the State of New York, where she oversees the delivery of the training modules and teaches leadership courses. She is involved in two major research studies, one on Use of Force by the Police in 10 different countries, and the other Counter-Terrorism police training response post 9/11, which also involves comparative studies of a number of countries around the world.









Dr. Joseph King received his Ph.D. from CUNY. His doctoral dissertation was on the history, development and centralization of the police in the United Kingdom and the United States. He served for 33 years as the Supervisory Special Agent in Charge of the Terrorist and Middle East Division, US Customs, NY and 2 years as Chief, National Security Section, DHS, NY. He has extensive Criminal Investigative, Undercover, and Court testimonial experience in the European Union and the Middle East. He joined John Jay College in September, 2003 in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration. The works published by Dr. King include, The Development of Modern Police History in the United Kingdom and the United States, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon Press (2004). "Police Unions" in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2005. "US Customs Service" in the Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement, Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, 2005. "Observation on Border Interdiction and Irelands integration into the EC," Security Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1998. "Reorganization of Irish Customs and the Single Market Agreements of the European Economic Community." Paper presented to the McCabe Foundation, Dublin, Ireland, March1998. "Case Study of Iraj Bami Rafies (Iranian Weapons Trafficking in the U.S.)." Transnational Crime: Investigative Responses. Office of International Criminal Justice: Chicago, 1989. "The United Kingdom Police Strikes of 1918 1919." Police Studies, 11, 3, Fall, 1988. "Mounting an Undercover Operation" International Terrorism: The Domestic Response. Office of International Criminal Justice: Chicago, 1987. Dr. King has lectured at the Garda National College, Tempelmore, Ireland and the Command College, Bramshill, UK.



Charles Lieberman is a full-time substitute lecturer in the Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice Administration at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. He served in the NYPD, with more than 11 years assigned to investigative duties. During his time as a member of NYPD, he was involved in the response to numerous significant events, including both attacks on the World Trade Center (1993, 2001) and the anthrax incident at Rockefeller Center. Charles served as an undercover operative in the NYPD for more than 3 years, and in 1995, trained with the Metropolitan Police in London, participating in their Specialist Operations Training Course, which involved long-term undercover operations. For the last 10 years of his career, he worked in various communities in NYC as a detective, investigating all types of criminal activity, including homicide, robbery, burglary, narcotics, kidnapping, and "white-collar" crime. In 2005, after 15 years, he retired as a detective and entered academia. In 2004, he entered the Criminal Justice Doctoral Program at the City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center (GC) and is ABD. He is currently completing his dissertation thesis focuses on the role local communities in the United States can and should play in combating the home-grown terrorist activities. He is expected to defend his dissertation in the Fall of 2008.