Preface |
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Author |
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Symbols and Abbreviations |
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Chapter 1 An Introduction to Thermal Imaging |
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1.2 What Is Thermal Imaging? |
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1.3 Atmospheric Transmission |
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1.4 Choice of 3-5 µm or 8-12 µm |
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1.5 Important Factors in the Application of Thermal Imaging |
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1.6 Specifying and Measuring the Performance of a Thermal Imager |
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Chapter 2 Thermal Imaging Cameras and Their Component Parts |
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2.1 A Basic Thermal Imager |
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2.2 Image-Forming Optical System |
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2.3 Windows for Thermal Imaging |
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2.5.2 Photon/Quantum Detectors |
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2.5.3 Thermal Detector Arrays |
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2.5.4 Some Detector Array Configurations |
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2.7 Special Signal Processing and Other Requirements |
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2.7.1 Signal Offset Correction |
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2.7.2 Conversion to Standard Video Format |
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2.9 Computer and Software |
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Chapter 3 Industrial and Commercial Thermal Imagers and the Facilities They Provide |
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3.2 Thermal Imagers That Measure Actual Temperature |
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3.2.1 Temperature Measurement |
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3.2.2 Emissivity and Atmospheric Absorption |
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3.2.4 Thermal and Visible Displays |
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3.3 Software Facilities for Industrial Applications |
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3.3.2 Monitoring Temperatures |
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3.4 Thermal Imagers for Surveillance Types of Application |
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3.4.2 Military Applications |
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3.5 Imagers Used by Firefighters |
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3.6 Manufacturers' Data Sheets |
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Chapter 4 Performance Parameters for Components of a Thermal Imager |
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4.2.3 Numerical Aperture (NA) |
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4.2.6 Relative Field Irradiance (RFI) |
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4.2.7 Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) |
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4.2.8 Veiling Glare Index (VGI) |
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4.3.1 Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) |
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4.3.4 Noise-Equivalent Power (NEP) |
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4.3.10 Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) |
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4.4.1 Horizontal Scan Linearity |
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4.4.2 Vertical Scan Linearity |
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4.5.3 Polar Luminance Distribution |
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4.5.4 Grey Scale/Linearity |
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Chapter 5 Performance Parameters for a Complete Thermal Imager |
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5.2 Factors Affecting Performance |
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5.3 Performance Parameters |
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5.3.4 Signal Transfer Function (SiTF) |
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5.3.5 Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) |
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5.3.6 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD): The Johnson Criterion |
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5.3.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference (MDTD) |
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5.3.8.1 MRTD Model A (Video or Display) |
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5.3.10 Slit Response Function (SRF) |
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5.3.11 Aperture Response Function (ARF) |
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5.3.12 Absolute Temperature Range |
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5.3.13 Maximum and Minimum Temperature Difference Range and Offset Temperature Range |
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5.3.14 Temperature Measurement Uncertainty |
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5.3.17 Veiling Glare Index (VGI) and Uniformity Index (VGUI) |
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5.3.18 Scene Influence Factor (SIF) |
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5.3.19 Field of View (FOV) |
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5.3.20 Close Focus Distance |
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5.4 Frame Rates and Readout Timing |
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Chapter 6 Basic Equipment for Testing and Calibrating at Thermal Wavelengths |
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6.2.1 Tungsten Filament Lamps |
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6.2.2 Nichrome Wire or Strip Sources |
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6.2.4 Globar (SiC/Carborundum Rod) |
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6.2.7 High-Emissivity Plates |
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6.2.8 Modulated IR Sources |
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6.2.9 Laser, Laser Diode, and LED Sources |
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6.5 Optical Systems and Collimators |
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6.5.2 Off-Axis Paraboloid Collimators |
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6.5.3 Multimirror Collimators |
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6.5.4 Refracting Collimators |
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6.5.4.1 3-5 µm Collimators |
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6.5.4.2 8-14 µm Collimators |
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6.5.5 High-Magnification Objectives |
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Chapter 7 Measurement Procedures and Techniques for the Principal Components That Make Up a Thermal Imager |
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7.2 General Measurement Procedures |
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7.3 Lenses and Optical Systems |
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7.3.2 Angular Magnification |
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7.3.4 Entrance and Exit Pupil Diameters of Afocal Systems |
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7.3.6 Spectral Transmission |
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7.3.7 Relative Field Irradiance |
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7.3.10.1 Testing Image-Forming Objectives |
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7.3.10.2 Testing Afocal Systems |
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7.3.10.3 Measuring MTF with a Detector Array or Thermal Imager |
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7.3.10.4 Removing a Pedestal or dc Offset from the LSF |
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7.4 Detectors and Detector Arrays |
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7.4.2 Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) |
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7.4.4 Noise-Equivalent Power (NEP) |
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7.4.6.1 Slit Scan While Monitoring the Output of a Single Element |
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7.4.6.2 Slit and Array Scan Technique for Linear and 2D Arrays |
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7.4.6.3 Tilted (Sloping) Slit Technique for 2D Arrays |
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7.4.6.4 SPRITE or Detector with TDI |
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7.4.6.5 Random Pattern Technique |
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7.4.6.6 Software Requirements |
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7.6.1 Luminance and Spectral Characteristics |
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7.6.2 Polar Luminance Distribution |
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7.6.3 Grey Scale/Linearity |
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7.6.4.1 Eyepiece Displays |
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Chapter 8 Measurement Techniques and Procedures for Complete Thermal Imagers |
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8.2.2 Measurement from the Video Output |
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8.2.3 Measurement off the Display |
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8.5 Signal Transfer Function (SiTF) |
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8.6 Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference (NETD) |
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8.7 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) |
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8.8 Minimum Detectable Temperature Difference (MDTD) |
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8.11 Slit Response Function (SRF) |
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8.12 Aperture Response Function (ARF) |
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8.13 Temperature Measurement Performance Characteristics |
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8.16 Veiling Glare Index (VGI) and Uniformity Index (VGUI) |
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8.17 Scene Influence Factor (SIF) |
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8.19 Close Focus Distance |
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Chapter 9 Calibration and Alignment of Test Facilities |
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9.2 Calibrating and Aligning a Collimator |
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9.2.1 Wavefront Deformation (Aberration) |
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9.2.2 Calibrating Focal Length |
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9.2.3 Collimator Alignment and Focus |
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9.2.4 Test Piece Alignment |
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9.2.5 Checking an MTF Test Facility |
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9.2.5.4 Square-Topped Pulses |
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9.3 Radiometric Characteristics |
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9.3.2 Temperature Sensors |
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9.3.5 Radiometric Calibration of an MRTD or Similar Test Facility |
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9.3.6 Spectral Characteristics |
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Chapter 10 Applications of Thermal Imaging Cameras |
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10.2 Industrial Applications |
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10.2.1 Buildings and Structures |
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10.2.2 Inspection of Composite Panels and Structures |
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10.2.3 Inspection of Furnace and Other High-Temperature Constructions |
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10.2.4 Plant and Site Inspection |
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10.3 Advanced and Specialist Applications |
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10.3.1 Detection of Buried Objects |
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10.3.2 Studying and Preserving Works of Art |
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10.3.3 Fire Detection and Volcano Monitoring |
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10.3.4 Visualizing Electric and Magnetic Fields |
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10.3.5 Thermal Wave Imaging (TWI) and Time-Resolved Infrared Radiometry (TRIR) |
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10.3.7 Thermoelastic Stress Analysis |
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10.4 Medical and Biological Applications |
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10.5 Military and Civil Surveillance and Other Applications |
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Appendix A: Objective Measurement of MRTD and MDTD |
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A.1 Performance Parameters That Determine MRTD and MDTD |
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A.2 Theory for MRTD Measurement |
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A.2.1 MRTD Model A (Video or Display) |
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A.3 Theory for MDTD Measurement |
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Appendix B: Sampled Imaging Systems and Aliasing |
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B.1 What Are Sampled Imaging Systems? |
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B.2 Image Formation by Sampled Imaging System |
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B.5 MTF Measurement Techniques |
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Index |
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