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E-raamat: Thermo-Economic Approach to Energy from Waste

, (Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Tamil), , (Associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu, India.)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Oct-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323859110
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Thermo-Economic Approach to Energy from WasteSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Oct-2021
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323859110
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A Thermo-Economic Approach to Energy From Waste provides readers with the tools to analyze the effectiveness of biomass waste conversion into value-added products and how thermochemical conversion methods can be commercialized with minimum environmental impact. The book provides a comprehensive overview of biomass conversion technologies through pyrolysis, including the types of reactors available, reactor mechanisms, and the upgradation of bio-oil.

Case studies are provided on waste disposal in selected favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro, including data on subnormal clusters and analyses of solid waste in the 37 slums of Catumbi. Step-by-step guidance is provided on how to use a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to analyze the potential impact of various waste-to-energy conversion technologies, and a brief overview of the common applications of LCA in other geographical locations is presented, including United States, Europe, China, and Brazil. Finally, waste-to-value-added functional catalysts for the transesterification process in biodiesel production are discussed alongside various other novel technologies for biodiesel production, process simulation, and techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production.

Bringing together research and real-world case studies from an LCA perspective, the book provides an ideal reference for researchers and practitioners interested in waste-to-energy conversion, LCA, and the sustainable production of bioenergy.

  • Presents an overview of the technologies for the production of biofuels from waste via pyrolysis and gasification
  • Provides a guide to the utilization of LCA to assess the economic and environmental impact of value-added products
  • Describes real-world case studies on the implementation of LCA in waste-to-energy scenarios
About the authors xi
Preface xiii
Acronyms and abbreviations xv
1 Pyrolysis of waste biomass: toward sustainable development
1(34)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Component of lignocellulosic biomasses
2(3)
1.2.1 Cellulose
3(1)
1.2.2 Hemicellulose
4(1)
1.2.3 Lignin
4(1)
1.2.4 Ash
5(1)
1.2.5 Extractives
5(1)
1.3 Types of pyrolysis
5(2)
1.3.1 Slow pyrolysis
7(1)
13.2 Intermediate pyrolysis
7(1)
1.3.3 Fast pyrolysis
7(1)
1.4 Mechanism of pyrolysis
8(2)
1.4.1 Mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis
8(1)
1.4.2 Mechanism of hemicellulose pyrolysis
9(1)
1.4.3 Mechanism of lignin pyrolysis
9(1)
1.5 Reactor configurations
10(1)
1.5.1 Fluidized-bed reactor
10(1)
15.2 Circulating fluidized-bed reactor
11(3)
1.5.3 Ablative plate reactor
11(2)
1.5.4 Auger/screw reactor
13(1)
15.5 Rotating cone reactor
14(1)
1.5.6 Cyclone/vortex reactor
14(1)
1.6 Upgradation techniques for pyrolyzed bio-oil
15(10)
1.6.1 Physical upgradation of crude bio-oil
16(1)
1.6.2 Chemical upgradation of bio-oil
17(2)
1.6.3 Catalytical upgradation of bio-oil
19(6)
1.7 Energy recovery for heating or process applications
25(1)
1.8 Conclusion
26(9)
References
27(8)
2 Biomass pyrolysis system based on life cycle assessment and Aspen plus analysis and kinetic modeling
35(38)
2.1 Introduction
35(1)
2.2 Current Indian scenario of waste-to-energy conversion technologies
36(2)
2.3 From biomass to biofuel through pyrolysis
38(1)
2.4 Life cycle assessment methodology for pyrolysis-based bio-oil production
39(10)
2.4.1 Steps followed for studying LCA
41(1)
2.4.2 Setting require for LCA
42(2)
2.4.3 Inventory data collection
44(2)
2.4.4 Analysis of life cycle inventory
46(1)
2.4.5 Impact assessment of LCA
46(2)
2.4.6 Sensitivity analysis
48(1)
2.5 Aspen plus approach to biomass pyrolysis system
49(2)
2.6 Kinetics of biomass pyrolysis
51(3)
2.7 Isoconversional techniques
54(1)
2.8 Other kinetic models
55(1)
2.9 Application of biomass pyrolysis products
56(7)
2.9.1 Bio-oil applications
57(3)
2.9.2 Biochar application
60(3)
2.10 Conclusions
63(10)
References
64(9)
3 Biomass gasification integrated with Fischer-Tropsch reactor: techno-economic approach
73(34)
3.1 Introduction
73(5)
3.2 Surplus biomass available in India
78(3)
3.2.1 Conflicting applications for crop residue biomass
78(1)
3.2.2 Biomass
79(1)
3.2.3 Challenges in biomass utilization
80(1)
3.2.4 Biomass to energy conversion processes
80(1)
3.3 Pretreatment of biomass
81(6)
3.3.1 Torrefaction
82(2)
3.3.2 Types of pretreatment
84(3)
3.4 Kinetics of biomass gasification for syngas generation
87(8)
3.4.1 Gasification mechanism
89(5)
3.4.2 Syngas conditioning
94(1)
3.5 Gasification integrated with Fischer-Tropsch reactor
95(3)
3.5.1 Bioenergy potential calculations and estimation
96(1)
3.5.2 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
96(1)
3.5.3 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts
97(1)
3.5.4 Fischer-Tropsch mechanism
97(1)
35.5 Biofuel synthesis from Fischer-Tropsch reactor
98(2)
3.6 Techno-economic analysis of Fischer-Tropsch reactor with biomass gasification
100(1)
3.7 Conclusion
101(6)
References
101(6)
4 Energy recovery from biomass through gasification technology
107(26)
4.1 Introduction
107(1)
4.2 Thermochemical conversion
108(3)
4.2.1 Combustion
108(1)
4.2.2 Pyrolysis
108(1)
4.2.3 Gasification
109(1)
4.2.4 Principles of anaerobic digestion
110(1)
4.3 Production and use of aquatic biomass
111(1)
4.3.1 Potential of biomass waste
111(1)
4.4 Lignocellulose biomass pretreatment
112(2)
4.4.1 Physical methods
112(1)
4.4.2 Chemical methods
113(1)
4.4.3 Biological pretreatment
114(1)
4.5 Bioconversion and downstream processing of biomass-derived molecules' conversion to chemicals
114(1)
4.6 Energy recovery for heating or process applications
115(1)
4.6.1 Steam cycle
115(1)
4.6.2 Engine
115(1)
4.6.3 Gas turbine
116(1)
4.6.4 Biogas
116(1)
4.7 Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass-derived intermediates lignin biorefinery biogas from waste biomass
116(1)
4.7.1 Hydrolysis
117(1)
4.7.2 Acidogenesis
117(1)
4.7.3 Acetogenesis
117(1)
4.7.4 Methanogenesis
117(1)
4.8 Parameters affecting anaerobic digestion process
117(2)
4.8.1 Temperature
118(1)
4.8.2 Solid to water content
118(1)
4.8.3 Ph level
118(1)
4.8.4 Retention period
118(1)
4.8.5 Organic loading rate
119(1)
4.8.6 C/N ratio
119(1)
4.9 The concept of gasification and its types of reactors
119(5)
4.9.1 Fixed bed gasification
120(2)
4.9.2 Updraft gasifier
122(1)
4.9.3 Downdraft gasifier
122(1)
4.9.4 Cross-flow gasifier
122(1)
4.9.5 Fluidized bed gasification
122(1)
4.9.6 Bubbling fluidized bed gasification
123(1)
4.10 Life cycle analysis of gasification process
124(2)
4.10.1 Scope of analysis and definition
124(1)
4.10.2 Boundary system and analysis of related legislation
124(1)
4.10.3 Proper selection of environmental performance indicators
124(1)
4.10.4 Inventory analysis
124(2)
4.10.5 Environmental impact assessment
126(1)
4.10.6 Life cycle assessment
126(1)
4.11 Aspen plus approach to the biomass gasification system
126(2)
4.12 Conclusion
128(5)
References
129(4)
5 Life Cycle Assessment applied to waste-to-energy technologies
133(16)
5.1 Introduction
133(1)
5.2 What is life cycle assessment?
134(7)
5.2.1 Historical development
135(1)
5.2.2 Applications of LCA
136(2)
5.2.3 Steps and procedures for an LCA study
138(1)
5.2.4 Definition of the objective and scope
138(1)
5.2.5 Analysis of the life cycle inventory
139(1)
5.2.6 Life cycle impact assessment
139(1)
5.2.7 Interpretation
140(1)
5.3 Use of LCA to analyze waste-to-energy technologies
141(1)
5.3.1 Main applications
141(1)
5.4 Highlights in LCA studies for waste-to-energy technologies
142(3)
5.4.1 Functional unit
142(1)
5.4.2 Type of residue
143(1)
5.4.3 Form of energy use
144(1)
5.4.4 Energy recovery
144(1)
5.4.5 Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses
144(1)
5.5 Main results found in the literature
145(1)
5.6 Conclusion
146(3)
References
147(2)
6 Waste disposal in selected favelas (slums) of Rio de Janeiro
149(22)
6.1 Historical background
149(4)
6.1.1 Some numbers about subnormal clusters
150(1)
6.1.2 The favela of Catumbi
151(2)
6.2 Survey and study of solid waste in 37 slums and in Catumbi
153(12)
6.3 Final considerations
165(6)
References
168(3)
7 Transesterification process of biodiesel production from nonedible vegetable oil sources using catalysts from waste sources
171(24)
7.1 Introduction
171(1)
7.2 Biodiesel production as an alternative source of energy
172(1)
7.3 Transesterification: reaction and mechanism
173(1)
7.4 Catalysts
174(8)
7.4.1 Chemical catalysts
174(3)
7.4.2 Biochemical catalysts
177(1)
7.4.3 Impact on kinetics of transesterification and modeling
177(5)
7.5 Hydrocarbon feed stocks for biodiesel
182(1)
7.5.1 Edible oils
182(1)
7.5.2 Nonedible oils
182(1)
7.6 Various novel technologies for biodiesel production
182(5)
7.6.1 Ultrasonic-assisted biodiesel production
183(1)
7.6.2 Micro reactive transesterification
184(1)
7.6.3 Microwave-assisted biodiesel production
185(1)
7.6.4 Reactive distilled transesterification
185(2)
7.6.5 Supercritical technology of biodiesel production (noncatalytic)
187(1)
7.7 Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production
187(3)
7.7.1 One-time costs
188(1)
7.7.2 Raw material and operating cost
188(1)
7.7.3 Fixed cost and maintenance cost
189(1)
7.7.4 Cost calculation with respect to production rate
189(1)
7.8 Perspectives and conclusion
190(5)
References
190(5)
Index 195
Dr.Ramanathan Anand, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at National Institute of Technology, Trichy. Area of specialization involves Internal Combustion Engines, Alternative Fuels, Waste to Energy conversion, Emission Control and Fuel cells. He is the recipient of Australian Endeavour Fellow and worked on solar fuels at Australian National University at Canberra, Australia from July to October 2015. He has received various sponsored projects from GTRE-DRDO, DST-SERB, DST-YSS, DST-UKERI, MHRD, and SPARC. He has received Indo-Brazil collaborated project in the area of the thermochemical conversion process with Life Cycle Assessment under the SPARC scheme. He has contributed several paper publications in renowned international journals. He has filed 7 Indian patents. He has also contributed 12 book chapters in a renowned publication (Elsevier & Springer). received several projects from GTRE-DRDO, DST-SERB, DST-YSS, DST-UKERI, MHRD, and SPARC. Involvement in professionally related activities and administrative responsibilities to serve the community. Dr.Meera Sheriffa Begum K.M, graduated from Anna University, Chennai. She has got industrial experience at Chennai Petroleum Corporation Ltd” (Formerly Madras Refineries Ltd) at R&D division as MRL Research Fellow” from 1991-95. She is currently professor at Department of Chemical Engineering. She has received many best paper awards in international conferences, granted two patents, several publications in renowned international journals. Co-authored three chemical Engineering text books published by PHI, India. She has contributed research, sponsored and consultancy projects towards Sustainable environment and energy funded by MHRD, DST and CSIR and SPARC. Undertaken research training at NUS, Singapore through TEQIP. She has executed Industrial consultancy projects for wastewater treatment in Trichy Distilleries, Dairy industry, Textile industry, and Tamilnadu Paper Ltd., using functional materials towards sustainability. Also, Blended biodiesel development and its execution on Southern Railways. Prof. Amaro Olimpio Pereira Junior is an Economist, Ph.D. in Energy Planning from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He worked as technical advisor of the Energy and Environment Department at Energy Research Company (EPE), in Brazil; Visiting Professor at University Pierre Mendès-France in Grenoble, France and at University of Texas at Austin, Texas. He also worked as Research Fellow at CIRED (Centre International de Recherche sur lEnvironement et Dévélopement), in France. Currently, he is Associated Professor of the Energy Planning Program of the Institute of Graduate Studies in Engineering at Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (PPE/COPPE/UFRJ), researcher at CentroClima, director of the Institute for Strategic Development of the Energy Sector ILUMINA and member of the permanent technical committee at LIFE. He is author of books, book chapters and several papers in international journals. Prof. Claude Cohen, obtained her PhD in Energy Planning from the Energy Planning Programme at The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ and a Master's Degree in Development Economics from the University of Paris X Nanterre and currently a professor at the Faculty of Economics at UFF and a permanent professor at the Research and Extension Center About the Judiciary and PPGA. Coordinator of the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Environment and Society (NIMAS) that integrates the Center for Studies on Inequality and Development (NIME). She has an experience in Economics, with emphasis on Environmental Economics, working mainly on the following themes: sustainable development, climate change, energy saving, residential energy consumption, energy consumption patterns, energy consumption Energy in favelas. She is the author of books, book chapters and several papers in international journals.
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