| Preface |
|
xi | |
| Notations and Symbols |
|
xv | |
|
Chapter 1 Liquid Surfaces |
|
|
1 | (28) |
|
1.1 Mechanical description of the interface between a liquid and its vapor |
|
|
2 | (5) |
|
1.1.1 Gibbs' and Young's interface models |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
1.1.2 Mechanical definition of the surface tension of the liquid |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
1.1.3 Influence of the curvature of a surface -- Laplace's law |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
1.2 Thermodynamic approach to the liquid-vapor interface |
|
|
7 | (9) |
|
1.2.1 Potential functions |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
1.2.2 Functions of state of surface |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.2.3 Equivalence between surface tension and interface energy between two fluids |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
1.2.4 Sign of the energy associated with the surface of a pure liquid |
|
|
12 | (2) |
|
1.2.5 Extent of the area of the surface of a liquid |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
1.3 Influence of temperature on surface energy |
|
|
16 | (6) |
|
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
1.5 Surface specific heat capacity |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
1.6 Influence of pressure on the surface tension of a liquid |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
1.7 Evaluation of the surface energy of a pure liquid |
|
|
25 | (4) |
|
Chapter 2 Interfaces Between Liquids and Fluid Solutions |
|
|
29 | (36) |
|
2.1 Surface concentrations and surface excess |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
2.2 Thermodynamics of interfaces of polycomponent liquid--fluid systems |
|
|
33 | (10) |
|
2.2.1 Complete chemical potential of a component in a phase |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
2.2.2 Chemical potentials and lateral chemical potentials |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
2.2.3 Conditions of equilibrium in a capillary system |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 Gibbs--Duhem relation for surface phenomena |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
2.2.5 Adsorption and Gibbs isotherm |
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
2.3 Surface tension of solutions |
|
|
43 | (5) |
|
|
|
44 | (3) |
|
2.3.2 Highly-dilute solutions |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.4 Interface tension between two liquids |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
2.5 Energy of adhesion of two liquids |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
2.6 Spreading of a liquid over another liquid |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
2.7 Example of the microscopic modeling of surfaces of solutions: the monolayer model for strictly-regular solutions |
|
|
53 | (12) |
|
2.7.1 Presentation of the model |
|
|
53 | (2) |
|
2.7.2 Chemical potentials of the surface and bulk components of a strictly-regular solution |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
2.7.3 Surface tension and composition of the surface layer of a strictly-regular solution |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
2.7.4 Monolayer model and interface tension between two strictly-regular solutions |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
2.7.5 Critique of the monomolecular layer model |
|
|
61 | (4) |
|
Chapter 3 Surfaces of Solids and Interfaces |
|
|
65 | (34) |
|
3.1 Surface tension and the surface energy of solids |
|
|
65 | (2) |
|
3.2 Surface energy of a pure crystallized solid: the macroscopic approach |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
3.3 Surface energy in a mesoscopic model |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
3.4 Effective surface energy: the Wulff crystal |
|
|
70 | (4) |
|
3.5 Interfacial energy between two solids |
|
|
74 | (3) |
|
3.6 Interfaces between pure solids and liquids |
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
3.6.1 Spreading and angle of contact of a liquid on a solid |
|
|
77 | (3) |
|
3.6.2 Work of adhesion between a liquid and a solid |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
3.6.3 Solid surface in contact with two liquids: displacement of one liquid by another |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
3.6.4 Conditions of stability of solid particles at fluid interfaces |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
3.7 Adsorption of elements of a liquid solution by a solid |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
3.8 Electrocapillary phenomena |
|
|
87 | (12) |
|
3.8.1 Definition of electrocapillarity |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
3.8.2 Gibbs--Lippmann formula and Lippmann's formula |
|
|
88 | (3) |
|
3.8.3 Experimentally obtaining the surface tension/electrical potential curve |
|
|
91 | (1) |
|
3.8.4 Shape of the electrocapillary curves |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
3.8.5 Applying electrocapillarity to the experimental determination of the excess surface |
|
|
94 | (5) |
|
Chapter 4 Small-volume Phases |
|
|
99 | (38) |
|
4.1 Laplace's law for spherical liquid drops |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
4.2 Similarity between the thermodynamics of a Wulff crystal and that of a liquid drop |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
4.3 Reiss' characteristic function |
|
|
101 | (3) |
|
4.4 Gibbs energy of a spherical pure liquid or solid with small volume |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
4.5 Chemical potential of a component of a solution |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
4.6 Phase change in pure substances |
|
|
106 | (6) |
|
4.6.1 The saturating vapor pressure of pure liquid |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
4.6.2 Melting of a small grain |
|
|
110 | (2) |
|
4.7 Alteration of the solubility of a solid due to the small dimension of its grains |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
4.8 Equilibrium constant for a reaction involving small grains |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
4.9 Nucleation of a condensed phase |
|
|
117 | (20) |
|
4.9.1 Hypotheses underlying the nucleation model |
|
|
117 | (3) |
|
4.9.2 Homogeneous nucleation in a fluid phase: Volmer's approach (1905) |
|
|
120 | (6) |
|
4.9.3 Homogeneous nucleation within a solid phase |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
4.9.4 Primary heterogeneous nucleation from a fluid phase |
|
|
126 | (11) |
|
Chapter 5 Capillary Tubes and Thin Films |
|
|
137 | (26) |
|
5.1 Behavior of a liquid in a capillary space |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
5.2 Thermodynamics of the cylindrical meniscus |
|
|
138 | (10) |
|
5.2.1 Laplace's law for the cylindrical meniscus |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
5.2.2 Capillary ascension |
|
|
139 | (7) |
|
5.2.3 Capillary condensation |
|
|
146 | (2) |
|
5.3 Modeling the interactions between two surfaces of an insulating material |
|
|
148 | (5) |
|
|
|
153 | (10) |
|
5.4.1 Disjunction pressure |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
5.4.2 Formation of a film by condensation |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
5.4.3 Ascension of a liquid along a wall |
|
|
157 | (3) |
|
5.4.4 Minimum spreading thickness |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
Chapter 6 Physical Adsorption of Gases by Solids |
|
|
163 | (46) |
|
6.1 Shapes of the isotherms of physical adsorption found experimentally |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
6.2 Potential energy of a gaseous molecule in the presence of the surface of a solid |
|
|
164 | (7) |
|
6.2.1 Adsorbent insulating solid |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
6.2.2 Electronically-conductive adsorbent solid |
|
|
167 | (4) |
|
6.3 Thermodynamic models for physical adsorption |
|
|
171 | (11) |
|
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
6.3.2 Hill and Everett's model |
|
|
175 | (3) |
|
|
|
178 | (4) |
|
|
|
182 | (10) |
|
6.4.1 Energy distribution of adsorbed molecules |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
6.4.2 Isotherms of adsorption in mobile monolayers with no interaction |
|
|
184 | (2) |
|
6.4.3 Isotherms of adsorption in mobile monolayers with interactions |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
6.4.4 Isotherms of adsorption in localized monolayers without interaction |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
6.4.5 Isotherms of adsorption in localized monolayers with interactions |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
6.5 Multilayer adsorption |
|
|
192 | (10) |
|
6.5.1 The Brunauer, Emmet and Taylor (B.E.T.) isotherm |
|
|
193 | (4) |
|
6.5.2 Frenkel, Halsey and Hill's liquid layer model |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
6.5.3 Polanyi's potential model |
|
|
199 | (3) |
|
6.6 Adsorption on porous substances |
|
|
202 | (7) |
|
6.6.1 Process of pore filling |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
6.6.2 Shape of the adsorption curve |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
6.6.3 Shape of the evaporation curve, phenomenon of hysteresis |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
6.6.4 Relation between the shape of the pores and that of the hysteresis loop |
|
|
206 | (3) |
|
Chapter 7 Chemical Adsorption of Gases by Solids |
|
|
209 | (18) |
|
7.1 Chemical force between gas and solid surface |
|
|
209 | (6) |
|
7.1.1 Chemical adsorption on metals |
|
|
209 | (3) |
|
7.1.2 Chemical adsorption on semiconductors |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
7.2 Physical adsorption and chemical adsorption |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
7.3 Isotherms of adsorption and experimental results |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
7.4 Langmuir's model of equilibrium of chemical adsorption |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
7.5 Dissociative adsorption and Langmuir's model |
|
|
220 | |
|
7.6 Chemical adsorption of mixtures of gases in Langmuir's model |
|
|
22 | (201) |
|
7.7 "Non-Langmuirian" isotherms of adsorption |
|
|
223 | (4) |
| Appendix |
|
227 | (12) |
| Bibliography |
|
239 | (2) |
| Index |
|
241 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta