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E-raamat: Third Generation Internet Revealed: Reinventing Computer Networks with IPv6

  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Oct-2022
  • Kirjastus: APress
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781484286036
  • Formaat - PDF+DRM
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  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Oct-2022
  • Kirjastus: APress
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781484286036

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This book covers the inexorable exhaustion of the IPv4 address space, the interim fix to this based on Network Address Translation (NAT) and Private Addresses, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It will help you understand the limitations and problems introduced by the use of NAT and introduce you to the far simpler network and software designs possible, using a larger, unified address space.

IPv6, a mature and viable replacement for IPv4, is currently used by more than 36% of all global Internet traffic. Wireless telephone service providers in many countries have migrated their networks to IPv6 with great success. The elimination of NAT and Private Addresses has vastly simplified network design and implementation. Further, there are now enough public addresses allocated to accommodate all anticipated uses for the foreseeable future.







Most networking products and software, especially open-source software, are already fully IPv6 compliant. Today, no businessshould purchase obsolete products that support only IPv4. The global IPv6 Forum estimates that there are millions of networking professionals still needing to learn the fundamentals of IPv6 technologies to move forward. This book is for them. With plans in place for a shutdown of IPv4 on global networks (Sunset IPv4) the time to learn is now. If you want a job in IT, especially network hardware or software, and you dont know IPv6, you are already obsolete.





What You Will Learn











This book serves as a guide to all relevant Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards Request for Comments (RFCs), organized by topic and discussed in plain language Understand how IPv6 makes viable technologies such as multicast (for efficient global audio/video streaming), IPsec VPNs (for better security), and simpler VoIP Take edge computing to the limit by eliminating intermediary servers made necessary by IPv4 NATfor example, making connections directly from my node to yours Discover how organizations can introduce IPv6 into existing IPv4 networks (Dual Stack), and then eliminate the legacy IPv4 aspects going forward (Pure IPv6) for the mandates going into place now (for example, US DoD requirements to move all networks to Pure IPv6) Recognize that 5G networking (the Grand Convergence of conventional networks and wireless service) depends heavily on the advanced features IPv6 

Who This Book Is For



Networking professionals. Readers should have at least some familiarity with the precursor protocol (IPv4) and legacy TCP/IP based networks. Some knowledge of network models, such as DoD four-layer model or OSI 7-layer model, is helpful to understand where the Internet Protocol fits into the larger picture. For network software developers using the Sockets API (in UNIX, Windows, etc.), this book will help you to understand the extensions to that API needed to work with IPv6.
About the Author xv
About the Technical Reviewer xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Foreword xxi
Introduction xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(30)
History of This Work and the Term "Third Internet"
1(5)
Why IPv6 Is Important
6(2)
Wait. How Can the Internet Grow to 75 Billion Nodes?
8(1)
Why Was 2011 a Significant Year for the Second Internet?
9(1)
An Analogy: The Amazing Growing Telephone Number
10(1)
So Just What Is It That We Are Running Out Of?
11(2)
But You Said There Were 4.3 Billion IPv4 Addresses?
13(1)
Is IPv6 Just an Asian Thing?
14(1)
So Exactly What Is This "Third Internet"?
15(1)
Is It the Next-Generation Network (NGN) That Telcos Talk About?
16(4)
Is It Internet2 or National LambdaRail?
20(2)
Is It Web 2.01
22(4)
Whatever Happened to IPv5?
26(2)
Let's Eliminate the Middleman
28(1)
Why Am I the One Writing This Book? Just Who Do I Think I Am, Anyway?
29(1)
Summary
29(2)
Chapter 2 History of Computer Networks Up to IPv4
31(10)
Real Computer Networking
32(1)
Ethernet and Token Ring
32(1)
Network Software
33(1)
The Beginnings of the Internet (ARPANET)
34(2)
UNIX
36(1)
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
37(1)
Email Standardization
38(1)
Evolution of the World Wide Web
38(1)
And That Brings Us Up to Today
39(1)
Summary and a Look Ahead
40(1)
Chapter 3 Review of IPv4
41(78)
Network Hardware
41(4)
RFCs: The Internet Standards Process
45(2)
IPv4
47(1)
Four-Layer ("DoD") IPv4 Architectural Model
48(3)
IPv4: The Internet Protocol, Version 4
51(1)
Relevant Standards for IPv4
52(1)
IPv4 Packet Header Structure
53(4)
IPv4 Addressing Model
57(1)
Network Ports
57(2)
IPv4 Subletting
59(3)
MAC Addresses
62(1)
Mapping from IPv4 Addresses to Link Layer Addresses
63(1)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
63(2)
Inverse ARP (InARP)
65(1)
Types of IPv4 Packet Transmissions
66(1)
IPv4 Broadcast
66(1)
IPv4 Multicast
67(3)
Relevant Standards for IPv4 Multicast
70(2)
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
72(1)
ICMPv4: Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv4
73(3)
IPv4 Routing
76(2)
Relevant Standard for IPv4 Routing
78(4)
Network Address Translation (NAT)
82(1)
Relevant Standard for IPv4 NAT
83(3)
Connection Without NAT (Inside the LAN)
86(1)
Connection Through Hide-Mode NAT
87(2)
BINAT (One-to-One NAT)
89(1)
Ramifications of Using NAT
90(3)
Basic IPv4 Routing
93(1)
TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol
94(1)
Standards Relevant to TCP
94(3)
TCP Packet Header
97(4)
UDP: The User Datagram Protocol
101(1)
Standards Relevant to UDP
102(1)
UDP Packet Header
103(1)
DHCPv4: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4
104(2)
The DHCPv4
106(2)
Useful Commands Related to DHCPv4
108(1)
IPv4 Network Configuration
109(1)
Manual Network Configuration
110(1)
Auto Network Configuration Using DHCPv4
111(5)
Summary
116(3)
Chapter 4 The Depletion of the IPv4 Address Space
119(28)
OECD IPv6 Report, March 2008
120(5)
OECD Follow-Up Report on IPv6, April 2010
125(2)
OECD Second Follow-Up Report on IPv6, November 2014
127(4)
How IPv4 Addresses Were Allocated in the Early Days
131(1)
Original "Classful" Allocation Blocks
131(4)
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
135(2)
Problems Introduced by Customer Premises Equipment NAT (CPE NAT)
137(4)
Implementing NAT at the Carrier: Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN)
141(5)
Summary
146(1)
Chapter 5 IPv6 Deployment Progress
147(10)
Google Statistics
152(3)
Predictions for Future Years
155(1)
Summary
156(1)
Chapter 6 IPv6 Core Protocols
157(104)
Network Hardware
157(5)
RFCs: A Whole Raft of New Standards for IPv6
162(2)
IPv6
164(9)
Four-Layer IPv6 Architectural Model
173(2)
Link Layer Issues with IPv6
175(1)
IPv6: The Internet Protocol, Version 6
176(1)
IPv6 Packet Header Structure
176(5)
IPv6 Addressing Model
181(1)
IPv6 Packet Transmission Types
182(1)
IPv6 Address Scopes
183(1)
IPv6 Address Types
184(10)
Automatically Generated Interface Identifiers Based on EUI-64
194(1)
Randomized Interface Identifiers
195(1)
IPv6 Address Allocation
196(7)
Subnetting in IPv6
203(1)
Link Layer Addresses
204(1)
Neighbor Discovery (ND) Protocol
204(3)
Router Discovery
207(1)
Address Resolution (Mapping IPv6 Addresses to MAC Addresses)
208(1)
Prefix Discovery
208(1)
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
209(1)
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
210(2)
Next-Hop Determination
212(1)
Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD)
213(1)
Redirect
214(2)
SEcure Network Discovery (SEND)
216(1)
Types of IPv6 Packet Transmission
216(1)
IPv6 Broadcast
216(1)
IPv6 Multicast
217(6)
ICMPv6: Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6
223(9)
IPv6 Routing
232(3)
Network Address Translation
235(2)
TCP: The Transmission Control Protocol in IPv6
237(1)
TCP Packet Header
238(1)
UDP: The User Datagram Protocol in IPv6
238(1)
DHCPv6: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6
238(2)
Relevant RFCs for DHCPv6
240(11)
The DHCPv6
251(2)
Useful Commands Related to DHCPv6
253(2)
IPv6 Network Configuration
255(1)
Manual Network Configuration for IPv6-0nly
256(2)
Auto Network Configuration Using Manually Specified (Static) IPv6 Address
258(2)
Summary
260(1)
Chapter 7 IPsec and IKEv2
261(24)
Internet Protocol Layer Security (IPsec)
262(2)
Relevant Standards for IPsec
264(6)
Security Association, Security Association Database, and Security Parameter Index
270(1)
IPsec Transport Mode and IPsec Tunnel Mode
270(6)
IPsec over IPv6
276(1)
IPsec in Multicast Networks
277(1)
Using IPsec to Secure L2TP Connections
277(1)
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
277(3)
Internet Key Exchange Version 2 (IKEv2)
280(2)
Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys: KINK
282(1)
Summary
282(3)
Chapter 8 Transition Mechanisms
285(42)
Relevant Standards for Transition Mechanisms
286(3)
Transition Mechanisms
289(1)
Co-existence (Dual Stack and Dual-Stack Lite)
290(1)
Tunneling
291(1)
Translation
292(2)
Proxies (Application Layer Gateways)
294(2)
Dual Stack
296(5)
Tunneling
301(3)
6in4 Tunneling
304(3)
6over4 Tunneling
307(1)
6to4 Tunneling
307(2)
Teredo
309(2)
6rd: IPv6 Rapid Deployment
311(1)
Intra-site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
311(1)
Softwires (Includes Dual-Stack Lite, MAP-E, MAP-T, and 4in6)
312(2)
Relevant Standards for Softwires
314(2)
Dual-Stack Lite
316(2)
PET (Prefixing, Encapsulation, and Translation)
318(1)
Translation
319(1)
NAT64/DNS64
320(1)
IVI
321(1)
Preferred Network Implementation Going Forward: IPv6-Only
322(2)
Supporting IPv6 for Developers at Sixscape
324(1)
Summary
325(2)
Chapter 9 IPv6 on Mobile Devices
327(10)
Android
327(3)
iPhone
330(3)
What Are the Implications of This?
333(2)
Decentralized Messaging
335(1)
Summary
336(1)
Chapter 10 DNS
337(18)
How DNS Evolved
337(1)
Host Files
337(1)
Network Information Service (NIS)
338(1)
DNS Was Invented
338(1)
Domain Names
338(1)
Top-Level Domain Names
339(1)
Internationalized Domain Names
340(1)
NS Resolver
340(1)
DNS Server Configuration
341(1)
DNS Protocol
341(1)
DNS Resource Records
342(1)
DNS Servers and Zones
343(2)
Different Types of DNS Servers
345(1)
Authoritative DNS Servers
345(1)
Caching-Only Servers
346(1)
Client Access to DNS
346(1)
Recursive DNS Queries
346(1)
The Root DNS Servers
347(2)
MX and SRV Resource Records
349(1)
ENUM
350(1)
DNSSEC (Secure DNS)
351(3)
Summary
354(1)
Chapter 11 The Future of Messaging with No NAT
355(24)
Private IPv4 Addresses
355(2)
Public IPv4 Addresses
357(1)
Network Address Translation
358(1)
NAT Gateways Can Run Out of Port Numbers
359(1)
The Need for Centralized Servers in the IPv4+NAT Internet
360(1)
Carrier-Grade NAT (NAT444)
361(1)
Centralization on the IPv4 Internet
362(2)
But Doesn't NAT "Protect" My Network?
364(1)
NAT Traversal: How Skype Fakes Incoming Connections
365(1)
What if Everyone Had Public Addresses?
366(1)
IPv6: The NAT-Less Internet
367(1)
VoIP and IPv6
368(2)
Skype
370(1)
WhatsApp
371(1)
Email over IPv6
371(1)
The Future of Messaging on the Third Internet
372(3)
5G: The Grand Convergence of the Internet and Telephony
375(1)
Summary
376(3)
Chapter 12 IPv6-Related Organizations
379(16)
Internet Governance Bodies
379(1)
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
380(1)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
381(1)
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
382(6)
The Number Resource Organization (NRO): www.nro.net
388(1)
Internet Architecture Board (IAB): www.iab.org
389(1)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): www.ietf.org
389(1)
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF): www.irtf.org
389(1)
Internet Society (ISOC): www.isoc.org
390(1)
IPv6 Forum Groups
390(1)
Local IPv6 Forum
Chapters
390(1)
IPv6 Ready Logo Program
391(2)
Informal IPv6 Network Administration Certification
393(1)
WIDE Project, Japan
394(1)
Summary
394(1)
Chapter 13 IPv6 Projects
395(3)
Accompanying Website
396(1)
Hurricane Electric IPv6 Certification
396(1)
SixConf
397(1)
Conclusion 398(3)
Index 401
Lawrence E. Hughes is a renowned expert in IPv6 and PKI. He has spoken at numerous IPv6 Summits worldwide. He created and ran one of the IPv6 Ready product certification centers for many years. He is an IPv6 Forum Gold Certified Trainer and was inducted into the IPv6 Hall of Fame in 2019. He co-founded Sixscape Communications in Singapore where he built their dual stack networks and was responsible for creating much of their technology. He is a security author and most recently published Pro Active Directory Certificate Services with Apress.