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E-raamat: Time in Language

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  • Formaat: 260 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Sep-2013
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781136151644
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Time in LanguageSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 260 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Sep-2013
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-13: 9781136151644
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This book looks at the various ways in which time is reflected in natural language. All natural languages have developed a rich repetoire of devices to express time, but linguists have tended to concentrate on tense and aspect, rather than discourse principles. Klein considers the four main ways in which language expresses time - the verbal categories of tense and aspect; inherent lexical features of the verb; and various types of temporal adverbs. Klein looks at the interaction of these four devices and suggests new or partly new treatments of these devices to express temporality.
Preface xi
List of abbreviations
xv
1 Introduction
1(13)
1.1 Time and finiteness
1(2)
1.2 Topic time, time of utterance, and time of situation
3(6)
1.3 Situation, linguistic content, and contextual information
9(3)
1.4 Organisation of the book
12(2)
2 Tense, aspect, and Aktionsart: the conventional picture
14(22)
2.1 The conventional picture
15(3)
2.2 Tense
18(9)
2.2.1 The tense form-tense meaning clash
18(3)
2.2.2 The 'standard theory of tense'
21(3)
2.2.3 Three parameter theories of tense
24(3)
2.3 Aspect
27(3)
2.3.1 The standard characterisation of aspect
27(3)
2.4 Aktionsart
30(5)
2.4.1 Temporal properties of lexical content and temporal properties of the situation
31(2)
2.4.2 Combinatorial restrictions
33(2)
2.5 Conclusion
35(1)
3 Topic time
36(23)
3.1 Introduction: lexical contents vs. time spans
36(1)
3.2 Linking a lexical content to a TT
37(11)
3.3 Finiteness, temporality, and negation
48(10)
3.3.1 Two functions of negation
49(1)
3.3.2 Negation and finiteness
50(2)
3.3.3 Negation, aspect, and inherent temporal features
52(6)
3.4 Conclusion
58(1)
4 Time structure
59(13)
4.1 Introduction
59(1)
4.2 The 'basic time concept' and its possible refinements
59(6)
4.3 The nature of the relatum
65(5)
4.3.1 Deictic relatum
66(3)
4.3.2 Anaphoric relatum
69(1)
4.4 Conclusion
70(2)
5 Inherent temporal features of the lexical content
72(27)
5.1 Lexical contents
72(2)
5.2 Three problems in describing lexical contents
74(5)
5.2.1 Lexical contents vs. world knowledge
74(2)
5.2.2 In what terms should we describe lexical contents?
76(2)
5.2.3 Basic meaning-side meaning
78(1)
5.3 Behaviour towards topic time: TT-contrast
79(2)
5.4 0-state lexical contents
81(2)
5.5 1-state lexical contents
83(2)
5.6 2-state lexical contents
85(10)
5.7 Some complications
95(2)
5.8 Conclusion
97(2)
6 Aspect
99(21)
6.1 The notion of aspect
99(2)
6.2 0-state contents
101(1)
6.3 1-state contents
102(3)
6.4 2-state contents
105(4)
6.5 The posttime: perfective and perfect
109(5)
6.5.7 'Completedness', 'on-going relevance', and 'change of state'
109(2)
6.5.2 Types of perfect
111(3)
6.6 Pretime, or the origins of periphrastic future
114(3)
6.7 The composition of aspectual expressions
117(2)
6.8 Conclusion
119(1)
7 Tense
120(22)
7.1 Introduction
120(3)
7.2 Tense systems
123(7)
7.3 Absolute and relative tenses: the English perfect forms
130(3)
7.4 Atypical relations between TT and TSit: narrative present and related phenomena
133(7)
7.5 Conclusion
140(2)
8 Temporal adverbials and their meaning
142(17)
8.1 Introduction
142(1)
8.2 Some illustrative examples
143(4)
8.3 Structure and position of TADVs
147(2)
8.4 Functional types of TADV
149(1)
8.5 The semantics of positional temporal adverbials
150(8)
8.6 Conclusion
158(1)
9 The function of positional adverbials in the utterance
159(25)
9.1 Introduction
159(3)
9.2 Explicit TT-specification
162(4)
9.3 Temporal congruency
166(2)
9.4 The temporal features of INF
168(2)
9.5 Temporal congruency revisited
170(3)
9.6 Modal verbs, epistemic readings, and temporal relations
173(3)
9.7 Simple constructions, and the general mechanism of FIN-INF-linking
176(6)
9.7.1 Interim summary
176(3)
9.7.2 Simple forms
179(1)
9.7.3 FIN-INF-linking
180(2)
9.8 Conclusion
182(2)
10 Adverbials of duration and of frequency
184(31)
10.1 Introduction
184(1)
10.2 Adverbials of duration
185(14)
10.2.1 Duration of what?
185(3)
10.2.2 Duration of the time of the situation
188(8)
10.2.3 TADV-D and TT-attachment
196(3)
10.3 Adverbs of frequency
199(7)
10.3.1 Frequency of what?
199(3)
10.3.2 English is verb-final
202(2)
10.3.3 Focus component and topic component
204(2)
10.4 Complex lexical contents
206(7)
10.4.1 Semelfactive reading, iterative reading, habitual reading, and the 'Principle of Reasonable Contrast'
206(3)
10.4.2 The indefinite frequency puzzle
209(4)
10.5 Conclusion
213(2)
11 Non-declarative clauses, subordinate clauses, noun phrases
215(10)
11.1 Non-declaratives
215(3)
11.2 Temporality in subordinate clauses
218(3)
11.3 Temporality within noun phrases
221(3)
11.4 Conclusion
224(1)
Notes 225(10)
References 235(5)
Index 240
Wolfgang Klein, formerly professor of German at the Universities of Heidelberg and Frankfurt, is director at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen. He is the author of Developing Grammars (1979), with Norbert Dittmar; Second Language Acquisition (1986); and Utterance Structure (1992), with Clive Perdue.
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