| Introduction |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgements |
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1 | (1) |
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Temporality in Language: From Lexical Meaning to Text Interpretation |
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The Association and Dissociation of Semantic Meaning and (Con)Textual Interpretation |
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1 | (5) |
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The Ambiguity of Temporal Information in Texts |
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6 | (13) |
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Time and Temporal Structure: a Conceptual Analysis |
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The Origins of Temporal Structure |
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19 | (11) |
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General Remarks on Time and Temporal Structure |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (2) |
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The Ontological Basis of Natural Situations |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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Dimensionality, Uniqueness, and Types of Situations |
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26 | (2) |
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The Pragmatic View: Natural Situations as Ontological Commitments |
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28 | (2) |
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Temporal Interpretation in Interval Semantics |
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30 | (4) |
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Evaluation Relative to Intervals of Time |
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30 | (3) |
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Some Conclusions from Interval Semantics, Concerning Temporal Interpretation and the Sequencing of Situations |
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33 | (1) |
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Objections to Interval-Based Theories |
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34 | (29) |
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Natural Situations as Contexts: From Natural Situations to Possible Propositions |
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35 | (1) |
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The Grammatical Manifestation of Aspectuality |
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35 | (3) |
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The Ontological Counterparts of Aspectual Classes |
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38 | (4) |
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The Interaction of Actual Structure and Conceptual Perspective: the Ontological and Epistemological Origins of Aspectuality |
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42 | (5) |
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Natural Situations as Truth-makers: From Propositions to Possible Referents |
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47 | (3) |
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The Global Ambiguity of Duration: Do Duratives Endure? |
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50 | (3) |
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Walking the Path of Truth: The Double Asymmetry of Accomplishments |
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53 | (7) |
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Relating Situations: Temporal Comparison |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (31) |
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Indeterminate Structures in the Domain of Physical Objects: a Parallelism |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (3) |
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Talmy's Theory of the Windowing of Attention |
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67 | (4) |
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Consequences for the Informativeness of Sortal Concepts |
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71 | (3) |
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Establishing Times: Language-Generated Windowing Effects on Natural Situations |
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74 | (4) |
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Entities by Accident: the Ontological Status of e-Times |
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78 | (2) |
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Are e-Times Truth-Makers and/or Referents? |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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Essential Characteristics of Establishing Times |
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81 | (3) |
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Stretches and Bits: Morphological Properties of Partial Structures |
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84 | (2) |
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The Underspecification of Verbal Semantics |
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86 | (2) |
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Markedness and Precisification |
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88 | (4) |
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Establishing Features in the Light of Markedness and Precisification |
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92 | (2) |
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Summary and Conclusions: Establishing Features, Temporal Relations, and Temporal Sequencing |
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94 | (3) |
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A Methodological Framework Combining Formal Semantics and Formal Knowledge Representation |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (2) |
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Knowledge Representation and Natural Language Semantics |
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101 | (3) |
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The Five-Level Approach: a Unified Framework for the Representation of Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Knowledge |
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104 | (5) |
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The Five-Level Approach to Knowledge Representation |
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104 | (2) |
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A Five-Level Representation of Temporal Interpretation |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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The Epistemological Level |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Externalism -- Internalism, Pragmatism -- Realism: Some Remarks On the Role of Ontology |
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109 | (6) |
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Ontological and Epistemological Conditions on Temporal Reference |
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Epistemological Presumptions |
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115 | (8) |
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Epistemology vs. Ontology |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (4) |
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A Formal Ontology of Time and Temporal Structure |
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123 | (11) |
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The Ontologically Basic Assumptions of GOL |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (5) |
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Ontological and Epistemological Extensions |
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134 | (15) |
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Partial Structures, Representative Partial Structures, and Establishing Parts and Times |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (6) |
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Representative Partial Structures |
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140 | (1) |
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Establishing Parts and Times |
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141 | (1) |
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Chronological Relations Applying to Partial Structures and Their Elements |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Objections Against the Notion of Atoms and the Open-Closed Distinction |
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143 | (3) |
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A Definition of Boundedness Based On Mereochronology |
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146 | (1) |
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What It Means To Not Be Bounded |
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147 | (2) |
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Partial Temporal Relations: Reasoning with Partial Structures |
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149 | (11) |
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Approaches to Temporal Reasoning With Incomplete Knowledge |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (2) |
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Translating Boundedness and Sequence of Partial Structures into Partial Interval Relations |
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152 | (4) |
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Definitions and Relation Hierarchies for Partial Temporal Relations |
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156 | (4) |
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160 | (1) |
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Information about Establishing Times in Grammar: a Fragment of German Verbal Semantics |
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161 | (154) |
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Establishing Features in Grammar: Formal Prerequisites |
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163 | (9) |
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Syntax, Scope, and Semantic Composition of Aspectuality |
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163 | (2) |
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Structured Eventive Predications: Which Part of a Sentence Meaning Encodes Establishing Features? |
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165 | (3) |
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168 | (1) |
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Two Alternative Strategies |
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169 | (3) |
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Aspectual Composition (I): Direct Predicate Modifications ('Attributive Strategy') |
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172 | (13) |
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The Systematic Problem to Access Predicative Information Compositionally |
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172 | (1) |
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The Aspectual Quality Predicate Q |
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173 | (3) |
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Sentence Mood and Aspects of Object Topicalization |
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176 | (3) |
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The Constants become, happen, unmark, and the Parameter direct |
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179 | (4) |
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Conceptual Interpretations for the Aspectual Triggers |
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183 | (2) |
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Aspectual Composition (II): Multiple Layers of Eventive Predications ('Predicative Strategy') |
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185 | (16) |
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The Problem With Multiple Modifications |
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185 | (4) |
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Multiple Layers of Eventive Predications |
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189 | (3) |
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Unique Eventives, Sentence Mood, and Some Aspects of Object Topicalization |
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192 | (2) |
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An Interpretation of Partial Superposition |
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194 | (2) |
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Semantic Economy Contra Conceptual Adequacy: Weighing Up Both Strategies |
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196 | (1) |
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Pros and Cons of the `Mapping Strategy' |
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196 | (3) |
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Pros and Cons of the `Predicative Strategy' |
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199 | (2) |
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Domains of Aspectual Composition |
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201 | (62) |
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Aspectual Composition above VP (I): Temporal Modification |
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202 | (1) |
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Do Modifiers Carry Aspectual Information in their Own Right? |
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202 | (4) |
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Structural Aspects of Temporal Modifications: Syntactic and Semantic Presumptions |
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206 | (1) |
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Composing Simple and Multiple Temporal Modifications |
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207 | (4) |
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Restrictions on Aspectual Selection |
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211 | (4) |
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Aspectual Composition above VP (II): Sentence Negation |
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215 | (1) |
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Sentence Negation as an Aspectual Marker |
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216 | (6) |
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The Structural Characteristics of Sentence Negation |
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222 | (5) |
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Sentence Negation and Temporal Modification |
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227 | (3) |
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Aspectual Composition below VP: Inner Aspectuality and the Telicity/Atelicity Dichotomy |
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230 | (2) |
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Krifka's Notion of Incrementality |
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232 | (3) |
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Transferring the Modes of Reference |
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235 | (2) |
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ma/ag and grain: A Fragment of German DP Semantics |
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237 | (10) |
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The Transfer of e-Features |
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247 | (3) |
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Aspectual Composition below V°: Productive Derivations of Lexical Adjustments |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (4) |
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258 | (5) |
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263 | (2) |
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Tense, Discourse Structure, and the Sequencing of Eventives |
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A Dynamic Interpretation of Tense |
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265 | (5) |
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The Anaphoric Character of Tense |
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265 | (2) |
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Reference Times and Chains of Reference Times |
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267 | (2) |
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Some Conclusions from Partee's Account |
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269 | (1) |
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A Dynamic-Semantic Account of the German Tense System |
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270 | (23) |
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The Dynamic and Compositional Approach of Dynamic Montague Grammar |
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270 | (6) |
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Time and Sequence: The Two-Part Anaphora of Tense |
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276 | (1) |
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The Positional and the Sequential Part of the Temporal Information of Tense |
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276 | (6) |
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Conclusions and Further Assumptions on the German Tense System |
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282 | (1) |
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Telic Verbs and the German Perfect |
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283 | (5) |
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e-Times and the Extended Now |
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288 | (2) |
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The Representation of the German Perfect, and Its Applications |
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290 | (3) |
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Further Anaphoric Temporal Expressions: Adverbs and Conjunctions |
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293 | (3) |
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Discourse Relations, the Parameter S, and the Reconstruction of Temporal Sequences |
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296 | (4) |
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300 | (15) |
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| Appendix to chapter VI: Step-by-Step Composition of the Bauerlein Text |
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315 | (28) |
| References |
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343 | (13) |
| Text Sources |
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356 | (1) |
| Index of Figures |
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357 | (4) |
| Index of Symbols and Abbreviations |
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361 | (4) |
| Word Index |
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365 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta