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E-raamat: Toxic Chemicals: Risk Prevention Through Use Reduction

(Sterling, Virginia, USA), (San Diego, California, USA), (Reston, Virginia, USA)
  • Formaat: 352 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781439839164
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Toxic Chemicals: Risk Prevention Through Use ReductionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 352 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781439839164
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Catastrophic events such as the Bhopal, India tragedy and rising incidences of cancer in areas neighboring industrial facilities have heightened concern over the use of toxic chemicals in manufacturing and industry, particularly with respect to long-term exposure. While legislation and publicity have reduced the use of some chemicals, risks remain that continue to threaten the health of individuals worldwide. Based on the authors research conducted through their development of a program in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Toxic Chemicals: Risk Prevention Through Use Reduction examines various toxicity factors and proposes a plan to reduce the toxic impact of these hazardous substances.

Explores all factors that contribute to toxicity

The book begins by exploring the history of toxic chemical release reporting programs, a trend growing out of the Bhopal tragedy. It surveys their impact both in the United States through the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program and in the 29 other countries that maintain similar programs. Then, with the goal of developing a rational method of prioritizing toxic chemicals for reduction, the authors discuss mobility, persistence, and bioconcentration adjustment factors and present a method for integrating all of these factors to estimate the relative impact of chemical release.

Compares alternate emphases in existing programs

The book describes programs that concentrate on reducing the release of chemicals with the greatest adverse toxic impact and those that require companies to prepare pollution prevention plans and set goals for reducing use or release. It also examines technical assistance programs that help companies search for alternative chemicals to use or process changes that eliminate the use of toxic chemicals. In addition, it explores alternative market-based approaches for achieving environmental protection.

Presents a workable plan for the future

In the final chapters, the authors lay out their proposed program for reducing the use of toxic chemicals. This plan builds on the existing TRI program and uses lessons learned from this and other programs. The combined research assembled by the authors and their multifaceted approach to the issue of chemical toxicity enables companies and policy makers to move to the next level of toxic chemical use reduction, resulting in a safer environment for future generations.

Arvustused

Higgins, Sachdev, and Engleman are environmental engineers with a career-long mission to control hazardous waste by minimizing waste releases rather than just treating wastes. The existing Toxics Release Inventory program (TRI) requires reporting release of chemicals as poundage, with no regard for risk factors. ... truly effective waste reduction programs require application of additional factors, including toxicity factors, air/water mobility factors, environmental persistence, and bioconcentration. Integration of all of these factors with the poundage released yields meaningful relative impact data or effective toxicity factors. This book provides tables of all of these data for hundreds of reportable chemicals. The authors also describe TRI programs for foreign countries, pollution prevention and waste reduction programs for eight states, and program costs. An appendix provides lists of chemicals with their CAS Registry Numbers. Valuable for safety and environmental engineers, toxicologists, ecologists, those in environmental policy positions, legislators, journalists, and the concerned public, as well as students in the relevant disciplines. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above; general audiences.

R.E. Buntrock, formerly University of Maine, in CHOICE, June 2011, Vol. 48, No. 10

Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xvii
About the Authors xix
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(6)
Bibliography
5(2)
Chapter 2 Toxic Chemical Composition Reporting 7(8)
Introduction
7(1)
California: Proposition 65
8(3)
Basis for Program
8(1)
Program Requirements
9(1)
Role of Stakeholders
9(1)
Financial Impacts
9(1)
Effectiveness of Program
10(1)
European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals Program
11(1)
Basis for Program
11(1)
Program Requirements
11(33)
Registration
11(1)
Toxics Release Inventory
12(1)
Bibliography
12(3)
Chapter 3 Toxic Chemical Release Reporting 15(20)
Introduction
15(1)
Basis for Program
15(1)
Program Requirements
16(2)
Refinements to TRI
18(1)
Role of Stakeholders
19(1)
Financial Impacts
20(1)
Limitations of TRI Program
20(14)
Bibliography
34(1)
Chapter 4 TRI Programs in Other Countries 35(20)
Introduction
35(2)
Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory Program
37(1)
Australian National Pollutant Inventory
37(7)
European Union
44(4)
European Pollutant Emission Register
47(1)
European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
47(1)
Japan
48(3)
Accessing PRTR Data
51(2)
North American Data
51(1)
European Data from E-PRTR
52(1)
International PRTR Data from OECD
52(1)
Bibliography
53(2)
Chapter 5 TRI Program Impacts on Reducing Toxic Chemical Releases 55(4)
Introduction
55(3)
TRI Success Stories
58(1)
Bibliography
58(1)
Chapter 6 Quantifying Toxicity 59(32)
Introduction
59(1)
Ingestion Carcinogenicity
60(1)
Inhalation Carcinogenicity
60(1)
Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity
60(1)
Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity
61(1)
Development of a Single Toxicity Factor
61(28)
Ingestion Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development
62(1)
Inhalation Carcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development
62(1)
Ingestion Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development
63(1)
Inhalation Noncarcinogenic Toxicity Factor Development
63(1)
Single Combined Relative Toxicity Factor Development
64(25)
Bibliography
89(2)
Chapter 7 Quantifying Mobility 91(14)
Introduction
91(1)
Air Mobility Factor
91(1)
Water Mobility Factor
92(1)
Combined Mobility Factor
92(11)
Bibliography
103(2)
Chapter 8 Quantifying Persistence 105(14)
Introduction
105(1)
Persistence Factor
105(13)
Bibliography
118(1)
Chapter 9 Quantifying Bioconcentration 119(18)
Introduction
119(1)
Bioconcentration Adjustment Factor
119(16)
Bibliography
135(2)
Chapter 10 Developing Effective Toxicity Factors 137(34)
Introduction
137(1)
Effective Toxicity Factor
138(1)
Toxicity Impact
138(33)
Chapter 11 Focusing on Impact Chemicals 171(20)
Introduction
171(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 33/50 Program
171(5)
Basis for Program
172(1)
Program Requirements
172(1)
Role of Stakeholders
173(1)
Financial Impacts
173(1)
Effectiveness of Program
173(3)
Washington Department of Ecology Persistent, Bioaccumulative Toxins Program and Other Targeted (Mercury) Chemicals Programs
176(4)
Basis for the Mercury Reduction Program
177(1)
Program Requirements
177(2)
Role of Stakeholders
179(1)
Financial Impacts
179(1)
Effectiveness of Program
179(1)
Registration, Evaluation Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals Program of the European Union
180(9)
Basis for Program
180(1)
Program Requirements
180(7)
Evaluation
180(1)
Authorization
181(6)
PBT Substances
187(1)
Very Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Substances
187(1)
Restriction
187(2)
Bibliography
189(2)
Chapter 12 Use versus Release Reporting 191(6)
Introduction
191(1)
Comparison of Use and Releases
191(1)
Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act
192(1)
Reporting Requirements
192(1)
Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program
193(1)
Reporting Requirements
193(1)
New Jersey Pollution Prevention Program
193(2)
Bibliography
195(2)
Chapter 13 Pollution Prevention Planning 197(18)
Introduction
197(1)
Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act
197(1)
Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program
198(1)
Washington State Department of Ecology Pollution Prevention Program
199(3)
New Jersey Pollution Prevention Program
202(5)
Lessons Learned by New Jersey Companies
205(2)
California: Hazardous Waste Source Reduction and Management Review Act of 1989 (Senate Bill 14)
207(1)
Texas
207(1)
Minnesota
208(1)
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
209(2)
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs
211(1)
Bibliography
211(4)
Chapter 14 Technical Assistance 215(14)
Introduction
215(1)
Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act
215(1)
Maine Toxics and Hazardous Waste Reduction Program
215(1)
Technical Resources for Engineering Efficiency Program
216(2)
Basis for Program
216(1)
Program Requirements
216(1)
Role of Stakeholders
217(1)
Financial Impacts
217(1)
Effectiveness of Program
218(1)
Lean and the Environment Program (Washington State)
218(4)
Basis for Program
219(1)
Program Requirements
219(1)
Role of Stakeholders
220(1)
Financial Impacts
221(1)
Effectiveness of Program
221(1)
Company Examples
222(1)
New Jersey Technical Assistance Program
222(3)
Basis for Program
222(1)
Program Requirements
222(2)
Role of Stakeholders
224(1)
Financial Impacts
224(1)
Effectiveness of Program
225(1)
California Technical Assistance Program
225(1)
Bibliography
226(3)
Chapter 15 Market-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection 229(6)
Introduction
229(1)
Command without Control
229(2)
Cap and Trade
231(1)
Pollution Taxes or Fees
232(1)
Bibliography
233(2)
Chapter 16 A Program to Reduce Toxic Chemical Use 235(40)
Introduction
235(3)
Target Impact Chemicals
238(1)
Chemical Composition Reporting
238(2)
Chemical Toxicity Rating
240(15)
Chemical Use Reporting
255(1)
Public Disclosure
255(1)
Toxic Chemical Use Fee
256(15)
Incentives
271(1)
Chemical Use Reduction Planning
271(1)
Technical Assistance
272(1)
Bibliography
273(2)
Chapter 17 Costs and Benefits 275(14)
Introduction
275(1)
Costs of the Program
275(2)
Toxic Chemical Use Fees
277(1)
Health Benefits of a Successful Toxic Chemical Usage Reduction Program
277(4)
Environmental Impacts
281(1)
Direct Benefits to Businesses
282(1)
Human Capacity Building
283(1)
Technology Transfer and Productivity Enhancement
284(1)
Positive Publicity and Associated Increased Revenue
285(1)
Reduced Regulatory Burden
285(1)
Other Benefits
286(1)
Bibliography
287(2)
Appendix A: Chemicals List with CAS Numbers 289(14)
Appendix B: CAS Numbers with Chemical Names 303(14)
Index 317
Dr. Tom Higgins is one of the early founders and shapers of waste minimization and pollution prevention. He is a frequently invited speaker at technical conferences, company workshops, and board of directors to talk about Pollution Prevention. He has assisted companies and governmental agencies in setting up Pollution Prevention programs in the US, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Uzbekistan, Taiwan, Mainland China, Australia, and Brazil.
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