| Foreword |
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xix | |
| Preface |
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xxiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
| Contributhors |
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xxvii | |
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The Biological System of Elements: Trace Element Concentration and Abundance in Plants Give Hints on Biochemical Reasons of Sequestration and Essentiality |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (5) |
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Analytical Data and Biochemical Functions |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (5) |
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Data Sets of Element Distribution Obtained in Freeland Ecological Studies: Environmental Analyses |
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6 | (2) |
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Conversion of Data Using Sets of Elements with Identical BCF Values |
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8 | (2) |
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Definition and Derivation of the Electrochemical Ligand Parameters |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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Abundance Correlations Among Essential and Nonessential Elements |
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11 | (3) |
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(Lack of) Correlation and Differences in Biochemistry |
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14 | (1) |
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Implication for Biomonitoring: Corrections by Use of Electrochemical Ligand Parameters and BCF-Defined Element Clusters |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (5) |
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19 | (4) |
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Health Implications of Trace Elements in the Environment and the Food Chain |
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23 | (32) |
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Trace Elements Important in Human Nutrition |
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24 | (1) |
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The Man Trace Elements: Their Roles and Effects |
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25 | (12) |
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25 | (4) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (3) |
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Issues of Environmental Contamination of the Food Chain |
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37 | (1) |
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Legislation Concerning Trace Elements |
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38 | (4) |
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Elements in Soils and the Environment |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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Supplementation of Minerals to Foods |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (5) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Intentional Contamination |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (7) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (6) |
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Trace Elements in Agro-ecosystems |
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55 | (26) |
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55 | (1) |
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Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in Agro-ecosystems |
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56 | (9) |
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56 | (4) |
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Translation, Translocation, Fate, and Their Implication to Phytoremediation |
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60 | (5) |
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Benefit, Harmfulness, and Healthy Implication of Trace Elements |
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65 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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Harmfulness to Plant/Crop Physiology |
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65 | (1) |
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Soil Environmental Quality Standards and Background of Trace Elements |
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66 | (2) |
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Phytoremediation of Trace Element Contamination |
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68 | (13) |
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Basic Mechanisms of Phytoremediation |
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68 | (4) |
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Research Progress of Phytoextraction |
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72 | (1) |
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Discussion on Agro-Strengthen Measurements |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (5) |
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Metal Accumulation in Crops---Human Health Issues |
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81 | (18) |
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81 | (2) |
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The Concept of Ionomics and Nutriomics in the Plant Cell |
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83 | (1) |
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The Trace Element Deficiencies in the Developing World |
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84 | (1) |
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Improvement of Trace Metal Content in Plants Through Genetic Engineering |
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85 | (3) |
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Genetic Engineering Approaches to Improve the Bioavailability of Iron and Zinc in Cereals |
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88 | (3) |
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Decreasing the Content of Inhibitors of Trace Element Absorption |
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91 | (1) |
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Increasing the Synthesis of Promoter Compounds |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (6) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (6) |
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Trace Elements and Plant Secondary Metabolism: Quality and Efficacy of Herbal Products |
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99 | (22) |
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99 | (3) |
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Environmental Factors and Active Principles |
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102 | (1) |
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Influence of Macronutrients |
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102 | (2) |
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Influence of Micronutrients |
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104 | (2) |
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Trace Elements as Elicitors of Active Principles |
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106 | (1) |
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Trace Elements as Active Components of Herbal Drugs |
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107 | (4) |
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Trace Elements in Herbal Drugs: Regulatory Aspects |
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111 | (10) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (9) |
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Trace Elements and Radionuclides in Edible Plants |
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121 | (16) |
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121 | (1) |
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Plant Uptake and Translocation of Trace Elements |
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122 | (2) |
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Distribution and Accumulation of Trace Elements in Plants |
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124 | (1) |
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Vegetables, Fruit, and Berries |
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125 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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How to Cope with Low or High Levels of Trace Elements |
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131 | (6) |
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132 | (5) |
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Trace Elements in Traditional Healing Plants---Remedies or Risks |
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137 | (24) |
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137 | (1) |
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The Indigenous System of Medicine |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Notable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants that have the Inherent Ability of Accumulating Toxic Trace Elements |
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141 | (8) |
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Cleanup of Toxic Metals from Herbal Extracts |
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149 | (1) |
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Polyherbal Preparation and Traditional Medicine Pharmacology |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (9) |
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155 | (6) |
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Biofortification: Nutritional Security and Relevance to Human Health |
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161 | (22) |
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161 | (7) |
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Bioavailablity of Micronutrients |
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168 | (1) |
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Social Acceptability of Biofortified Crops |
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169 | (1) |
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Development and Distribution of the New Varieties |
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169 | (1) |
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Selected Examples of Biofortified Crops Targeted by Harvestplus in Collaboration with a Consortium of International Partners |
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169 | (6) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Brassica juncea (Indian Mustard) |
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174 | (1) |
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Selenium-Fortified Phytoproducts |
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175 | (1) |
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Sources of Selenium in Human Diet |
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175 | (1) |
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Selenium (Se) and Silica (Si) Management in Soils by Fly Ash Amendment |
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175 | (1) |
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Chromium for Fortification Diabetes Management |
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176 | (1) |
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Silica Management in Rice---Beneficial Functions |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (5) |
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Acknowledgments and Disclaimer |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (4) |
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Essentiality of Zinc for Human Health and Sustainable Development |
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183 | (34) |
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Biogeochemical Cycling of Zinc |
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185 | (1) |
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Distribution of Zinc Deficiency in Soils on a Global Level |
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186 | (2) |
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Zinc Intervention Programs |
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188 | (3) |
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Zinc-Transporting Genes in Plants |
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191 | (13) |
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Addressing Zinc Deficiency Without Zinc Fortification |
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204 | (1) |
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Zinc Deficiency is a Limitation to Plant Productivity |
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204 | (13) |
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Acknowledgments and Disclaimer |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (12) |
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Zinc Effect on the Phytoestrogen Content of Pomegranate Fruit Tree |
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217 | (16) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (5) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (6) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (5) |
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Iron Bioavailability, Homeostasis through Phytoferritins and Fortification Strategies: Implications for Human Health and Nutrition |
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233 | (34) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Interactions with Other Metals |
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235 | (3) |
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Iron Acquisition by Plants |
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238 | (1) |
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Translocation of Iron in Plants |
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238 | (1) |
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Iron Deficiency in Humans |
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239 | (2) |
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Amelioration of Iron Deficiencies |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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Ferritin Gene Family and Regulation |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (3) |
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Metal Sequestration by Ferritin: Health Implications |
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254 | (1) |
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Overexpression of Ferritin |
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254 | (13) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (10) |
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Iodine and Human Health: Bhutan's Iodine Fortification Program |
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267 | (14) |
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267 | (1) |
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Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Recommended Intake of Iodine |
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270 | (1) |
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Indicators for Assessment of Iodine Status and Exposure |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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IDD Scenario in Bhutan: Past and Present |
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272 | (1) |
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Toward IDD Elimination in Bhutan: Highlights of the IDD Control Program |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (4) |
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1996 Onward: Internal Evaluation of the IDDCP through Cyclic Monitoring |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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278 | (3) |
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Floristic Composition at Kazakhstan's Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site: Relevance to the Containment of Radionuclides to Safeguard Ecosystems and Human Health |
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281 | (14) |
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281 | (2) |
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Kazakhstan: Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site |
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283 | (3) |
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Flora of Nuclear Test Site |
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286 | (6) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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Acknowledgments and Disclaimer |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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Uranium and Thorium Accumulation in Cultivated Plants |
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295 | (48) |
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Introduction: Uranium and Thorium in the Environment |
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295 | (1) |
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Uranium and Thorium in Soil |
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296 | (5) |
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Soil Characteristics Affecting Uranium and Thorium Plant Uptake |
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297 | (3) |
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Effects of Soil Amendments |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (32) |
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Accumulation of Uranium and Thorium in Plant Roots |
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302 | (1) |
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Differences in U and Th Uptake by Different Plant Species (in the example of wheat Triticum aestivum and Rye Secale cereale) |
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303 | (8) |
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Effects of U and Th Bioaccumulation on Distribution of Other Elements in Rye and Wheat |
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311 | (1) |
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Relationships Between U and Th in Soils and in Different Plant Parts |
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312 | (2) |
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Phytotoxicity of U and Th |
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314 | (7) |
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Effects of U and Th on Leaf Chlorophyll Content and the Rhizosphere Microorganisms |
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321 | (4) |
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Temporal Variations of U and Th in Plants |
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325 | (3) |
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Effects of Thorium on a Plant During Initial Stages of the Plant Growth |
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328 | (5) |
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Potential Health Effects of Exposure to U and Th |
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333 | (10) |
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336 | (7) |
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Exposure to Mercury: A Critical Assessment of Adverse Ecological and Human Health Effects |
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343 | (30) |
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343 | (6) |
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343 | (1) |
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Sources and Cycling of Mercury to the Global Environment |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (3) |
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Adverse Ecological Effects |
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349 | (8) |
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Laboratory Toxicity Studies |
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349 | (2) |
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Biochemical Approaches to Study Bioavailability and Effects |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (3) |
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Case Study: Mercury-Cell Chlor-Alkali Plants as a Major Point Sources of Mercury in Aquatic Environments---The Case of Cinca River, Spain |
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357 | (16) |
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357 | (1) |
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The Case of Mercury Pollution in Cinca River, Spain |
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358 | (6) |
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364 | (9) |
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Cadmium as an Environmental Contaminant: Consequences to Plant and Human Health |
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373 | (40) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (21) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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In Agricultural Soils: Cadmium from Phosphate Fertilizers |
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378 | (1) |
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Induction of Oxidative Stress as a Fall-Out of Cadmium Toxicity |
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378 | (1) |
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Oxidative Damage to Membranes |
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378 | (1) |
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Oxidative Damage to Chloroplasts |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (2) |
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Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in Response to Cadmium Toxicity |
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382 | (2) |
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Cadmium Availability and Toxicity in Plants |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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Uptake and Transport of Cadmium by Plants |
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388 | (1) |
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Consequences to Human Health |
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389 | (3) |
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Options for Cadmium Minimization |
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392 | (1) |
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Molecular and Biochemical Approaches |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (17) |
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397 | (16) |
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Trace Element Transport in Plants |
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413 | (36) |
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413 | (3) |
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416 | (17) |
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416 | (7) |
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423 | (10) |
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Alternative Plant Metal Transporter |
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433 | (1) |
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Intercellular and Long-Distance Transport |
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433 | (5) |
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The Importance of Plant Mineral Status for Human Health |
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438 | (11) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (10) |
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Cadmium Detoxification in Plants: Involvement of ABC Transporters |
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449 | (22) |
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449 | (2) |
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Cadmium Effects in Plants |
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449 | (1) |
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Genes Regulated by Cd Stress |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (11) |
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Functions of ABC Transporters in Plants |
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451 | (1) |
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Characteristics of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters |
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451 | (1) |
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Subfamilies of ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins |
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452 | (1) |
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Involvement of ABC Transporters in Cadmium Detoxification in Plants |
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452 | (10) |
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462 | (9) |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (8) |
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Iron: A Major Disease Modifier in Thalassemia |
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471 | (24) |
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471 | (3) |
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Hemoglobin: The Tetramer Molecule |
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472 | (1) |
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Erythropoiesis and Erythroid Differentiation |
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472 | (2) |
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Pathophysiology of Thalassemia |
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474 | (1) |
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Iron Metabolism: Current Concepts and Alterations in Thalassemia |
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474 | (6) |
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Iron Absorption and Uptake |
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476 | (1) |
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Regulation of Expression of Transferrin Receptors |
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477 | (2) |
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Alterations in Iron Absorption and Uptake in Thalassemia |
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479 | (1) |
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Heme Synthesis and Its Role in Regulation of Erythropoiesis |
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480 | (4) |
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Role of Heme in Globin Regulation and Erythroid Differentiation |
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481 | (1) |
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Pivotal Role of HRI in Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia |
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481 | (1) |
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Role of HRI in Beta Thalassemia Intermedia |
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482 | (1) |
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Iron and Pathobiology of Thalassemia |
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482 | (1) |
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Iron Storage and Its Effects on Parenchymal Tissues and Organs |
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483 | (1) |
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Effect of Transfusional Iron Overload on Iron Homeostasis and Morbidity and Mortality |
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484 | (2) |
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Iron Homeostasis in Transfusional Iron Overload |
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484 | (1) |
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Transfusion Iron Overload-Associated Morbidity and Mortality |
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485 | (1) |
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Endocrinopathy in Thalassemia |
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485 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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Evaluation and Management of Iron Overload |
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486 | (2) |
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Evaluation of Iron Overload |
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486 | (1) |
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Basis of Iron Chelation Therapy and Iron Chelator Drugs |
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487 | (1) |
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Potential Role of Iron Chelation Therapy in Improving Basic Pathophysiology of Beta Thalassemia |
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488 | (1) |
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488 | (7) |
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489 | (6) |
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Health Implications: Trace Elements in Cancer |
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495 | (28) |
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495 | (1) |
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General Nutritional and Medical Benefits |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (23) |
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497 | (3) |
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500 | (8) |
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508 | (3) |
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511 | (4) |
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515 | (2) |
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517 | (2) |
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519 | (4) |
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519 | (4) |
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Mode of Action and Toxicity of Trace Elements |
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523 | (32) |
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523 | (2) |
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Mode of Action and Toxicity of Trace Elements in General |
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525 | (3) |
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Specific Mode of Action of Major Trace Elements |
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528 | (14) |
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528 | (4) |
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532 | (5) |
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537 | (5) |
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Specific Mode of Action of Other Metals |
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542 | (7) |
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542 | (2) |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (4) |
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Mode of Action: What is the Future? |
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549 | (6) |
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550 | (5) |
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Input and Transfer of Trace Metals from Food via Mothermilk to the Child: Bioindicative Aspects to Human Health |
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555 | (38) |
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (2) |
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558 | (3) |
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Transfer of Chemical Elements |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (1) |
|
Transfer of Chemical Elements into Human Milk |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
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|
561 | (9) |
|
A Comparison of the Two Experimental Regions Euroregion Neisse and Woivodship Matopolska with Respect to Factors that Cause Environmental Burdens |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
Origins and Sampling of Food and Milk Samples |
|
|
564 | (3) |
|
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Quality Control Measures for Analytic Data |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Transfer Factors in the System Food/Mother's Milk |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
|
570 | (7) |
|
A Comparison of Element Concentrations Detected in Colostrum and Mature Milk Sampled in Different Countries |
|
|
570 | (4) |
|
Transfer Factors for All the Investigated Elements (Specific Ones) in the Food/Milk System and Extent of Partition of Elements into Mother's Milk |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
|
|
577 | (7) |
|
Physiological and Dynamic Features of Chemical Elements in the Food/Milk System |
|
|
577 | (5) |
|
Lack of an Effect of Regional Pollution on Chemical Element Composition in Mother's Milk |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Is There a Role for Human Milk in Metal Bioindication? |
|
|
584 | (9) |
|
|
|
588 | (5) |
|
Selenium: A Versatile Trace Element in Life and Environment |
|
|
593 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
593 | (3) |
|
Selenium Industrial Applications |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Selenium in the Environment |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
Biological Reactions in Selenium Cycling |
|
|
596 | (7) |
|
Microbial Assimilatory Reduction |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
Microbial Dissimilatory Reduction |
|
|
597 | (2) |
|
Detoxification of Se Oxyanions by Reduction Reactions in Aerobiosis |
|
|
599 | (2) |
|
Regulation of Reducing Equivalents |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Oxidation of Reduced Se Forms |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Selenium Volatilization, Se Methylation and Demethylation |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Selenium in Humans and Animals |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
Selenium of Environmental Concern: Exploitation of Biological Processes for Treatment of Selenium Polluted Matrices |
|
|
607 | (16) |
|
Microbe-Induced Bioremediation |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Selenium Plant-Assisted Bioremediation (Phytoremediation) |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
Plant-Microbe Interaction: Selenium Phytoremediation Processes |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
612 | (11) |
|
Environmental Contamination Control of Water Drainage from Uranium Mines by Aquatic Plants |
|
|
623 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Uranium Mining: Environmental and Health |
|
|
624 | (7) |
|
|
|
627 | (2) |
|
Uranium Mining History in Portugal |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
Phytoremediation of Metals with Aquatic Plants as Strategies for Mine Water Remediation |
|
|
631 | (3) |
|
Uranium Accumulation in Aquatic Plants and Phytoremediation Studies |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
Case Study: Water Drainage from Uranium Mines Control by Aquatic Plants in Central Portugal |
|
|
634 | (12) |
|
Selection of Aquatic Macrophytes: Field Studies |
|
|
634 | (6) |
|
Laboratory Experiements: Uranium Accumulation |
|
|
640 | (4) |
|
|
|
Phytoremediation Laboratory Prototype |
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
Future Prospects of Water Phytoremediation |
|
|
646 | (7) |
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
|
647 | (6) |
|
Copper as an Environmental Contaminant: Phytotoxicity and Human Health Implications |
|
|
653 | (26) |
|
|
|
Manoel Bandeira De Albuquerque |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Copper and Humans: A Relation of 10,000 Years |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Copper: Identity Card, Main Sources, and Environmental Pollution |
|
|
654 | (2) |
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Copper in the Hydrosphere |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Copper in the Lithosphere and Pedosphere |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
656 | (14) |
|
Metabolic Functions of Copper |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
|
657 | (6) |
|
|
|
663 | (7) |
|
|
|
670 | (9) |
|
|
|
671 | (8) |
|
Forms of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron in Soils of Slovakia: System of Fertilizer Recommendation and Soil Monitoring |
|
|
679 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
Forms of Trace Elements in Heterogeneous Soil Materials |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
Concept of Micronutrients Used in Agriculture of Former Czechoslovakia |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
Determination of Available Forms of Some Micronutrients in Soil Based on the Rinkis Method |
|
|
682 | (3) |
|
Results of Modified Rinkis Method of Available Copper, Manganese, and Zinc in Soils of Slovakia |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
More Suitable Method for Determination of Plant Available Forms of Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron in Soils |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Limits to Lindsay---Norvell Method |
|
|
687 | (3) |
|
Some Results Concerning Using Lindsay---Norvell Method |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
System of Micronutrients Application: Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron for Agricultural Crops, Recommended in Slovakia |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
Remarks to the System used for Copper, Manganese, Zinc, and Iron Available Forms Determination and Fertilizers Recommendation |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
New Priorities in Research of Trace Elements in Soils of Slovakia---Soil Monitoring |
|
|
695 | (6) |
|
|
|
697 | (4) |
|
Role of Minerals in Halophyte Feeding to Ruminants |
|
|
701 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Ash and Mineral Contents of Halophytes |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Factors Affecting Mineral Contents of Halophytes |
|
|
702 | (4) |
|
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Irrigation with Saline Water |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Mineral Role in Ruminant Nutrition |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Recommended Mineral Allowances |
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
Minerals Deficiency in Halophyte Included Diets |
|
|
710 | (3) |
|
Excessive Minerals in Livestock Rations in Dry Areas |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Effect of Halophytes Feeding on Mineral Utilization |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Effect of Minerals on Rumen Function |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Effect of Minerals on Feed Intake |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
Effect of Minerals on Water Intake and Nutrient Utilization |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Effect of Minerals on Microbial Community in the Rumen |
|
|
717 | (4) |
|
|
|
717 | (4) |
|
Plants as Biomonitors of Trace Elements Pollution in Soil |
|
|
721 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
|
|
722 | (3) |
|
Plants as Biomonitors of Trace Elements |
|
|
725 | (10) |
|
|
|
735 | (8) |
|
|
|
735 | (8) |
|
Bioindication and Biomonitoring as Innovative Biotechniques for Controlling Trace Metal Influence to the Environment |
|
|
743 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Comparision of Instrumental Measurements and the Use of Bioindicators with Respect to Harmonization and Quality Control |
|
|
746 | (2) |
|
Examples for Biomonitoring |
|
|
748 | (4) |
|
Mosses for Atmospheric Pollution Measurements |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
Is There a Relation Between Moss Data and Human Health? |
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
What do Bioaccumulation Data Really Tell Us? |
|
|
752 | (2) |
|
Future Outlook: Breaking ``Mental'' Barriers Between Ecotoxicologists and Medical Scientists |
|
|
754 | (7) |
|
|
|
757 | (4) |
| Biodiversity Index |
|
761 | (8) |
| Subject Index |
|
769 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta