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E-raamat: Transparency for Robots and Autonomous Systems: Fundamentals, technologies and applications

(University of Bath, Electronic & Electrical Engineering Department, UK)
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Control, Robotics and Sensors
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Jul-2020
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781785619953
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Transparency for Robots and Autonomous Systems: Fundamentals, technologies and applicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: EPUB+DRM
  • Sari: Control, Robotics and Sensors
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Jul-2020
  • Kirjastus: Institution of Engineering and Technology
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781785619953
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Based on scientific understanding and empirical evidence of how humans understand and interact with robotic and autonomous systems, this book reviews the concerns that have been raised around the deployment of AI and robots in human society, and the potential for disruption.



Based on scientific understanding and empirical evidence of how humans understand and interact with robotic and autonomous systems, the author reviews the concerns that have been raised around the deployment of AI and robots in human society, and the potential for disruption. He explains why transparency ought to be a fundamental design consideration for Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and artificial intelligent systems. Starting with a survey of global research in the field and what transparency means in a wider context of trust, control and ethics, the author then introduces transparent robot control architecture, and the impact of transparency using real-time displays. He presents a case study on the Muttering Robot, and covers current and upcoming standards for transparency, as well as future perspectives for the manufacturing and operation of autonomous robotic systems.

Specifically, chapters cover transparency in the wider context of trust; a transparent robot control architecture, the impact of transparency using real-time displays, transparency using audio - the Muttering Robot, the effects of appearance on transparency, synthesis and further work, and several examples of Instinct commands.

This book provides key insights into transparency in robots and autonomous systems for industry and academic researchers and engineers working on intelligent autonomous system design, human robot interaction, AI, and machine ethics. It also offers points of interest for professionals developing governmental or organisational policies and standards for the design of intelligent autonomous and AI systems, and government and standard bodies working in the emerging applications of AI.

Related Publications xiii
List of figures
xv
List of tables
xxi
About the Author xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxix
Transparency for robots and autonomous systems xxxi
1 Introduction
1(20)
1.1 Motivation
1(1)
1.2 Motivating concerns
2(11)
1.2.1 Human cognitive bias
3(1)
1.2.2 Robots in Western culture
4(1)
1.2.3 Moral confusion
5(2)
1.2.4 Societal concerns
7(3)
1.2.5 Real robots
10(1)
1.2.6 Public policy for AI and autonomous systems
11(2)
1.3 Robots and transparency
13(3)
1.4 Thesis
16(1)
1.5 Structure of this book
16(3)
1.5.1
Chapter 2: Transparency in the wider context of trust
16(1)
1.5.2
Chapter 3: A transparent robot control architecture
17(1)
1.5.3
Chapter 4: The impact of transparency using real-time displays
18(1)
1.5.4
Chapter 5: Transparency using audio-the muttering robot
18(1)
1.5.5
Chapter 6: The effects of appearance on transparency
18(1)
1.5.6
Chapter 7: Synthesis and further work
19(1)
1.5.7
Chapter 8: Conclusions
19(1)
1.6 Contributions
19(2)
2 Transparency in the wider context of trust
21(12)
2.1 Summary
21(1)
2.2 The meanings of trust
21(4)
2.2.1 Informed trust
22(1)
2.2.2 Uninformed trust
23(1)
2.2.3 Naive trust
23(1)
2.2.4 So-called trustless systems
24(1)
2.2.5 Trust as behaviour
24(1)
2.2.6 Distrust and mistrust defined
24(1)
2.3 A model for trust
25(1)
2.4 Accountability
26(1)
2.5 Responsibility
27(2)
2.6 The role of transparency in informed trust
29(2)
2.6.1 Organisational transparency
29(1)
2.6.2 System transparency
30(1)
2.7 Transparency as a driver for trust
31(2)
3 A transparent robot control architecture
33(34)
3.1 Summary
33(1)
3.2 Introduction
34(8)
3.2.1 From ethology to robots
36(6)
3.3 The R5 robot
42(1)
3.4 The Instinct Planner
43(11)
3.4.1 Enhancements and innovations
45(2)
3.4.2 Multiplatform
47(1)
3.4.3 Memory management
48(2)
3.4.4 Instinct testing environment
50(1)
3.4.5 Instinct transparency enhancements
50(1)
3.4.6 Instinct command set
51(1)
3.4.7 Creating reactive plans with iVDL
52(2)
3.4.8 Plan debugging and transparency
54(1)
3.5 Modelling robot control using the Instinct Planner
54(10)
3.5.1 Kinds of minds
55(1)
3.5.2 The Instinct Robot World
56(2)
3.5.3 Conjectures
58(1)
3.5.4 Methods
58(2)
3.5.5 Outcomes
60(1)
3.5.6 Discussion
61(3)
3.6 Conclusions and further work
64(3)
3.6.1 Instinct and ROS
64(3)
4 The impact of transparency using real-time displays
67(22)
4.1 Summary
67(1)
4.2 Mind models and transparency
68(1)
4.3 Technologies used: reactive planning and robot transparency
69(4)
4.3.1 The transparent planner
70(1)
4.3.2 Robot Drives and behaviours
70(1)
4.3.3 Real-time plan debugger
71(1)
4.3.4 Mobile Augmented Reality
72(1)
4.4 Methods: the robot experiments
73(4)
4.4.1 Experiment one - Online Video
73(4)
4.4.2 Experiment two - Directly Observed Robot
77(1)
4.5 Results
77(4)
4.5.1 Main findings
78(1)
4.5.2 Qualitative outcomes
79(2)
4.6 Experiment three - Mobile Augmented Reality
81(3)
4.7 Discussion
84(1)
4.8 Conclusion and further work
85(4)
5 Transparency using audio - the muttering robot
89(14)
5.1 Summary
89(1)
5.2 Transparency through spoken language
89(1)
5.3 The muttering mechanism
90(4)
5.3.1 Transparency execution stack
91(2)
5.3.2 The Speak Rules Engine
93(1)
5.3.3 The Vocaliser
94(1)
5.4 Experimental methods
94(4)
5.4.1 Post-treatment questionnaire
95(1)
5.4.2 Affect Questions
96(2)
5.5 Results
98(1)
5.5.1 Main findings
98(1)
5.5.2 Affect - self-report of Feelings
99(1)
5.6 Discussion
99(2)
5.7 Conclusions and further work
101(2)
6 The effects of appearance on transparency
103(24)
6.1 Summary
103(1)
6.2 Introduction
104(1)
6.3 Appearance and anthropomorphism
104(4)
6.4 Experimental methods
108(6)
6.4.1 Amazon Mechanical Turk
108(1)
6.4.2 Buddy the Robot
109(1)
6.4.3 Robot videos
110(2)
6.4.4 Online questionnaire
112(1)
6.4.5 Impression of the robot - the `Godspeed' questions
113(1)
6.4.6 Work batches in Mechanical Turk
113(1)
6.5 Results
114(8)
6.5.1 Participant demographics
114(1)
6.5.2 Main results
115(2)
6.5.3 Failure to identify `Sleeping'
117(1)
6.5.4 Participant confidence
118(1)
6.5.5 Affect - self-report of feelings
118(3)
6.5.6 Godspeed results
121(1)
6.6 Discussion
122(3)
6.7 Conclusions and further work
125(2)
7 Synthesis and further work
127(18)
7.1 Summary
127(1)
7.2 Tools, machines, robots and algorithms
128(2)
7.3 Robot and AI ethics
130(5)
7.3.1 Facts versus values
130(2)
7.3.2 The science of morality
132(2)
7.3.3 An empirical basis for morality
134(1)
7.4 The case for transparency as a fundamental design consideration for AI systems
135(1)
7.5 Transparent minds
136(3)
7.6 Hybrid architectures
139(1)
7.7 Humans expect intentional explanations
140(1)
7.8 Further work
141(2)
7.8.1 Anthropomorphism, transparency and traceability
142(1)
7.8.2 Explainable AI, policy and regulation
142(1)
7.8.3 Technologies
143(1)
7.9 Conclusion
143(2)
8 Conclusions
145(4)
8.1 The effectiveness of transparency to improve mind models
145(2)
8.2 Transparency as a fundamental design consideration for AI systems
147(1)
8.3 Robot technical architecture
147(1)
8.4 Conclusion
147(2)
Appendix A Instinct Planner command set 149(2)
Appendix B R5 robot command set 151(4)
Appendix C Instinct plan for the R5 robot 155(2)
Appendix D ABOD3 displays 157(4)
Appendix E ABOD3-AR mobile augmented reality 161(4)
Appendix F Google Forms questionnaire 165(8)
References 173(18)
Index 191
Robert H. Wortham is a Lecturer in Robotics and Autonomous Systems within the Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Bath. He completed an M.Eng. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Bath in 1986 and in 2018 also completed his PhD in Computer Science (Intelligent Systems) at Bath. Robert investigates how human natural intelligence (NI) interacts with AI and how engineers and designers can make the behaviour of AI systems more understandable through transparency. Robert studies both the risks and benefits of AI and how we can maximise the benefits of autonomous intelligent systems, whilst minimising the risks.



Previously, the Founder of RWA Ltd, a major international company developing IT systems for the leisure travel industry, Robert is a proven leader in the analysis, design and delivery of large and complex IT systems. Robert is also a Director and Treasurer of The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour (AISB). He is a Chartered Engineer, Member of the IET and Fellow of the British Computer Society.
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